Bell CH-146 Griffon

<h2 id="design-and-development">Design and development</h2>

The CH-146 is the Canadian military designation for the Bell 412CF, a modified Bell 412, ordered by Canada in 1992.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> The CH-146 was built at <a href="/facts/Mirabel%2c_Quebec/RrEGFTUl">Mirabel, Quebec</a>, at the Bell Canadian plant. It was delivered between 1995 and 1997 in one of two configurations, the Combat Support Squadron (CSS) version for search and rescue missions, and the Utility Tactical Transport Helicopter (UTTH), which carries a crew of three and an eight-man <a href="/facts/Section_(military_unit)/7NV6AD0F">section</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
The Bell 412 family is popular with military operators globally, and was also produced under license in Italy by Augusta;the 412 and its variants was further modernization of the <a href="/facts/Bell_212/Alb4U1An">Bell 212</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>

The Griffon can be equipped with various specialized bolt-on mission kits which can enhance its performance, from increasing range to improving protection against enemy fire, etc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
While the CH-146 can be equipped with a total of 13 seats in the cargo area in addition to the two in front for the aircrew, weight restrictions usually result in a normal combat load of eight equipped troops or fewer depending on armament and fuel carried. The aircraft can also be configured for up to six stretchers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>
Minor disassembly permits transport of the Griffon by <a href="/facts/C-130_Hercules/EVzoWXp9">CC-130 Hercules</a> or <a href="/facts/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III/LurFFvap">CC-177 Globemaster III</a> aircraft for long-distance deployment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

<h3>Maintenance and upgrades</h3>
The CH-146 was forecast to be retired as early as 2021, but with an option to extend. <a href="/facts/Bell_Textron/ruaDBafV">Bell Helicopter Textron</a> Canada Inc. was awarded a C$640 million contract to overhaul and repair the CH-146 fleet until retirement in 2021. The contract includes options to extend the contract up to 2025 if necessary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
In January 2019, Canada announced plans to modernize and extend the life of the existing 85 CH-146s to 2031.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> In May 2022, the contract was signed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The contract with Bell Canada will allow the type to be in service until the 2030s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The maintenance work is done in Canada and sustains over 1100 jobs there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
In April 2024, the Government of Canada announced plans to spend C$18.4 billion over 20 years to acquire additional helicopters that are more "modern, mobile, and effective" to increase the speed and airlift capacity in responding to natural disasters, emergencies, and assertions of sovereignty. It is not clear if implication is to supplement or replace the CH-146 fleet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> The CH-146 is one of several assets in Canada's vertical lift portfolio which, by the 2020s, includes the <a href="/facts/AgustaWestland_CH-149_Cormorant/j84PwKnF">CH-149 Cormorant</a> (Medium-lift Search and Rescue (EH101)), <a href="/facts/CH-147_Chinook/0rc3R9FV">CH-147 Chinook</a> (twin-rotor heavy-lift), <a href="/facts/Sikorsky_CH-148_Cyclone/1w4hLgGp">CH-148 Cyclone</a> (maritime medium lift transport and ASW (S-92)), <a href="/facts/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force/RcKdhuC3">among others</a>.
In 2024, the Canadian Government announced a service contract to sustain the CH-146 Griffon fleet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<h2 id="operational-history">Operational history</h2>

The Canadian Forces purchased 100 aircraft<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> and received them in 1995–1997.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> In 2005, nine CH-146s were sold to the <a href="/facts/Allied_Wings/beUT2zJk">Allied Wings</a> consortium to be used as trainers at <a href="/facts/3_Canadian_Forces_Flying_Training_School/t4Apld37">3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> By the 2020s, over 80 were still in service in 11 squadrons, and Canada planned to operate them into the 2030s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
Some of the task the helicopters are used for are training, utility, tactical transport, search and rescue, armed escort for Chinooks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h3>Canada</h3>
The CH-146 Griffon have been deployed in various operations in Canada since their introduction in 1995. They have been deployed during the Operation Saguenay in 1996 and Operation Assistance in 1997. The CH-146 have also played a major role during the <a href="/facts/Great_ice_storm_of_1998/QDDSszl1">great ice storm of 1998</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> They were deployed during the <a href="/facts/28th_G8_summit/vwtKuUdy">28th G8 summit</a> and <a href="/facts/36th_G8_summit/uAVMclp9">36th G8 summit</a>. They were also deployed to secure the <a href="/facts/2010_Winter_Olympics/pnzlvMw0">2010 Winter Olympics</a> during the Operation Podium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> In May 2016, four Griffons were deployed as part of Operation LENTUS 16-01, to provide emergency services for victims of the <a href="/facts/2016_Fort_McMurray_wildfire/4aMGEy3p">2016 Fort McMurray wildfire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h3>Haiti and Balkans</h3>
CH-146s have been deployed in <a href="/facts/Haiti/yjgyeK9w">Haiti</a>. They were deployed during Operation Standard and Operation Constable between 1996 and 1997.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> They were deployed more recently during <a href="/facts/Operation_Halo/aaaUwKm3">Operation Halo</a> in 2004 and <a href="/facts/Operation_Hestia/BhLjauqW">Operation Hestia</a> in 2010.
Griffons have been deployed in <a href="/facts/Bosnia/jNVA1gPB">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/facts/Kosovo/lbyzI6UW">Kosovo</a> during <a href="/facts/Operation_Kinetic_(1999)/zR6QT0aL">Operation Kinetic</a> between 1999 and 2000 and Operation Paladium between 1998 and 2004.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>

<h3>Afghanistan</h3>
In 2007, the <a href="/facts/Canadian_American_Strategic_Review/rzqg4hTr">Canadian American Strategic Review</a> suggested that the Canadian Forces consider deploying Griffons to Afghanistan, because they were comparable to the <a href="/facts/UH-1_Huey/fww91aHu">UH-1 Hueys</a> deployed by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Marine_Corps/J8JDlJG2">United States Marine Corps</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> The USMC used both the <a href="/facts/Bell_UH-1N_Twin_Huey/06wssLe7">Bell UH-1N Twin Huey</a> (also used by Canada) and the newer <a href="/facts/Bell_UH-1Y_Venom/0VjKeYDy">Bell UH-1Y Venom</a>.
On 26 November 2008, the Canadian Forces announced in a statement that eight Griffons would be modified to act as armed escorts for <a href="/facts/CH-47_Chinook/0rc3R9FV">CH-147 Chinook</a> helicopters in <a href="/facts/Afghanistan/v63Auu1C">Afghanistan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> Equipped with a <a href="/facts/Minigun/qJlVaH15">M134D Minigun</a>, the helicopters were employed in a defensive and support role, including the evacuation of battlefield casualties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> The eight CH-146s arrived at <a href="/facts/Kandahar_International_Airport/IAqTgerS">Kandahar International Airport</a> on 20 December 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

<h3>Suitability for role</h3>
The CH-146 was purchased by the CF to replace four existing helicopters, the <a href="/facts/OH-58_Kiowa/WPz5bB9B">CH-136 Kiowa</a> in the observation role, the <a href="/facts/UH-1N_Twin_Huey/06wssLe7">CH-135 Twin Huey</a> in the army tactical role, the <a href="/facts/UH-1_Iroquois/fww91aHu">CH-118 Iroquois</a> in the base rescue role and the heavy lift <a href="/facts/CH-47_Chinook/0rc3R9FV">CH-147 Chinook</a>. From the time of its purchase defence analysts have been critical of the aircraft pointing to its procurement as politically motivated and that the aircraft cannot adequately fill any of its intended roles. It has been termed "a civilian designed and built aircraft, with only a coat of green paint."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
Writing in 2006 defence analyst Sharon Hobson said:

<blockquote>The Griffon helicopter has become almost a laughing stock. It is underpowered for the transport role the army needs it to play, and it’s too big for a reconnaissance role. At a time when the Canadian Forces are thirsting for equipment, it’s telling that about 20 of the Griffons have been parked.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></blockquote>
The CH-146 was ruled out for the Afghan mission by General <a href="/facts/Rick_Hillier/45CeA7LN">Rick Hillier</a> when he was Chief of Defence Staff in 2008 due to being underpowered. It has also been criticised for being underpowered by Martin Shadwick, a defence analyst and professor at <a href="/facts/York_University/Nh1sF5kz">York University</a>. Shadwick stated in July 2009:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>

<blockquote>Its engines are fine for most domestic requirements in Canada and a more moderate temperature, but [the Griffon] doesn't really have the horsepower to reach its full potential in a place like Afghanistan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a></blockquote>
At the inquest into the death of Capt Ben Babington-Browne (killed on 6 July 2009 in the crash of aircraft #146434), Lt Cdr William Robley of the UK Defence Helicopter Flying School confirmed that operating the aircraft at that altitude, temperature and weight meant that it was not the correct helicopter for that mission. When asked by the coroner: "Had you been there, would it have been obvious to you of the risks attached to using the Griffon helicopter in these conditions?" Lt Cdr Robley replied: "Yes." When asked: "Would you expect a competent pilot to have understood that this was not the correct helicopter for the mission?", Lt Cdr Robley replied: "It depended on the pilot's training; unless they have been trained, they are on a voyage of discovery."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
Retired Lieutenant General Lou Cuppens defended the aircraft's performance:

<blockquote>When the discussions took place about Afghanistan it was very quickly determined that when you do the weather analysis, that the aircraft could not carry the same combat load of troops that it could in Canada and land in a temperate climate. But all you do then is, you use more of them to do the same mission. Looking at operations that we've done elsewhere in the Middle East, with similar aircraft, they all have limitations of some sort and you work with the limitations."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a></blockquote>
Defence Minister <a href="/facts/Peter_MacKay/AVoPSSz8">Peter MacKay</a> also defended the aircraft:

<blockquote>I believe the Griffon is a superior helicopter, well-maintained, it's a utility helicopter that serves our interests both in Afghanistan and for purposes here in Canada.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a></blockquote>
<h3>Latvia</h3>
Starting in 2025, Canada is planning to send 4 Griffon's to <a href="/facts/Latvia/y2PSa8lx">Latvia</a>, as part of a NATO mission there, specifically <a href="/facts/Operation_Reassurance/HvWpB5tx">Operation REASSURANCE</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>

<h2 id="operators">Operators</h2>

See <a href="/facts/Bell_412/H1uh3Is7">Bell 412 military operators</a> for other users, the CH-146 is the Canadian version of this aircraft.

 <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force/RcKdhuC3">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> - 75 as of January 2025 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>: 32  <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a></li></ul>
Tactical Helicopter role
<ul><li><a href="/facts/No._400_Squadron_RCAF/a5s0nzwF">400 Tactical Helicopter Squadron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._403_Squadron_RCAF/2FfpEjk0">403 Helicopter Operational Training Squadron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._408_Squadron_RCAF/nV1JIwPz">408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._427_Squadron_RCAF/5TB0HXUj">427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._430_Squadron_RCAF/wuf58MAj">430 Tactical Helicopter Squadron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._438_Squadron_RCAF/zI6oVKsl">438 Tactical Helicopter Squadron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a></li></ul>
Search and Rescue role
<ul><li><a href="/facts/No._424_Squadron_RCAF/W4KH0UUm">424 Transport and Rescue Squadron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></li></ul>
Combat Support Squadrons
<ul><li><a href="/facts/No._417_Squadron_RCAF/KclupRTV">417 Combat Support Squadron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._439_Squadron_RCAF/RFqQsPVT">439 Combat Support Squadron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._444_Squadron_RCAF/amw4wooG">444 Combat Support Squadron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="accidents-and-incidents">Accidents and incidents</h2>
<ul><li>On 18 July 2002, #146420 operated by 444 Sqn crashed north of <a href="/facts/CFB_Goose_Bay/CIfdDFTI">CFB Goose Bay</a> while returning from a search and rescue mission that had been called off. Both pilots were killed on impact and the SAR Technician and Flight Engineer were both seriously injured. The cause of the crash was the loss of the aircraft tail rotor after a tail rotor blade failed from fatigue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a></li>
<li>On 6 July 2009, #146434 crashed about 80 kilometres (50 miles) northeast of Kandahar city in Afghanistan, killing two Canadian soldiers, along with a captain from the British <a href="/facts/Royal_Engineers/dCyuHYJD">Royal Engineers</a>. Three other Canadians were hurt. The crash was reportedly an accident due to the pilot's loss of visual reference in recirculating dust and not due to enemy action,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> but an inquest into the death of Capt Ben Babington-Browne was told that the helicopter was unsuitable for hot and high operations in Afghanistan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> In April 2016, it was revealed that a military police investigation of senior air force officers was underway for negligence for not providing adequate training for aircrew in dealing with takeoffs in dusty conditions and also for raising the operational gross weight of the aircraft above that safe for operation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="specifications-ch-146">Specifications (CH-146)</h2>

Data from Department of National Defence<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>General characteristics
<ul><li>Crew: 3 (pilot, co-pilot, and flight engineer)</li>
<li>Capacity: 10 troops or 6 stretchers (some sources state maximum 8 passengers)</li>
<li>Length: 56 ft 1 in (17.09 m)</li>
<li>Height: 15 ft 1 in (4.60 m)</li>
<li>Max takeoff weight: 11,900 lb (5,398 kg)</li>
<li>Powerplant: 1 × <a href="/facts/Pratt_%2526_Whitney_Canada_PT6T/7YNg55mb">Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T-3D Twin-Pac</a> coupled <a href="/facts/Turboshaft/tfWlSvA3">turboshaft</a> engine, 1,250 shp (930 kW) </li></ul>
900 shp (671 kW) single power section emergency power
<ul><li>Main rotor diameter: 46 ft 0 in (14.02 m)</li>
<li>Main rotor area: 1,662 sq ft (154.4 m2) </li>
<li>Blade sections: - root Boeing VR-7; tip Wortmann FX 71-H-080<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a></li></ul>
Performance

<ul><li>Maximum speed: 140 kn (160 mph, 260 km/h)</li>
<li>Cruise speed: 118 kn (136 mph, 219 km/h)</li>
<li>Range: 354 nmi (407 mi, 656 km)</li></ul>
Armament

<ul><li>7.62 mm <a href="/facts/FN_MAG/K6LBe7LT">C6</a> <a href="/facts/General_purpose_machine_gun/khzaNX1P">general purpose machine gun</a> (GPMG) optionally mounted in one or both doors</li>
<li>7.62 mm <a href="/facts/Dillon_Aero/DMNdTa8m">Dillon Aero</a> <a href="/facts/Minigun/qJlVaH15">M134D "Minigun"</a> optionally mounted in one or both doors<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a></li>
<li>.50 Cal (12.7 mm) <a href="/facts/GAU-21/mwbqBGBQ">GAU-21</a>, as part of Interoperable Griffon Reconnaissance Escort Surveillance System (INGRESS) project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a></li>
<li>Removable armour to protect crew and cabin area occupants from small arms fire and fragmentation.</li></ul>
Avionics

<ul><li>WESCAM 16TD-A Thermal Imaging System (TIS) stabilized camera system</li>
<li>Crew equipped with Generation III Image Intensification (II) Night Vision</li>
<li><a href="/facts/CMC_Electronics/URLek0cS">CMC Electronics</a> CMA-2082A <a href="/facts/Flight_Management_System/K2M4Sb9C">Flight Management System</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Aviation portal</li><li>Canada portal</li></ul>

Related development

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Bell_Huey_family/JpGBo4mc">Bell Huey family</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bell_UH-1N_Twin_Huey/06wssLe7">Bell UH-1N Twin Huey</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bell_212/Alb4U1An">Bell 212</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bell_412/H1uh3Is7">Bell 412</a></li></ul>

Related lists

<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force/IBXP3FVQ">List of aircraft of the Royal Canadian Air Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_Canadian_Air_Force_Equipment/IBXP3FVQ">List of Canadian Air Force Equipment</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bell CH-146 Griffon.

<ul><li><a href="http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/aircraft-current/ch-146.page">RCAF CH-146 page</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728080137/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/aircraft-current/ch-146.page">Archived</a> 28 July 2013 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010422112645/http://www.rotorhead.org/military/griffon.asp">Bell CH-146 Griffon page rotorhead.org</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710073528/http://www.casr.ca/mp-ch146kandahar.htm">An Armed CH-146 Griffon for Kandahar? on CASR's site</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"The Canadian Army – Equipment – Griffon Helicopter (CH-146)". Department of National Defence. October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2008. <a href="https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Canada's Air Force – Aircraft – CH-146 Griffon – Technical Specifications". Department of National Defence. March 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206093548/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/specs-eng.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101206093548/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/specs-eng.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Eden, Paul, ed. "Bell 212/412". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"The Canadian Army – Equipment – Griffon Helicopter (CH-146)". Department of National Defence. October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2008. <a href="https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Bell Model 412 Twin-Engine Utility / Transport Helicopter". www.militaryfactory.com. Retrieved 24 April 2024. <a href="https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.php?aircraft_id=1833" target="_blank">https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.php?aircraft_id=1833</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"The Canadian Army – Equipment – Griffon Helicopter (CH-146)". Department of National Defence. October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2008. <a href="https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"The Canadian Army – Equipment – Griffon Helicopter (CH-146)". Department of National Defence. October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2008. <a href="https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Canada's Air Force – Aircraft – CH-146 Griffon – Technical Specifications". Department of National Defence. March 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205105506/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/index-eng.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101205105506/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/index-eng.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"The Canadian Army – Equipment – Griffon Helicopter (CH-146)". Department of National Defence. October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2008. <a href="https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"AIAC congratulates Bell Helicopter Textron on Government of Canada contract that supports Canadian forces and maintains jobs" (PDF). Aerospace Industries Association of Canada. 14 January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404013324/http://www.aiac.ca/uploadedFiles/News_and_Events/AIAC_News/AIAC%20PM%20Bell%20Helicopter_Jan%2014%202011.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150404013324/http://www.aiac.ca/uploadedFiles/News_and_Events/AIAC_News/AIAC%20PM%20Bell%20Helicopter_Jan%2014%202011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Canada Awards Maintenance Contract for Bell 412EP Helis". Defense Industry Daily. 17 January 2011. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012. <a href="http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Canada-Awards-Maintenance-Contract-for-Bell-412EP-Helis-06735/" target="_blank">http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Canada-Awards-Maintenance-Contract-for-Bell-412EP-Helis-06735/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Reim, Garrett. "Canada to extend life of Bell CH-146 Griffon helicopters to 2031" Archived 2019-01-28 at the Wayback Machine. Flight Global, 28 January 2019. <a href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/canada-to-extend-life-of-bell-ch-146-griffon-helicop-455334/" target="_blank">https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/canada-to-extend-life-of-bell-ch-146-griffon-helicop-455334/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Government of Canada announces contract to extend life of Royal Canadian Air Force fleet of 85 CH‑146 Griffon helicopters <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/news/2022/05/government-of-canada-announces-contract-to-extend-life-of-royal-canadian-air-force-fleet-of-85ch146-griffon-helicopters.html" target="_blank">https://www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/news/2022/05/government-of-canada-announces-contract-to-extend-life-of-royal-canadian-air-force-fleet-of-85ch146-griffon-helicopters.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Bell Textron Canada to extend lifespan of Canadian CH-146 Griffon helicopters". <a href="https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2024-defense-news-aviation/january/9512-canada-to-extend-the-lifespan-of-ch-146-griffon-helicopters.html" target="_blank">https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2024-defense-news-aviation/january/9512-canada-to-extend-the-lifespan-of-ch-146-griffon-helicopters.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Bell awarded $2.28B contract to sustain RCAF CH-146 Griffon fleet". Vertical Mag. Retrieved 24 April 2024. <a href="https://verticalmag.com/news/bell-awarded-contract-to-sustain-rcaf-ch-146-fleet/" target="_blank">https://verticalmag.com/news/bell-awarded-contract-to-sustain-rcaf-ch-146-fleet/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Our North, Strong and Free: A Renewed Vision for Canada's Defence". Government of Canada. 8 April 2024. <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2024/04/our-north-strong-and-free-a-renewed-vision-for-canadas-defence.html" target="_blank">https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2024/04/our-north-strong-and-free-a-renewed-vision-for-canadas-defence.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">McNeil, Harry (18 January 2024). "Canada invests $1.7bn to prolong lifespan of CH-146 Griffon helicopters". Airforce Technology. Retrieved 29 April 2024. <a href="https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/canada-invests-1-7bn-to-prolong-lifespan-of-ch-146-griffon-helicopters/" target="_blank">https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/canada-invests-1-7bn-to-prolong-lifespan-of-ch-146-griffon-helicopters/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Eden, Paul, ed. "Bell 212/412". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Canada's Air Force – Aircraft – CH-146 Griffon – Technical Specifications". Department of National Defence. March 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206093548/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/specs-eng.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101206093548/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/specs-eng.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Canada's Air Force – Aircraft – CH-146 Griffon – Technical Specifications". Department of National Defence. March 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205105506/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/index-eng.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101205105506/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/index-eng.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"17 WING – WINNIPEG : SQUADRONS". Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence. December 2007. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203002804/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/17wing/squadron/3cffts_e.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070203002804/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/17wing/squadron/3cffts_e.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Bell awarded $2.28B contract to sustain RCAF CH-146 Griffon fleet". Vertical Mag. Retrieved 24 April 2024. <a href="https://verticalmag.com/news/bell-awarded-contract-to-sustain-rcaf-ch-146-fleet/" target="_blank">https://verticalmag.com/news/bell-awarded-contract-to-sustain-rcaf-ch-146-fleet/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Bell awarded $2.28B contract to sustain RCAF CH-146 Griffon fleet". Vertical Mag. Retrieved 29 April 2024. <a href="https://verticalmag.com/news/bell-awarded-contract-to-sustain-rcaf-ch-146-fleet/" target="_blank">https://verticalmag.com/news/bell-awarded-contract-to-sustain-rcaf-ch-146-fleet/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"CH-146 Griffon". DND. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205105506/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/index-eng.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101205105506/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/index-eng.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">DND (2010). "Operation Podium Air Component delivers". Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2010. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Operation LENTUS". Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2016. <a href="http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/operations-canada-north-america/op-lentus.page" target="_blank">http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/operations-canada-north-america/op-lentus.page</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Operation STANDARD". DND. 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2008. <a href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?intlopid=305&cdnopid=374" target="_blank">http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?intlopid=305&cdnopid=374</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"Operation CONSTABLE". DND. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2008. <a href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?intlopid=309&cdnopid=379" target="_blank">http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?intlopid=309&cdnopid=379</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"Operation KINETIC". DND. 2010. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181958/http://www.cefcom.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/kinetic-eng.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181958/http://www.cefcom.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/kinetic-eng.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Senator urges deployment of small choppers to Afghanistan". Canwest News Service. 30 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. The Canadian American Strategic Review, a defence-oriented Internet site operated out of Simon Fraser University, pointed out that until July 2006 the U.S. Marines flew convoy escort duties from Kandahar airfield in Huey helicopters. Those helicopters are similar to the Griffons but less powerful, the site adds. It also questioned why the marines can operate such helicopters when the Canadian Forces consider the local conditions in Kandahar too extreme for the Griffons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130918022627/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=a23f15a4-b849-4ad0-8b09-fd4f2f273d28" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130918022627/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=a23f15a4-b849-4ad0-8b09-fd4f2f273d28</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Canada to send Griffon attack helicopters to Afghanistan" . CBC News, 26 November 2008. Retrieved on 26 Nov 2008. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-to-send-griffon-attack-helicopters-to-afghanistan-1.711112" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-to-send-griffon-attack-helicopters-to-afghanistan-1.711112</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"INGRESS — Interoperable Griffon Reconnaissance Escort Surveillance System: Two Contract Award Press Releases". Canadian American Strategic Review. July 2008. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2013. MND Peter MacKay announced that eight INGRESS Griffons will go to Kandahar in early 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906105902/http://www.casr.ca/doc-news-griffon-ingress.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080906105902/http://www.casr.ca/doc-news-griffon-ingress.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"CH-146 Griffons Heading to Kandahar – DND/CF News Release". Canadian American Strategic Review. 26 December 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2013. The Department of National Defence has issued a brief statement announcing that the first two (at least) CF CH-146 Griffon utility helicopters meant for Afghanistan will soon be on the way to Kandahar. <a href="http://www.casr.ca/doc-dnd-griffon-kandahar.htm" target="_blank">http://www.casr.ca/doc-dnd-griffon-kandahar.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"Dillon Aero DMG134S MiniGun (Gatling Gun) and Parts Kits — MERX ACAN Notice Helicopter-Mounted Armament System". Canadian American Strategic Review. February 2008. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2013. <a href="http://www.casr.ca/doc-acan-m134-gatling-gun.htm" target="_blank">http://www.casr.ca/doc-acan-m134-gatling-gun.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (December 2008). "Canadian-made Griffon helicopters arrive in Kandahar". CBC News. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" target="_blank">/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Hobson, Sharon (Summer 2006). "Plain Talk – Who Decides?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706174832/http://naval.review.cfps.dal.ca/archive/public/vol2num2art9.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110706174832/http://naval.review.cfps.dal.ca/archive/public/vol2num2art9.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Cook, M. Paul (2005). "Canada Under Attack" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2009. <a href="http://members.shaw.ca/canadaunderattack/CanadaUnderAttack.pdf" target="_blank">http://members.shaw.ca/canadaunderattack/CanadaUnderAttack.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Hobson, Sharon (Summer 2006). "Plain Talk – Who Decides?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706174832/http://naval.review.cfps.dal.ca/archive/public/vol2num2art9.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110706174832/http://naval.review.cfps.dal.ca/archive/public/vol2num2art9.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"The CH-146 Griffon helicopter". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-ch-146-griffon-helicopter-1.852924" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-ch-146-griffon-helicopter-1.852924</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"The CH-146 Griffon helicopter". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-ch-146-griffon-helicopter-1.852924" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-ch-146-griffon-helicopter-1.852924</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"Afghan crash helicopter 'unsuitable' inquest hears: report". Daily Telegraph. 27 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11057018/Afghan-crash-helicopter-unsuitable-inquest-hears.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11057018/Afghan-crash-helicopter-unsuitable-inquest-hears.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"The CH-146 Griffon helicopter". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-ch-146-griffon-helicopter-1.852924" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-ch-146-griffon-helicopter-1.852924</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"The CH-146 Griffon helicopter". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-ch-146-griffon-helicopter-1.852924" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-ch-146-griffon-helicopter-1.852924</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"Canada sending Griffon, Chinook helicopters to Latvia". Vertical Mag. Retrieved 29 April 2024. <a href="https://verticalmag.com/news/canada-sending-griffon-chinook-helicopters-to-latvia/" target="_blank">https://verticalmag.com/news/canada-sending-griffon-chinook-helicopters-to-latvia/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Sarah Ritchie (15 December 2023). "Canada will send helicopters to Latvia next year, defence minister says". Toronto Star. The Canadian Press. Retrieved 29 April 2024. <a href="https://www.thestar.com/politics/canada-will-send-helicopters-to-latvia-next-year-defence-minister-says/article_1f17aeb5-265d-5701-99ea-b3b96f866ed9.html" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com/politics/canada-will-send-helicopters-to-latvia-next-year-defence-minister-says/article_1f17aeb5-265d-5701-99ea-b3b96f866ed9.html</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">The Military Balance. International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2025. ISBN 978-1-041-04967-8. <a href="978-1-041-04967-8" target="_blank">978-1-041-04967-8</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">"World Air Forces 2013" (PDF). Flightglobal Insight. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2013. <a href="http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/101015/world-air-forces-2013.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/101015/world-air-forces-2013.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">"No. 400 Squadron". canadianwings.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806145713/http://www.canadianwings.com/Squadrons/squadronDetail.php?No.-400-Squadron-6" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120806145713/http://www.canadianwings.com/Squadrons/squadronDetail.php?No.-400-Squadron-6</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">"403 Squadron (Helicopter) Operational Training Squadron (Hel OTS)". rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030227/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/1w-1e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=376" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030227/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/1w-1e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=376</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron (THC)". rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030232/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/1w-1e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=377" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030232/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/1w-1e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=377</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">"427 Tactical Helicopter Squadron". rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911004135/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/1-wing/427-squadron.page" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140911004135/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/1-wing/427-squadron.page</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">"430 Tactical Helicopter Squadron (THS)". rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111234051/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/1-wing/430-squadron.page" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131111234051/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/1-wing/430-squadron.page</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">"438 Tactical Helicopter Squadron (THS)". rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906101956/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/1-wing/438-squadron.page" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130906101956/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/1-wing/438-squadron.page</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">"424 (Search and Rescue / Transport) Squadron". rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102045409/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/8-wing/424-squadron.page" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141102045409/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/8-wing/424-squadron.page</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">"417 Combat Support Squadron (CSS)". rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102043516/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/4-wing/417-squadron.page" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141102043516/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/4-wing/417-squadron.page</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">"439 Combat Support Squadron (CSS)". rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102043557/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/3-wing/439-squadron.page" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141102043557/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/3-wing/439-squadron.page</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">"444 Combat Support Squadron". rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102025741/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/5-wing/444-squadron.page" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141102025741/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/5-wing/444-squadron.page</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Aircraft Occurrence Summary. Directorate of Flight Safety, Canadian Forces, 20 August 2002. <a href="https://archive.today/20120723024623/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/dfs-dsv/nr-sp/index-eng.asp?id=10024" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120723024623/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/dfs-dsv/nr-sp/index-eng.asp?id=10024</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">"The CH-146 Griffon helicopter". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-ch-146-griffon-helicopter-1.852924" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-ch-146-griffon-helicopter-1.852924</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Associated Press (July 2009). "Afghan dust could have contributed to chopper crash: report". CBC News. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Associated_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Aircraft Occurrence Summary. Directorate of Flight Safety, Canadian Forces <a href="https://archive.today/20120729132548/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/dfs-dsv/nr-sp/index-eng.asp?id=9999" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120729132548/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/dfs-dsv/nr-sp/index-eng.asp?id=9999</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">"Afghan crash helicopter 'unsuitable' inquest hears: report". Daily Telegraph. 27 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11057018/Afghan-crash-helicopter-unsuitable-inquest-hears.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11057018/Afghan-crash-helicopter-unsuitable-inquest-hears.html</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">"Senior military officer being investigated over 2009 helicopter crash in Afghanistan - Canada - CBC News". Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016. <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/helicopter-military-crash-2009-afghanistan-soldiers-killed-1.3530568" target="_blank">http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/helicopter-military-crash-2009-afghanistan-soldiers-killed-1.3530568</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">"The Canadian Army – Equipment – Griffon Helicopter (CH-146)". Department of National Defence. October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2008. <a href="https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">"Canada's Air Force – Aircraft – CH-146 Griffon – Technical Specifications". Department of National Defence. March 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206093548/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/specs-eng.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101206093548/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/specs-eng.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. <a href="https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html" target="_blank">https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">DND/CF News (November 2008). "Canada Increases Air Capabilities in Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2009. <a href="https://archive.today/20130101114014/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/view-news-afficher-nouvelles-eng.asp?id=2816" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130101114014/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/view-news-afficher-nouvelles-eng.asp?id=2816</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Image of a 7.62mm M134D in Action near Kandahar <a href="https://archive.today/20120729040806/http://www.combatcamera.forces.gc.ca/netpub/server.np?original=15413&site=combatcamera&catalog=photos" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120729040806/http://www.combatcamera.forces.gc.ca/netpub/server.np?original=15413&site=combatcamera&catalog=photos</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Helicopter-Mounted Armament System Archived September 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.casr.ca/doc-acan-m134-gatling-gun.htm" target="_blank">http://www.casr.ca/doc-acan-m134-gatling-gun.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">"Lease of Helicopter Weapons Test Range". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2011. <a href="http://www.merx.com/English/SUPPLIER_Menu.asp?WCE=Show&TAB=1&PORTAL=MERX&State=7&searchtype=remotesearch&id=PW-%24KIN-519-5272&src=osr&FED_ONLY=0&ACTION=&rowcount=&lastpage=&hcode=NO1m3mSn7ZpCbMXjwdEMoQ%3D%3D" target="_blank">http://www.merx.com/English/SUPPLIER_Menu.asp?WCE=Show&TAB=1&PORTAL=MERX&State=7&searchtype=remotesearch&id=PW-%24KIN-519-5272&src=osr&FED_ONLY=0&ACTION=&rowcount=&lastpage=&hcode=NO1m3mSn7ZpCbMXjwdEMoQ%3D%3D</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">CH-146 Griffon armed with GAU-21[permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.combatcamera.forces.gc.ca/netpub/server.np?original=25383&site=combatcamera&catalog=photos" target="_blank">http://www.combatcamera.forces.gc.ca/netpub/server.np?original=25383&site=combatcamera&catalog=photos</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Bell CH-146 Griffon open-in-new

Bell CH-146 Griffon