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Ralph Horween
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<h2 id="early-and-personal-life">Early and personal life</h2> <p>Horween's Jewish parents, Isidore and Rose (Rabinoff), immigrated to Chicago from <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> in the <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> in 1892.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> His family changed its name during his youth to Horween from its original name, which was either Horwitz or Horowitz.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Horween was born in Chicago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> He was the brother of <a href="/facts/Arnold_Horween/vwr2dFPP">Arnold Horween</a>, who was two years younger.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The Horween brothers were the last Jewish brothers to play in the NFL until <a href="/facts/Offensive_tackle/y2tqFqBf">offensive tackles</a> <a href="/facts/Geoff_Schwartz/ven0ygdF">Geoff Schwartz</a> and <a href="/facts/Mitchell_Schwartz/RCPdL8Ye">Mitchell Schwartz</a> in the 2000s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Horween played high school football at <a href="/facts/Francis_W._Parker_School_(Chicago)/he5AaufH">Francis W. Parker School</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>He was 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m), and weighed 200 pounds (91 kg).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> He eloped and married Genevieve Brown (born March 4, 1901) in October 1924; they were married for 64 years until her death on November 25, 1987.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> They moved to <a href="/facts/Cismont%2c_Virginia/UfFr16Lk">Cismont, Virginia</a>, in 1952, and later to <a href="/facts/Charlottesville%2c_Virginia/nfUlphxe">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> He had two sons, Ralph Stow and Frederick Stow.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="college-and-navy-career">College and Navy career</h2> <p>Horween played <a href="/facts/Fullback_(American_football)/76RuSXDk">fullback</a> and halfback in the <a href="/facts/Backfield/sMd8JAlz">backfield</a>, the two <a href="/facts/Running_back/meHXyVWb">running back</a> positions, and was known as a good punter and drop-kicker, at <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a> for the <a href="/facts/Harvard_Crimson_football/hxGJSaty">Harvard Crimson</a>. He was an <a href="/facts/College_Football_All-America_Team/YbY3VuAe">All-American</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> He was described as a "line plunger" of "tremendous power."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>On November 11, 1916, he kicked a 35-yard (32 m) <a href="/facts/Field_goal_(American_and_Canadian_football)/hru6m0aj">field goal</a> to lead Harvard over previously unbeaten <a href="/facts/Princeton_Tigers_football/fxjEgcBt">Princeton</a>, 3–0.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> That year, he was named <a href="/facts/Walter_Camp/G5ekFalc">Walter Camp</a> All-America honorable mention at fullback, and <i>New York Times</i> All-East honorable mention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>During World War I, he enlisted and was a <a href="/facts/Junior_Lieutenant/G9BbvD6s">Junior Lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">United States Navy</a>, on active duty from April 1917 to July 1919.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> He attended <a href="/facts/Cadet_school/3kujPRTA">cadet school</a> at the <a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, and served on the patrol vessel <a href="/facts/USS_Talofa/7QdyK7l7">USS <i>Talofa</i></a>, the battleship <a href="/facts/USS_Connecticut_(BB-18)/8yw0fW64">USS <i>Connecticut</i></a>, the destroyer <a href="/facts/USS_Maury_(DD-100)/lwoWg6GE">USS <i>Maury</i></a>, and the destroyer <a href="/facts/USS_Gregory_(DD-82)/GSKV87IA">USS <i>Gregory</i></a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>In both 1919 and 1920 Harvard was undefeated (9–0–1, as they outscored their competition 229–19, and 8–0–1, respectively).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> In 1919, Donald Grant Herring ranked Horween the Third-Team center on the Princeton-Yale-Harvard composite team, and opined that if he had played regularly at center for the entire season he might have been the number one choice, and the <i>New York Times</i> named him All-East honorable mention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>Horween was part of the unbeaten Harvard football team that won the <a href="/facts/1920_Rose_Bowl/0wxSHjcD">1920 Rose Bowl</a> against <a href="/facts/1919_Oregon_Webfoots_football_team/6KQGjAmV">Oregon</a>, 7–6.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Horween sustained a chipped <a href="/facts/Collarbone/YWNjLv6s">collarbone</a> and <a href="/facts/Dislocated_shoulder/mRSQNz1p">dislocated shoulder</a> in the victory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> It remain's the only <a href="/facts/Bowl_game/aawQ2EK9">bowl game</a> appearance in Harvard football history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> He graduated with an A.B. in May 1920.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="professional-football-career">Professional football career</h2> <p>He played 22 career games in the <a href="/facts/National_Football_League/cBH0hxRV">National Football League</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Playing under the alias of the Irish name Ralph McMahon or B. McMahon or R. McMahon,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Horween started playing professional football a year after the <a href="/facts/National_Football_League/cBH0hxRV">NFL</a> was founded, and played for the Cardinals for three years (first as they were called the <a href="/facts/Racine_Cardinals/D3Lx8Pb5">Racine Cardinals</a>, in the <a href="/facts/American_Professional_Football_Association/cBH0hxRV">American Professional Football Association</a>, the predecessor to the NFL).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> He played for the renamed <a href="/facts/Chicago_Cardinals_(NFL%2c_1920%25E2%2580%259359)/D3Lx8Pb5">Chicago Cardinals</a> from <a href="/facts/1921_NFL_season/q062XUF6">1921</a> to <a href="/facts/1923_NFL_season/NXebM2Wf">1923</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> He was paid $40 ($700 in current dollar terms) a week.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> His brother <a href="/facts/Arnold_Horween/vwr2dFPP">Arnold</a> teamed up with him, playing for the Cardinals as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> On November 30, 1922, he kicked a 34-yard (31 m) field goal as the Cardinals beat the <a href="/facts/Chicago_Staleys/a9GAAI8k">Chicago Staleys</a> 6–0.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>On October 7, 1923, he and his brother both scored in the same game, as he ran for a touchdown and his brother kicked two extra points as the Cardinals beat the <a href="/facts/Rochester_Jeffersons/6sfQbSWf">Rochester Jeffersons</a> 60–0 at <a href="/facts/Normal_Park/ynhVFkj5">Normal Park</a> in Chicago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> On December 2, 1923, they did it again, as ran for a touchdown and his brother kicked a 35-yard (32 m) field goal as the Cardinals beat the <a href="/facts/Oorang_Indians/Dfb1MMGa">Oorang Indians</a> 22–19.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> In 1923, his brother became head coach of the Cardinals and Ralph joined him as an assistant coach, as both continued to play as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> He played in 11 games that season as the team went 8–4–0.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> He was paid $275 ($5,100 in current dollar terms) for a late season game, and used it to buy an engagement ring and elope.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> He retired following the 1923 season.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="life-after-football">Life after football</h2> <h3>Harvard Law School, and law career</h3> <p>After retiring from football, Horween returned to <a href="/facts/Harvard_Law_School/eocPR0WU">Harvard Law School</a>, where he wrote "The Effect of Certain Types of State Statutes Upon the Criteria, in the Federal Courts, of the Adequacy of the Remedy at Law as a Basis for Federal Equity Jurisdiction", which was published by the law school in 1929.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> He earned an LL.B. law degree in 1929, and that year became a member of the Illinois State Bar and a <a href="/facts/Patent_attorney/8j0jgEWm">patent attorney</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> He later had a successful law practice in Chicago, known as Topliff, Horween & Merrick from 1940 to 1942, and Topliff & Horween after 1942.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> He was also a successful businessman, as he raised cattle and helped run a family business that supplied the leather for the footballs used in the NFL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> </p><p>He served as chief of the Chicago office of the federal Petroleum Administrative Board that administered <a href="/facts/Crude_oil/IQV0bHVd">crude oil</a> permits, and was a special assistant federal attorney who handled prosecutions of oil code violations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> Horween served as Assistant for Oil to <a href="/facts/Harold_L._Ickes/U1RnVlH8">Harold L. Ickes</a>, the Oil Administrator and <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior/8lHgezNK">United States Secretary of the Interior</a>, resigning in 1934.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> He authored <i>What are the Essentials of Sound Oil Conservation Legislation for Illinois?</i>, which was published in 1939, and presented on "Illinois Oil and Gas Legislation" to the Illinois State Bar Association and the Indiana State Bar Association the same year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> </p> <h3>Horween Leather Company</h3> <p>He and his brother inherited the family leather tannery business, <a href="/facts/Horween_Leather_Company/cktCFgGh">Horween Leather Company</a> in Chicago which had been founded in 1905. Among other things, the company provided the leather used in NFL footballs for many years. He was the company's chief manufacturing executive, and was working at the company in 1950.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> </p> <h3>Horween Professorship</h3> <p>He endowed the Horween Professorship at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Virginia/SPNDITbg">University of Virginia</a>, a research chair in the field of small manufacturing enterprises, in honor of his father and in memory of his wife, Genevieve Brown Horween.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> </p> <h3>Centenarian</h3> <p>In 1994, the NFL honored 95-year-old <a href="/facts/Arda_Bowser/hBCpX8Hn">Arda Bowser</a> as the league's oldest living ex-NFL player.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> It was only later that NFL officials discovered that they had made a mistake – because Horween, who was 99 years old at the time, was still alive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> </p><p>In 1996, Horween <a href="/facts/Centenarian/rubjcm3A">turned 100</a>, becoming the first NFL player to turn 100.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> </p><p>He died in <a href="/facts/Charlottesville%2c_Virginia/nfUlphxe">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>, on May 26, 1997.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Jews_in_sports/1UQqEL6v">List of select Jewish football players</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li></li> <li>Career statistics from <a href="https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HorwRa20.htm">Pro Football Reference</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Goldstein, Richard (May 29, 1997). "Ralph Horween, 100, the Oldest Ex-N.F.L. Player". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2008. <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E5D6153AF93AA15756C0A961958260" target="_blank">https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E5D6153AF93AA15756C0A961958260</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Raphael, Sven (March 21, 2012). "Horween Leather Company Chicago". Gentleman's Gazette. Retrieved March 13, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="http://www.gentlemansgazette.com/horween-leather-company-chicago/" target="_blank">http://www.gentlemansgazette.com/horween-leather-company-chicago/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Julius Schwartz; Solomon Aaron Kaye; John Simons (1933). Who's who in American Jewry. Vol. 3. Jewish Biographical Bureau. Retrieved March 23, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2_XAAAAMAAJ&q=isidore+horween" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=j2_XAAAAMAAJ&q=isidore+horween</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>The Sentinel's history of Chicago Jewry, 1911–1961. Sentinel Publishing Co. Chicago. 1961. Retrieved March 22, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4E15AAAAMAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4E15AAAAMAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Charles H. Joseph (1926). "18M". The Jewish Criterion. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071629/http://pjn.library.cmu.edu/books/CALL1/CRI_1926_067_021_04021926/vol0/part0/copy0/ocr/txt/0008.txt" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071629/http://pjn.library.cmu.edu/books/CALL1/CRI_1926_067_021_04021926/vol0/part0/copy0/ocr/txt/0008.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Ralph Horween" (PDF). profootballresearchers.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218205508/http://profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/18-06-680.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101218205508/http://profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/18-06-680.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Stanley Bernard Frank (1936). The Jew in sports. The Miles Publishing Company. Retrieved March 22, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=culCAAAAIAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=culCAAAAIAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Gerald R. Gems (2000). For Pride, Profit, and Patriarchy: Football and the Incorporation of American Cultural Values. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810836853. Retrieved March 22, 2013. <a href="9780810836853" target="_blank">9780810836853</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Gerald R. Gems (2000). For Pride, Profit, and Patriarchy: Football and the Incorporation of American Cultural Values. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810836853. Retrieved March 22, 2013. <a href="9780810836853" target="_blank">9780810836853</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Gregg Rosenthal (June 19, 2012). "Schwartzes first Jewish brothers in NFL since 1923". Nfl.com. Retrieved March 21, 2013. <a href="https://www.nfl.com/news/schwartzes-first-jewish-brothers-in-nfl-since-1923-09000d5d829f2c7c" target="_blank">https://www.nfl.com/news/schwartzes-first-jewish-brothers-in-nfl-since-1923-09000d5d829f2c7c</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bernard Postal; Jesse Silver; Roy Silver (1965). Encyclopedia of Jews in Sports. Bloch Pub. Co. Retrieved March 22, 2013. Ralph Horween. <a href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofje00post" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofje00post</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Gregg Rosenthal (June 19, 2012). "Schwartzes first Jewish brothers in NFL since 1923". NFL.com. Retrieved March 15, 2013. <a href="https://www.nfl.com/news/schwartzes-first-jewish-brothers-in-nfl-since-1923-09000d5d829f2c7c" target="_blank">https://www.nfl.com/news/schwartzes-first-jewish-brothers-in-nfl-since-1923-09000d5d829f2c7c</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Barnathan, Lee (May 2, 2012). "Browns pick Schwartz in NFL draft". Jewish Journal. Retrieved March 15, 2013. <a href="http://www.jewishjournal.com/sports/article/browns_pick_schwartz_in_nfl_draft_20120502" target="_blank">http://www.jewishjournal.com/sports/article/browns_pick_schwartz_in_nfl_draft_20120502</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>The Sentinel's history of Chicago Jewry, 1911–1961. Sentinel Publishing Co. Chicago. 1961. Retrieved March 22, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4E15AAAAMAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4E15AAAAMAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Arnold Horween Elected. Harvard Alumni Bulletin. September 25, 1919. Retrieved March 23, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZEBAAAAYAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween&pg=PA419" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=vZEBAAAAYAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween&pg=PA419</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Horween, Ralph". Archived from the original on March 17, 2013. 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Retrieved March 22, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eroqAAAAMAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=eroqAAAAMAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Dale Richard Perelman (2012). Centenarians. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477217306. Retrieved March 21, 2013. <a href="9781477217306" target="_blank">9781477217306</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>"Trial on Code Case Extended". The Milwaukee Journal. May 7, 1934. Retrieved March 24, 2013. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P7tQAAAAIBAJ&pg=7041,989263&dq=ralph+horween&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P7tQAAAAIBAJ&pg=7041,989263&dq=ralph+horween&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>"Deaths; Ralph Horween". Toledo Blade. May 27, 1997. Retrieved March 24, 2013. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iOo0AAAAIBAJ&pg=6849,9714561&dq=ralph+horween&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iOo0AAAAIBAJ&pg=6849,9714561&dq=ralph+horween&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>"Horween Appointed Oil Official". Wall Street Journal. October 13, 1934. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. 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