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Outline of scientific method
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<h2 id="nature-of-scientific-method">Nature of scientific method</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Scientific_method/182j8RWE">Scientific method</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Science/IJoaD7rs">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Philosophy_of_science/aonsfhTY">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sociology_of_knowledge/6sYx7KnC">Sociology of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Process_(science)/182j8RWE">Process of science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">Knowledge</a></li></ul> <h2 id="elements-of-scientific-method">Elements of scientific method</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Research/mo8joeTL">Research</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Basic_research/QvrBkrRb">Basic research</a></li></ul> <h3>Observation</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Observation/NTodmzCo">Observation</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Scientific_method/182j8RWE">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Causality/Swh496X7">Causation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Discovery_(observation)/zgqEUtop">Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Measurement/rsLLbn1s">Measurement</a> (<a href="/facts/Outline_of_metrology_and_measurement/r7vjUgk4">Outline of metrology and measurement</a>)</li></ul> <h3>Hypothesis</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Hypothesis/gMABEJul">Hypothesis</a> </p> <ul><li>pro:<a href="/facts/Karl_Popper/RpLqMrz5">Karl Popper</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Falsifiability/IlxN7cYB">Falsifiability</a></li></ul></li> <li>con:<a href="/facts/Paul_Feyerabend/DD4GHkSG">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Statistical_hypothesis_testing/yv9RPF6U">Statistical hypothesis testing</a></li></ul> <h3>Experiment</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Experiment/esltM54f">Experiment</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Laboratory/kqR3Vtx9">Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Laboratory_techniques/kqR3Vtx9">Laboratory techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Design_of_experiments/VMrNftbr">Design of experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scientific_control/FXHfQwHx">Scientific control</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Natural_experiment/mLI7HCd1">Natural experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Observational_study/zEhxI4eh">Observational study</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Field_experiment/HnYkuuhf">Field experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Self-experimentation/Mzp5LG75">Self-experimentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Self-experimentation_in_medicine/SIGDayLT">Self-experimentation in medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Placebo/3fw50t53">Placebo effect</a></li></ul> <h3>Theory</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Scientific_theory/moMsLrUn">Scientific theory</a></li></ul> <h4>Prediction</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Prediction/0w4XXB33">Prediction</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bayesian_inference/tEpK3zLx">Bayesian inference</a> – subjective use of <a href="/facts/Statistical_reasoning/DNPsKGYU">statistical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Deductive_reasoning/HadA1zWS">Deductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Retrodiction/GC5XDJ0X">Retrodiction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>Evaluation by scientific community</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Peer_review/ly6yEgcW">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Medical_peer_review/jmvVMrlc">Medical peer review</a></li></ul> <h2 id="scientific-method-concepts">Scientific method concepts</h2> <h3>Empirical methods</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Empirical_methods/A6cy8Rcy">Empirical methods</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Empiricism/f68IpCeE">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Grosseteste/q2YoLcUX">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Parker_(physician)/6hqcx1Yy">Peter Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Empirical_validation/JUaYSGJc">Empirical validation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Operationalization/nm5Tff9F">Operationalization</a></li></ul> <h3>Use of statistics</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Uncomfortable_science/HPwnb9Cb">Uncomfortable science</a></i> — <a href="/facts/Statistical_inference/sJLjubxm">Inference</a> from a limited <a href="/facts/Sampling_(statistics)/kIb01xdL">sample</a> of <a href="/facts/Data/AUBFN97o">data</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Exploratory_data_analysis/8hvnf7JS">Exploratory data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Confirmatory_data_analysis/yv9RPF6U">Confirmatory data analysis</a></li></ul> <h3>Paradigm change</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Kuhn/gIHlTbdr">Thomas Kuhn</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions/vTzWCJpX">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paradigm/HXpK3X7a">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paradigm_shift/Bj24vT0p">Paradigm shift</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>Problem of induction</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Problem_of_induction/4u6Lt35z">problem of induction</a> questions the logical basis of scientific statements. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Inductive_reasoning/EJ992JJ9">Inductive reasoning</a> appears to lie at the core of the scientific method, yet also appears to be invalid.</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Hume/aTwlJ80V">David Hume</a> was the person who first pointed out the problem of induction.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Karl_Popper/RpLqMrz5">Karl Popper</a> offered one solution, <a href="/facts/Falsifiability/IlxN7cYB">Falsifiability</a></li></ul> <h3>Scientific creativity</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Tacit_knowledge/20CNaqW5">Tacit knowledge</a></li></ul> <h3>Deviations from the scientific method</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Junk_science/W2NYLKyT">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pseudoscience/kdNzoLeS">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pathological_science/lscyYAKR">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fringe_science/qL02Mo3w">Fringe science</a></li></ul> <h3>Critique of scientific method</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Paul_Feyerabend/DD4GHkSG">Paul Feyerabend</a> argued that the search for a definitive scientific method was misplaced and even counterproductive.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Imre_Lakatos/yA7PxtFW">Imre Lakatos</a> attempted to bridge the gap between Popper and Kuhn.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge/WWKlHN8A">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scientism/Sc4s9Tbb">Scientism</a></li></ul> <h3>Relationship of scientific method to technology</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Science_and_technology_studies/gaxMPc6b">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Theories_of_technology/YNVCyKda">Theories of technology</a></li></ul> <h3>Aesthetics in the scientific method</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Elegance/NrPbHNjc">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Occam%2527s_razor/KG1Bx0J9">Occam's razor</a></li></ul> <h2 id="history-of-scientific-method">History of scientific method</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_scientific_method/ljK51E3M">History of scientific method</a>, <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_history_of_scientific_method/n9tVIrM8">Timeline of the history of scientific method</a>, and <a href="/facts/History_of_science/pdBLPwP0">History of science</a></p> <h3>Publications</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ibn_al-Haytham/Q5H9hm4J">Ibn al-Haytham</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Book_of_Optics/SmYrlPcg">Book of Optics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Avicenna/EYKG4Vez">Avicenna</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/The_Canon_of_Medicine/54g1wRX7">The Canon of Medicine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Roger_Bacon/p1kvowog">Roger Bacon</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Opus_Majus/M3DVIL9R">Opus Majus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Francis_Bacon/qMJoNMRB">Francis Bacon</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Novum_Organum/EfxQ8zCG">Novum Organum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Isaac_Newton/4L7gTncN">Isaac Newton</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Philosophi%25C3%25A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica/DRdvI3yx">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Persons influential in the development of scientific method</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alhazen/Q5H9hm4J">Alhazen</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Francis_Bacon/qMJoNMRB">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Galileo_Galilei/98VT2z3v">Galileo Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Isaac_Newton/4L7gTncN">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ren%25C3%25A9_Descartes/ohqj6DMf">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Sanders_Peirce/z76dNqhM">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bayesian_probability/Cvn7WWfG">Bayesian probability</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Quasi-empirical_method/A0MhB5Mb">Quasi-empirical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Foundation_ontology/Ij1JI4zz">Foundation ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ontology/QJKTsEIJ">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Philosophy_of_mathematics/z7xBcdWA">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mathematics/pxTouaz4">Mathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Epistemology/NsDwpcYH">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Post-processual_archaeology/QDsNAPPI">Post-processual archaeology</a> is a methodological curiosity from Archaeology.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Structuralism/qWLvWtfb">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Post-structuralism/N1GPxB42">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Deconstruction/t3JuoHqn">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Postmodernism/aBgbw8QJ">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bruno_Latour/4rPPwsYK">Latour, Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Secularism/QEGcV0XI">Secularism</a>-</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Physical_law/aVtc4wpk">Physical law</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Science_policy/DUft1me3">Science policy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scientific_Revolution/KdeJepMq">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sociology_of_knowledge/6sYx7KnC">Sociology of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Science_studies/F8vkm3TM">Science studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>