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Varicode
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<h2 id="limitations">Limitations</h2> <ul><li>Varicode provides somewhat weaker compression in languages other than English that use same characters as in English.</li></ul> <h2 id="varicode-table">Varicode table</h2> <h3>Control characters</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Varicode</th><th>Oct</th><th>Dec</th><th>Hex</th><th>Abbr</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td>1010101011</td><td>000</td><td>0</td><td>00</td><td>NUL</td><td><a href="/facts/Null_character/IMYNHNxR">Null character</a></td></tr><tr><td>1011011011</td><td>001</td><td>1</td><td>01</td><td>SOH</td><td>Start of Header</td></tr><tr><td>1011101101</td><td>002</td><td>2</td><td>02</td><td>STX</td><td>Start of Text</td></tr><tr><td>1101110111</td><td>003</td><td>3</td><td>03</td><td>ETX</td><td>End of Text</td></tr><tr><td>1011101011</td><td>004</td><td>4</td><td>04</td><td>EOT</td><td><a href="/facts/End-of-transmission_character/6kUye5G0">End of Transmission</a></td></tr><tr><td>1101011111</td><td>005</td><td>5</td><td>05</td><td>ENQ</td><td>Enquiry</td></tr><tr><td>1011101111</td><td>006</td><td>6</td><td>06</td><td>ACK</td><td><a href="/facts/Acknowledge_character/NCc7vbwE">Acknowledgment</a></td></tr><tr><td>1011111101</td><td>007</td><td>7</td><td>07</td><td>BEL</td><td><a href="/facts/Bell_character/yvPIWNMr">Bell</a></td></tr><tr><td>1011111111</td><td>010</td><td>8</td><td>08</td><td>BS</td><td><a href="/facts/Backspace/ySuesUGR">Backspace</a></td></tr><tr><td>11101111</td><td>011</td><td>9</td><td>09</td><td>HT</td><td><a href="/facts/Tab_key/gTyIhqBe">Horizontal Tab</a></td></tr><tr><td>11101</td><td>012</td><td>10</td><td>0A</td><td>LF</td><td><a href="/facts/Line_feed/ffeJz4Nn">Line feed</a></td></tr><tr><td>1101101111</td><td>013</td><td>11</td><td>0B</td><td>VT</td><td>Vertical Tab</td></tr><tr><td>1011011101</td><td>014</td><td>12</td><td>0C</td><td>FF</td><td><a href="/facts/Form_feed/Kq1u7fxW">Form feed</a></td></tr><tr><td>11111</td><td>015</td><td>13</td><td>0D</td><td>CR</td><td><a href="/facts/Carriage_return/R79IhpPr">Carriage return</a></td></tr><tr><td>1101110101</td><td>016</td><td>14</td><td>0E</td><td>SO</td><td><a href="/facts/Shift_Out_and_Shift_In_characters/pful8n89">Shift Out</a></td></tr><tr><td>1110101011</td><td>017</td><td>15</td><td>0F</td><td>SI</td><td><a href="/facts/Shift_Out_and_Shift_In_characters/pful8n89">Shift In</a></td></tr><tr><td>1011110111</td><td>020</td><td>16</td><td>10</td><td>DLE</td><td>Data Link Escape</td></tr><tr><td>1011110101</td><td>021</td><td>17</td><td>11</td><td>DC1</td><td>Device Control 1 (XON)</td></tr><tr><td>1110101101</td><td>022</td><td>18</td><td>12</td><td>DC2</td><td>Device Control 2</td></tr><tr><td>1110101111</td><td>023</td><td>19</td><td>13</td><td>DC3</td><td>Device Control 3 (XOFF)</td></tr><tr><td>1101011011</td><td>024</td><td>20</td><td>14</td><td>DC4</td><td>Device Control 4</td></tr><tr><td>1101101011</td><td>025</td><td>21</td><td>15</td><td>NAK</td><td><a href="/facts/Negative-acknowledge_character/NCc7vbwE">Negative Acknowledgement</a></td></tr><tr><td>1101101101</td><td>026</td><td>22</td><td>16</td><td>SYN</td><td>Synchronous Idle</td></tr><tr><td>1101010111</td><td>027</td><td>23</td><td>17</td><td>ETB</td><td>End of Trans. Block</td></tr><tr><td>1101111011</td><td>030</td><td>24</td><td>18</td><td>CAN</td><td><a href="/facts/Cancel_character/SbNYugJj">Cancel</a></td></tr><tr><td>1101111101</td><td>031</td><td>25</td><td>19</td><td>EM</td><td>End of Medium</td></tr><tr><td>1110110111</td><td>032</td><td>26</td><td>1A</td><td>SUB</td><td><a href="/facts/Substitute_character/9yHehSB0">Substitute</a></td></tr><tr><td>1101010101</td><td>033</td><td>27</td><td>1B</td><td>ESC</td><td><a href="/facts/Escape_character/pTSAozpa">Escape</a></td></tr><tr><td>1101011101</td><td>034</td><td>28</td><td>1C</td><td>FS</td><td>File Separator</td></tr><tr><td>1110111011</td><td>035</td><td>29</td><td>1D</td><td>GS</td><td>Group Separator</td></tr><tr><td>1011111011</td><td>036</td><td>30</td><td>1E</td><td>RS</td><td>Record Separator</td></tr><tr><td>1101111111</td><td>037</td><td>31</td><td>1F</td><td>US</td><td>Unit Separator</td></tr><tr><td>1110110101</td><td>177</td><td>127</td><td>7F</td><td>DEL</td><td>Delete</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Printable characters</h3> <table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Varicode</th><th><a href="/facts/Octal/4nRcq0Ce">Oct</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Decimal/7omfVNIM">Dec</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Hexadecimal/02ohQW22">Hex</a></th><th>Glyph</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>040</td><td>32</td><td>20</td><td><a href="/facts/Space_(punctuation)/0Um7Qfkq">SP</a></td></tr><tr><td>111111111</td><td>041</td><td>33</td><td>21</td><td><a href="/facts/Exclamation_mark/joGCCBau">!</a></td></tr><tr><td>101011111</td><td>042</td><td>34</td><td>22</td><td><a href="/facts/Quotation_mark/hIdA4WEo">"</a></td></tr><tr><td>111110101</td><td>043</td><td>35</td><td>23</td><td><a href="/facts/Number_sign/bHYCsWs1">#</a></td></tr><tr><td>111011011</td><td>044</td><td>36</td><td>24</td><td><a href="/facts/Dollar_sign/4CroUuPn">$</a></td></tr><tr><td>1011010101</td><td>045</td><td>37</td><td>25</td><td><a href="/facts/Percent_sign/pLdHNKar">%</a></td></tr><tr><td>1010111011</td><td>046</td><td>38</td><td>26</td><td><a href="/facts/Ampersand/emmXUXuB">&</a></td></tr><tr><td>101111111</td><td>047</td><td>39</td><td>27</td><td><a href="/facts/Apostrophe_(punctuation)/vnPUFIYz">'</a></td></tr><tr><td>11111011</td><td>050</td><td>40</td><td>28</td><td><a href="/facts/Bracket/yzGM9J8A">(</a></td></tr><tr><td>11110111</td><td>051</td><td>41</td><td>29</td><td><a href="/facts/Bracket/yzGM9J8A">)</a></td></tr><tr><td>101101111</td><td>052</td><td>42</td><td>2A</td><td><a href="/facts/Asterisk/qwmtPW5V">*</a></td></tr><tr><td>111011111</td><td>053</td><td>43</td><td>2B</td><td><a href="/facts/Plus_sign/6RJD4Xt9">+</a></td></tr><tr><td>1110101</td><td>054</td><td>44</td><td>2C</td><td><a href="/facts/Comma_(punctuation)/mcW9dcGT">,</a></td></tr><tr><td>110101</td><td>055</td><td>45</td><td>2D</td><td><a href="/facts/Hyphen/2qtCxIGv">-</a></td></tr><tr><td>1010111</td><td>056</td><td>46</td><td>2E</td><td><a href="/facts/Full_stop/w0Ylafwn">.</a></td></tr><tr><td>110101111</td><td>057</td><td>47</td><td>2F</td><td><a href="/facts/Slash_(punctuation)/fuaRyKzc">/</a></td></tr><tr><td>10110111</td><td>060</td><td>48</td><td>30</td><td><a href="/facts/0_(number)/4NBRtKHc">0</a></td></tr><tr><td>10111101</td><td>061</td><td>49</td><td>31</td><td><a href="/facts/1_(number)/m3wpSfMf">1</a></td></tr><tr><td>11101101</td><td>062</td><td>50</td><td>32</td><td><a href="/facts/2_(number)/u5WC44t9">2</a></td></tr><tr><td>11111111</td><td>063</td><td>51</td><td>33</td><td><a href="/facts/3_(number)/6QzW9RkE">3</a></td></tr><tr><td>101110111</td><td>064</td><td>52</td><td>34</td><td><a href="/facts/4_(number)/zwN4alXI">4</a></td></tr><tr><td>101011011</td><td>065</td><td>53</td><td>35</td><td><a href="/facts/5_(number)/gshjM6ID">5</a></td></tr><tr><td>101101011</td><td>066</td><td>54</td><td>36</td><td><a href="/facts/6_(number)/MsEd6F54">6</a></td></tr><tr><td>110101101</td><td>067</td><td>55</td><td>37</td><td><a href="/facts/7_(number)/4GV2hz09">7</a></td></tr><tr><td>110101011</td><td>070</td><td>56</td><td>38</td><td><a href="/facts/8_(number)/TljQxSx9">8</a></td></tr><tr><td>110110111</td><td>071</td><td>57</td><td>39</td><td><a href="/facts/9_(number)/q5jvU1Dv">9</a></td></tr><tr><td>11110101</td><td>072</td><td>58</td><td>3A</td><td><a href="/facts/Colon_(punctuation)/se9fjJa4">:</a></td></tr><tr><td>110111101</td><td>073</td><td>59</td><td>3B</td><td><a href="/facts/Semicolon/VY8VsSPC">;</a></td></tr><tr><td>111101101</td><td>074</td><td>60</td><td>3C</td><td><a href="/facts/Less-than_sign/cho3wlR5"><</a></td></tr><tr><td>1010101</td><td>075</td><td>61</td><td>3D</td><td><a href="/facts/Equals_sign/AweYSg9h">=</a></td></tr><tr><td>111010111</td><td>076</td><td>62</td><td>3E</td><td><a href="/facts/Greater-than_sign/J58SE7bT">></a></td></tr><tr><td>1010101111</td><td>077</td><td>63</td><td>3F</td><td><a href="/facts/Question_mark/0D8z1rxr">?</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td> </td><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Varicode</th><th><a href="/facts/Octal/4nRcq0Ce">Oct</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Decimal/7omfVNIM">Dec</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Hexadecimal/02ohQW22">Hex</a></th><th>Glyph</th></tr><tr><td>1010111101</td><td>100</td><td>64</td><td>40</td><td><a href="/facts/%40/6Q03Vo2z">@</a></td></tr><tr><td>1111101</td><td>101</td><td>65</td><td>41</td><td><a href="/facts/A/2R3BU1nc">A</a></td></tr><tr><td>11101011</td><td>102</td><td>66</td><td>42</td><td><a href="/facts/B/2ymGnJJk">B</a></td></tr><tr><td>10101101</td><td>103</td><td>67</td><td>43</td><td><a href="/facts/C/2e7jmUaG">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>10110101</td><td>104</td><td>68</td><td>44</td><td><a href="/facts/D/A6hNvmCp">D</a></td></tr><tr><td>1110111</td><td>105</td><td>69</td><td>45</td><td><a href="/facts/E/0G2cAFzu">E</a></td></tr><tr><td>11011011</td><td>106</td><td>70</td><td>46</td><td><a href="/facts/F/2Qhv29hR">F</a></td></tr><tr><td>11111101</td><td>107</td><td>71</td><td>47</td><td><a href="/facts/G/0wjXcPDT">G</a></td></tr><tr><td>101010101</td><td>110</td><td>72</td><td>48</td><td><a href="/facts/H/2ReerlNA">H</a></td></tr><tr><td>1111111</td><td>111</td><td>73</td><td>49</td><td><a href="/facts/I/2w7mqI7e">I</a></td></tr><tr><td>111111101</td><td>112</td><td>74</td><td>4A</td><td><a href="/facts/J/0GzaA1zq">J</a></td></tr><tr><td>101111101</td><td>113</td><td>75</td><td>4B</td><td><a href="/facts/K/68UJI9sK">K</a></td></tr><tr><td>11010111</td><td>114</td><td>76</td><td>4C</td><td><a href="/facts/L/0Ge4MIc9">L</a></td></tr><tr><td>10111011</td><td>115</td><td>77</td><td>4D</td><td><a href="/facts/M/24C1RjmQ">M</a></td></tr><tr><td>11011101</td><td>116</td><td>78</td><td>4E</td><td><a href="/facts/N/0CEs8314">N</a></td></tr><tr><td>10101011</td><td>117</td><td>79</td><td>4F</td><td><a href="/facts/O/41AF4mKp">O</a></td></tr><tr><td>11010101</td><td>120</td><td>80</td><td>50</td><td><a href="/facts/P/41AF4mKp">P</a></td></tr><tr><td>111011101</td><td>121</td><td>81</td><td>51</td><td><a href="/facts/Q/3x6B7oLx">Q</a></td></tr><tr><td>10101111</td><td>122</td><td>82</td><td>52</td><td><a href="/facts/R/03wakXRv">R</a></td></tr><tr><td>1101111</td><td>123</td><td>83</td><td>53</td><td><a href="/facts/S/1DcekgEL">S</a></td></tr><tr><td>1101101</td><td>124</td><td>84</td><td>54</td><td><a href="/facts/T/1GaDe2Vy">T</a></td></tr><tr><td>101010111</td><td>125</td><td>85</td><td>55</td><td><a href="/facts/U/41AF4mKp">U</a></td></tr><tr><td>110110101</td><td>126</td><td>86</td><td>56</td><td><a href="/facts/V/41AF4mKp">V</a></td></tr><tr><td>101011101</td><td>127</td><td>87</td><td>57</td><td><a href="/facts/W/1qRkvAb9">W</a></td></tr><tr><td>101110101</td><td>130</td><td>88</td><td>58</td><td><a href="/facts/X/1qRkvAb9">X</a></td></tr><tr><td>101111011</td><td>131</td><td>89</td><td>59</td><td><a href="/facts/Y/anP6EhKq">Y</a></td></tr><tr><td>1010101101</td><td>132</td><td>90</td><td>5A</td><td><a href="/facts/Z/Bf1NUwpT">Z</a></td></tr><tr><td>111110111</td><td>133</td><td>91</td><td>5B</td><td><a href="/facts/Bracket/yzGM9J8A">[</a></td></tr><tr><td>111101111</td><td>134</td><td>92</td><td>5C</td><td><a href="/facts/Backslash/SoV79KPp">\</a></td></tr><tr><td>111111011</td><td>135</td><td>93</td><td>5D</td><td><a href="/facts/Bracket/yzGM9J8A">]</a></td></tr><tr><td>1010111111</td><td>136</td><td>94</td><td>5E</td><td><a href="/facts/Caret/LRV5MF7s">^</a></td></tr><tr><td>101101101</td><td>137</td><td>95</td><td>5F</td><td><a href="/facts/Underscore/KJsRo3tA">_</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td> </td><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Varicode</th><th><a href="/facts/Octal/4nRcq0Ce">Oct</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Decimal/7omfVNIM">Dec</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Hexadecimal/02ohQW22">Hex</a></th><th>Glyph</th></tr><tr><td>1011011111</td><td>140</td><td>96</td><td>60</td><td><a href="/facts/Grave_accent/pVo48UeD">'</a></td></tr><tr><td>1011</td><td>141</td><td>97</td><td>61</td><td><a href="/facts/A/2R3BU1nc">a</a></td></tr><tr><td>1011111</td><td>142</td><td>98</td><td>62</td><td><a href="/facts/B/2ymGnJJk">b</a></td></tr><tr><td>101111</td><td>143</td><td>99</td><td>63</td><td><a href="/facts/C/2e7jmUaG">c</a></td></tr><tr><td>101101</td><td>144</td><td>100</td><td>64</td><td><a href="/facts/D/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>145</td><td>101</td><td>65</td><td><a href="/facts/E/0G2cAFzu">e</a></td></tr><tr><td>111101</td><td>146</td><td>102</td><td>66</td><td><a href="/facts/F/2Qhv29hR">f</a></td></tr><tr><td>1011011</td><td>147</td><td>103</td><td>67</td><td><a href="/facts/G/0wjXcPDT">g</a></td></tr><tr><td>101011</td><td>150</td><td>104</td><td>68</td><td><a href="/facts/H/2ReerlNA">h</a></td></tr><tr><td>1101</td><td>151</td><td>105</td><td>69</td><td><a href="/facts/I/2w7mqI7e">i</a></td></tr><tr><td>111101011</td><td>152</td><td>106</td><td>6A</td><td><a href="/facts/J/0GzaA1zq">j</a></td></tr><tr><td>10111111</td><td>153</td><td>107</td><td>6B</td><td><a href="/facts/K/68UJI9sK">k</a></td></tr><tr><td>11011</td><td>154</td><td>108</td><td>6C</td><td><a href="/facts/L/0Ge4MIc9">l</a></td></tr><tr><td>111011</td><td>155</td><td>109</td><td>6D</td><td><a href="/facts/M/24C1RjmQ">m</a></td></tr><tr><td>1111</td><td>156</td><td>110</td><td>6E</td><td><a href="/facts/N/0CEs8314">n</a></td></tr><tr><td>111</td><td>157</td><td>111</td><td>6F</td><td><a href="/facts/O/41AF4mKp">o</a></td></tr><tr><td>111111</td><td>160</td><td>112</td><td>70</td><td><a href="/facts/P/41AF4mKp">p</a></td></tr><tr><td>110111111</td><td>161</td><td>113</td><td>71</td><td><a href="/facts/Q/3x6B7oLx">q</a></td></tr><tr><td>10101</td><td>162</td><td>114</td><td>72</td><td><a href="/facts/R/03wakXRv">r</a></td></tr><tr><td>10111</td><td>163</td><td>115</td><td>73</td><td><a href="/facts/S/1DcekgEL">s</a></td></tr><tr><td>101</td><td>164</td><td>116</td><td>74</td><td><a href="/facts/T/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td></tr><tr><td>110111</td><td>165</td><td>117</td><td>75</td><td><a href="/facts/U/41AF4mKp">u</a></td></tr><tr><td>1111011</td><td>166</td><td>118</td><td>76</td><td><a href="/facts/V/41AF4mKp">v</a></td></tr><tr><td>1101011</td><td>167</td><td>119</td><td>77</td><td><a href="/facts/W/1qRkvAb9">w</a></td></tr><tr><td>11011111</td><td>170</td><td>120</td><td>78</td><td><a href="/facts/X/1qRkvAb9">x</a></td></tr><tr><td>1011101</td><td>171</td><td>121</td><td>79</td><td><a href="/facts/Y/anP6EhKq">y</a></td></tr><tr><td>111010101</td><td>172</td><td>122</td><td>7A</td><td><a href="/facts/Z/Bf1NUwpT">z</a></td></tr><tr><td>1010110111</td><td>173</td><td>123</td><td>7B</td><td><a href="/facts/Bracket/yzGM9J8A">{</a></td></tr><tr><td>110111011</td><td>174</td><td>124</td><td>7C</td><td><a href="/facts/Vertical_bar/Yq77nJ6f">|</a></td></tr><tr><td>1010110101</td><td>175</td><td>125</td><td>7D</td><td><a href="/facts/Bracket/yzGM9J8A">}</a></td></tr><tr><td>1011010111</td><td>176</td><td>126</td><td>7E</td><td><a href="/facts/Tilde/wQTx6ytR">~</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Character lengths</h3> <p>Beginning with the single-bit code "1", valid varicode values may be formed by prefixing a "1" or "10" to a shorter code. Thus, the number of codes of length <i>n</i> is equal to the <a href="/facts/Fibonacci_number/mqxpAUQD">Fibonacci number</a> <i>Fn</i>. Varicode uses the 88 values of lengths up to 9 bits, and 40 of the 55 codes of length 10. </p><p>As transmitted, the codes are two bits longer due to the trailing delimiter 00. </p> ASCII characters by varicode length<table><tbody><tr><th>Bits</th><th>Codes</th><th>Characters</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>SP</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>e</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>o t</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>a i n</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>LF CR l r s</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>8</td><td>- c d f h m p u</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>13</td><td>, . = A E I S T b g v w y</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>21</td><td>HT ( ) 0 1 2 3 : B C D F G L M N O P R k x</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>34</td><td>! " # $ ' * + / 4 5 6 7 8 9 ; < > H J K Q U V W X Y [ \ ] _ j q z |</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>40</td><td>NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS VT FF SO SI DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EOM SUB ESC FS GS RS US % & ? @ Z ^ ` { } ~ DEL</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Steven L Karty, N5SK. "PSK31 Spec". ARRL Website. Retrieved 18 Dec 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="http://www.arrl.org/psk31-spec" target="_blank">http://www.arrl.org/psk31-spec</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Peter Martinez, G3PLX. "PSK31: A New Radio-Teletype Mode" (PDF). Retrieved 28 Sep 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/tis/info/pdf/x9907003.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/tis/info/pdf/x9907003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>ITU Working Party 5A. "ITU-R M.2034: Telegraphic Alphabet for Data Communication by Phase Shift Keying at 31 Baud in the Amateur and Amateur-Satellite Services". International Telecommunication Union (approved Feb, 2013). Retrieved 21 Feb 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-M.5B22-0-201302-D/en" target="_blank">http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-M.5B22-0-201302-D/en</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>