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Chemical test
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<h2 id="purposes">Purposes</h2> <p>Chemical testing might have a variety of purposes, such as to: </p> <ul><li>Determine if, or verify that, the requirements of a <a href="/facts/Specification/xEMUsktp">specification</a>, <a href="/facts/Regulation/eFR0l2x9">regulation</a>, or <a href="/facts/Contract/SkqyGj6S">contract</a> are met</li> <li>Decide if a <a href="/facts/New_product_development/ogcXTIco">new product development</a> program is on track: Demonstrate <a href="/facts/Proof_of_concept/1YzUH8LJ">proof of concept</a></li> <li>Demonstrate the utility of a proposed <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a></li> <li>Determine the interactions of a sample with other known substances</li> <li>Determine the composition of a sample</li> <li>Provide <a href="/facts/Technical_standard/P4orT1SM">standard</a> <a href="/facts/Data/AUBFN97o">data</a> for other scientific, medical, and <a href="/facts/Quality_assurance/BhDeyhel">Quality assurance</a> functions</li> <li>Validate suitability for end-use</li> <li>Provide a basis for <a href="/facts/Technical_communication/sz8G7rYk">Technical communication</a></li> <li>Provide a technical means of comparison of several options</li> <li>Provide <a href="/facts/Evidence/d5IGUK0U">evidence</a> in legal proceedings</li></ul> <h2 id="biochemical-tests">Biochemical tests</h2> <ul><li>Clinistrips quantitatively test for <a href="/facts/Sugar/jb5KXRHT">sugar</a> in <a href="/facts/Urine/oNUYVtvX">urine</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Kastle-Meyer_test/K1tCCgVI">Kastle-Meyer test</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Hemoglobin/RsD1MzYA">hemoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Salicylate_testing/Sj1fGARo">Salicylate testing</a> is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetylsalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Phadebas/2AUnbYeP">Phadebas</a> test tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Saliva/gK4nvayc">saliva</a> for forensic purposes</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tincture_of_iodine/BtmHsmpD">Iodine solution</a> tests for <a href="/facts/Starch/gHAqGfJb">starch</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Van_Slyke_determination/zhuaLDWe">Van Slyke determination</a> tests for specific <a href="/facts/Amino_acid/WDxYwBny">amino acids</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Zimmermann_test/xVjBKcuv">Zimmermann test</a> tests for ketosteroids</li> <li><a href="/facts/Seliwanoff%2527s_test/6X2gzHNV">Seliwanoff's test</a> differentiates between aldose and ketose sugars</li> <li>Test for <a href="/facts/Lipids/TdQR87HX">lipids</a>: add <a href="/facts/Ethanol/3lCLfBSP">ethanol</a> to sample, then shake; add water to the solution, and shake again. If fat is present, the product turns milky white.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Sakaguchi_test/alk0zn1z">Sakaguchi test</a> detects the presence of <a href="/facts/Arginine/y49Hdf1e">arginine</a> in protein</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Hopkins%25E2%2580%2593Cole_reaction/F7uduxbS">Hopkins–Cole reaction</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Tryptophan/JcUxlxAh">tryptophan</a> in proteins</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Nitroprusside_reaction/EDgrE8E2">nitroprusside reaction</a> tests for the presence of free <a href="/facts/Thiol/VemKEDP9">thiol</a> groups of <a href="/facts/Cysteine/kbqvUm6d">cysteine</a> in proteins</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Sullivan_reaction/0BTcqjYI">Sullivan reaction</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Cysteine/kbqvUm6d">cysteine</a> and <a href="/facts/Cystine/MmwEHkkI">cystine</a> in proteins</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Acree%25E2%2580%2593Rosenheim_reaction/CFIr5trt">Acree–Rosenheim reaction</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Tryptophan/JcUxlxAh">tryptophan</a> in proteins</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Pauly_reaction/sCmIhFrx">Pauly reaction</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Tyrosine/RJhEgE4C">tyrosine</a> or <a href="/facts/Histidine/le7781NF">histidine</a> in proteins</li> <li><a href="/facts/Heller%2527s_test/G7GzYsg3">Heller's test</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Albumin/gDmSgAH2">albumin</a> in <a href="/facts/Urine/oNUYVtvX">urine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gmelin%2527s_test/KVfcTBnB">Gmelin's test</a> tests for the presence of bile pigments in urine</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hay%2527s_test/ej3jX54g">Hay's test</a> tests for the presence of bile pigments in urine</li></ul> <h3>Reducing sugars</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Reducing_sugar/PmdhuGhR">Reducing sugar</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Barfoed%2527s_test/s9GncVAA">Barfoed's test</a> tests for reducing polysacchorides or <a href="/facts/Disaccharide/9dnUQggw">disaccharides</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Benedict%2527s_reagent/AmKVcV1M">Benedict's reagent</a> tests for <a href="/facts/Reducing_sugar/PmdhuGhR">reducing sugars</a> or <a href="/facts/Aldehyde/xSIRkW03">aldehydes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fehling%2527s_solution/pT0dl5VI">Fehling's solution</a> tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes, similar to Benedict's reagent</li> <li><a href="/facts/Molisch%2527s_test/jnRFrP88">Molisch's test</a> tests for carbohydrates</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nylander%2527s_test/VcJJQHyX">Nylander's test</a> tests for reducing sugars</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rapid_furfural_test/bvRAlVxm">Rapid furfural test</a> distinguishes between <a href="/facts/Glucose/oUSkoLCD">glucose</a> and <a href="/facts/Fructose/pEqWJC2N">fructose</a></li></ul> <h3>Proteins and polypeptides</h3> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Bicinchoninic_acid_assay/BF9K723d">bicinchoninic acid assay</a> tests for <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">proteins</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Biuret_test/TqASc115">Biuret test</a> tests for <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">proteins</a> and <a href="/facts/Polypeptide/C4ltc7UG">polypeptides</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bradford_protein_assay/Gu0vUtba">Bradford protein assay</a> measures <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> quantitatively</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Phadebas/2AUnbYeP">Phadebas</a> amylase test determines <a href="/facts/Alpha-amylase/6xXvngle">alpha-amylase</a> activity</li></ul> <h2 id="organic-tests">Organic tests</h2> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Carbylamine_reaction/gQlxegEF">carbylamine reaction</a> tests for primary <a href="/facts/Amine/JvfYJfP6">amines</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Esterification/FoUAIIw4">esterification reaction</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Alcohol_(chemistry)/Y0SCTDkh">alcohol</a> and/or <a href="/facts/Carboxylic_acid/U4xuMosy">carboxylic acids</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Griess_test/3NcQaSx3">Griess test</a> tests for organic nitrite compounds</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/2%2c4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine/D56HBV1K">2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine</a> tests for <a href="/facts/Carbonyl_group/KJ71bo3X">carbonyl compounds</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Iodoform_reaction/cJUKB0gB">iodoform reaction</a> tests for the presence of methyl <a href="/facts/Ketone/BqQXpLo4">ketones</a>, or compounds which can be oxidized to methyl ketones</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Schiff_test/k3UtSlBq">Schiff test</a> detects <a href="/facts/Aldehyde/xSIRkW03">aldehydes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tollens%2527_reagent/eXafea58">Tollens' reagent</a> tests for <a href="/facts/Aldehydes/xSIRkW03">aldehydes</a> (known as the silver mirror test)</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Zeisel_determination/Tj2n5dEE">Zeisel determination</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Ester/FoUAIIw4">esters</a> or <a href="/facts/Ether/jwDg0IKr">ethers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lucas%2527_reagent/FIqJPsMx">Lucas' reagent</a> is used to distinguish between <a href="/facts/Primary_alcohol/WKRYWLWW">primary</a>, <a href="/facts/Secondary_alcohol/Y0SCTDkh">secondary</a> and <a href="/facts/Tertiary_alcohol/Y0SCTDkh">tertiary</a> alcohols.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Bromine_test/BpJxDePH">bromine test</a> is used to test for the presence of <a href="/facts/Saturated_and_unsaturated_compounds/tde2C216">unsaturation</a> and <a href="/facts/Phenols/xs1CtNTa">phenols</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="inorganic-tests">Inorganic tests</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Barium_chloride/j04T6NR2">Barium chloride</a> tests for <a href="/facts/Sulfate/yuWVxsUf">sulfates</a></li> <li>Acidified <a href="/facts/Silver_nitrate/U5w4A3DN">silver nitrate solution</a> tests for halide ions</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Beilstein_test/Lb6QAGDP">Beilstein test</a> tests for <a href="/facts/Halide/ujYu8kGD">halides</a> qualitatively</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Bead_test/vcj7DHXY">bead test</a> tests for certain <a href="/facts/Metal/PT8hNX6R">metals</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Carius_halogen_method/9K8e1UtW">Carius halogen method</a> measures <a href="/facts/Halide/ujYu8kGD">halides</a> quantitatively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chemical_test_for_cyanide/t0o8FMKI">Chemical tests for cyanide</a> test for the presence of <a href="/facts/Cyanide/t0o8FMKI">cyanide</a>, CN−</li> <li><a href="/facts/Copper_sulfate/pEWD4ujp">Copper sulfate</a> tests for the presence of water</li> <li><a href="/facts/Flame_test/EcpqRIt7">Flame tests</a> test for <a href="/facts/Metal/PT8hNX6R">metals</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Gilman_test/BrqfMrHW">Gilman test</a> tests for the presence of a <a href="/facts/Grignard_reagent/0vkLtPo1">Grignard reagent</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Kjeldahl_method/8aFx2bLC">Kjeldahl method</a> quantitatively determines the presence of <a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nessler%2527s_reagent/YkB2d5FU">Nessler's reagent</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Ammonia/MtLtJFtz">ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ninhydrin/IS1y8CkG">Ninhydrin</a> tests for <a href="/facts/Ammonia/MtLtJFtz">ammonia</a> or primary <a href="/facts/Amine/JvfYJfP6">amines</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Phosphate_test/DDgjCYNb">Phosphate tests</a> test for <a href="/facts/Phosphate/FDGVCxUG">phosphate</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Sodium_fusion_test/smd4YbbJ">sodium fusion test</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a>, and <a href="/facts/Halide/ujYu8kGD">halides</a> in a sample</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Zerewitinoff_determination/uu3F6bG5">Zerewitinoff determination</a> tests for any acidic hydrogen</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Oddy_test/C1GXYJGM">Oddy test</a> tests for acid, aldehydes, and sulfides</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gunzberg%2527s_test/7P3TnEtI">Gunzberg's test</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Hydrochloric_acid/HqItJlUT">hydrochloric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kelling%2527s_test/wBsnyomA">Kelling's test</a> tests for the presence of <a href="/facts/Lactic_acid/BsVRFx7s">lactic acid</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Independent_test_organization/acJrDG3b">Independent test organization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Medical_test/rRgnuQSD">Medical test</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Test_method/sGtHudUV">Test method</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Niederl, J. B.; Baum, H.; McCoy, J. S.; Kuck, J. A. (1940). "Micro-Carius Halogen and Sulphur Determination". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition. 12 (7): 428–431. doi:10.1021/ac50147a022. ISSN 0096-4484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>