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Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives
Consonantal sound

The voiceless alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩ and the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the extIPA has a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.

The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.

There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops, Kota, Toda, Venda and many Australian Aboriginal languages being a few of them; certain varieties of Hiberno-English also distinguish them (with [t̪] being the local realisation of the Standard English phoneme /θ/, represented by ⟨th⟩).

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Features

Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • There are three specific variants of [t]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties

IPADescription
tplain t
t̪dental t
t̠postalveolar t
tʰaspirated t
tʲpalatalized t
tʷlabialized t
t̚t with no audible release
t̬voiced t
t͈tense t
tʼejective t
tˤpharyngealized t

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Occurrence of [t̪] in various languages
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Aleut2tiistax̂[t̪iːstaχ]'dough'Laminal denti-alveolar.
ArmenianEastern3տուն[t̪un]ⓘ'house'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaicܬܠܬ̱ܐ/ţlo[t̪lɑ]'three'
Bashkirдүрт/dürt[dʏʷrt]ⓘ'four'Laminal denti-alveolar
Belarusian4стагоддзе[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]'century'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Basquetoki[t̪oki]'place'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Basque phonology
Bengaliতুমি[t̪umi]'you'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Catalan5terra[ˈt̪ɛrə]'land'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chuvashут[ut]'horse'
Czechtoto[ˈt̪ot̪o]'this'Laminal denti-alveolar.6 See Czech phonology
Dinka7mɛth[mɛ̀t̪]'child'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar /t/.
DutchBelgiantaal[t̪aːl̪]'language'Laminal denti-alveolar.
EnglishDublin8thin[t̪ʰɪn]'thin'Laminal denti-alveolar.In Dublin, it may be [t͡θ] instead.See English phonology.
IndianCorresponds to [θ].9
Southern Irish10
Ulster11train[t̪ɹeːn]'train'Allophone of /t/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Finnishtutti[ˈt̪ut̪ːi]'pacifier'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology
French12tordu[t̪ɔʁd̪y]'crooked'Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Hakka13他/ta3[t̪ʰa˧]'he/she'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.
Hindustani14Hindiतीन/tīn[t̪iːn]'three'Laminal denti-alveolar.Contrasts with aspirated form <थ>.See Hindustani phonology
Urduتین/tīnContrasts with aspirated form <تھ>.
HmongWhite Hmong𖬆𖬰𖬧𖬵 / tub[tu˦]'son', 'boy' or 'male name'
Indonesian15tabir[t̪abir]'curtain'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Italian16tale[ˈt̪ale]'such'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese17特別/ tokubetsu[t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ]'special'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian18ptôch[ptɞx]'bird'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakhтұз[t̪us̪]'salt'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz19туз[t̪us̪]'salt'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian20tabula[ˈt̪äbulä]'table'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Malayalamകാത്ത്[kaːt̪ːɨ̆]'waiting'Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
Mapudungun21füṯa[ˈfɘt̪ɜ]'husband'Interdental.22
Marathiतबला[t̪əbˈlaː]'tabla'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Nepaliताली[t̪äli]'clappinɡ'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
Nunggubuyu23darag[t̪aɾaɡ]'whiskers'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Odiaତାରା/tara[t̪ärä]'star'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form.
Pazeh24[mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh]'keep clapping'Dental.
Polish25tom[t̪ɔm]ⓘ'volume'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese26Many dialectsmontanha[mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ]'mountain'Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to [tʃ], [tɕ] and/or [ts] in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabiਤੇਲ/تیل[t̪eːl]'oil'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian27толстый[ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j]'fat'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic28taigh[t̪ʰɤj]'house'Apical dental. Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Serbo-Croatian29туга/tuga[t̪ǔːgä]'sorrow'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhalaඅත[at̪ə]'hand'
Slovene30tip[ˈt̪îːp]'type'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Slovaktoto[ˈt̪ot̪o]'this'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovak phonology
Somalimatag[mat̪ag]'vomit'Dentalization of alveolar plosive.
Spanish31tango[ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞]'tango'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Swedish32tåg[ˈt̪ʰoːɡ]'train'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Teluguతప్పు[t̪apːu]'wrong'Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Turkishat[ät̪]'horse'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian3334брат[brɑt̪]'brother'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek35[example needed]–Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.36
Vietnamese37tuần[t̪wən˨˩]'week'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan38tant[t̪ant̪]'so much'Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Occurrence of [t] in various languages
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Adygheтфы[tfə]ⓘ'five'
ArabicEgyptianتوكة/tōka[ˈtoːkæ]'barrette'See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Assyrianܒܝܬܐ/bèta[beːta]'house'Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Southern dialects θ is used.
Cantonese跌/dit[ti:t̚˧]'fall' (v.)See Cantonese Phonology
鐵/鉄/tit[tʰi:t̚˧]'iron'
Chechenтарсал/tarsal[tɑːrsəl]'squirrel'
DanishStandard39dåse[ˈtɔ̽ːsə]'can' (n.)Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨d̥⟩ or ⟨d⟩. Contrasts with the affricate [t͡s] or aspirated stop [tʰ] (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨tˢ⟩ or ⟨t⟩.40 See Danish phonology
Dutch41taal[taːɫ]'language'See Dutch phonology
EnglishMost speakerstick[tʰɪk]ⓘ'tick'See English phonology
New York42Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.43
Hebrewתמונה[tmuˈna]'image'see Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian44tutaj[ˈtutɒj]'raft'See Hungarian phonology
Kabardianтхуы[txʷə]ⓘ'five'
Khmerតែ/tê[tae]'tea'See Khmer phonology
Korean대숲/daesup[tɛsup̚]'bamboo forest'See Korean phonology
KurdishNortherntu[tʰʊ]'you'See Kurdish phonology
Centralتەوێڵ[tʰəweːɫ]'forehead'
Southernتێوڵ[tʰeːwɨɫ]
Luxembourgish45dënn[tən]'thin'Less often voiced [d]. It is usually transcribed /d/, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.46 See Luxembourgish phonology
Malayalamകാറ്റ്[kaːtːɨ̆]'wind'Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
Maltesetassew[tasˈsew]'true'
Mandarin地/dì[ti˥˩]'ground'See Mandarin Phonology
梯/tī[tʰi˥˥]'ladder/stairs'
Mapudungun47füta[ˈfɘtɜ]'elderly'
Nunggubuyu48darawa[taɾawa]'greedy'
Nuosu[which?]ꄉ/da[ta˧]'place'Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Portuguese49Some dialectstroço[ˈtɾɔsu]'thing' (pejorative)Allophone before alveolar /ɾ/. In other dialects /ɾ/ takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology
Tagalogmatamis[mɐtɐˈmis]'sweet'See Tagalog phonology
Thaiตา/ta[taː˧]'eye'Contrasts with an aspirated form.
West Frisiantosk[ˈtosk]'tooth'See West Frisian phonology

Postalveolar

Occurrence of [t̠]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Yeledêê[t̠əː]'tongue'Contrasts /t̪ t̪͡p t̪ʲ t̠ t̠͡p t̠ʲ/.

Variable

Occurrence of a voiceless plosive variable between alveolar and dental positions
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArabicModern Standardتين‎/tīn[tiːn]'fig'Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology
EnglishBroad South African50talk[toːk]'talk'Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.515253
Scottish54[tʰɔk]
Welsh55[tʰɒːk]
GermanStandard56Tochter[ˈtɔxtɐ]'daughter'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.57 See Standard German phonology
Greek58τρία tria[ˈtɾiä]'three'Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.59 See Modern Greek phonology
Malayتڠکڤ/tangkap[t̪äŋ.käp̚]'catch'More commonly dental. Often unreleased in syllable codas. See Malay phonology
NorwegianUrban East60dans[t̻ɑns]'dance'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed /d/. It may be partially voiced [d̥], and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.61 See Norwegian phonology
Persian62توت[t̪ʰuːt̪ʰ]'berry'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.63 See Persian phonology
Slovak6465to[t̻ɔ̝]'that'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.6667 See Slovak phonology

See also

Notes

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References

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  2. Ladefoged (2005), p. 165. - Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell ↩

  3. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 17. - Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company ↩

  4. Padluzhny (1989), p. 47. - Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, Навука і тэхніка, ISBN 5-343-00292-7 ↩

  5. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53. - Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809 https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004618 ↩

  6. Skarnitzl, Radek. "Asymmetry in the Czech Alveolar Stops: An EPG Study". Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022. https://www.academia.edu/10434068 ↩

  7. Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115 and 121. - Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, hdl:20.500.11820/ccca8aff-adb2-42c0-9daa-f1e5777ee69f https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003605 ↩

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  12. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73. - Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451 https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874 ↩

  13. Lee & Zee (2009), p. 109. - Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2009), "Hakka Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (107–111): 107, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003599 https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003599 ↩

  14. Ladefoged (2005), p. 141. - Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell ↩

  15. Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210. - Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (2): 209–213, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003320 https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003320 ↩

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