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Camelopardalis
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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>First attested in English in 1785, the word <i>camelopardalis</i> comes from <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and it is the <a href="/facts/Romanization/a4fl8fee">romanization</a> of the <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a> "καμηλοπάρδαλις" meaning "giraffe",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> from "κάμηλος" (<i>kamēlos</i>), "<a href="/facts/Camel/UGvEayFf">camel</a>"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> + "πάρδαλις" (<i>pardalis</i>), "spotted",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> because it has a long neck like a camel and spots like a leopard. </p> <h2 id="features">Features</h2> <h3>Stars</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_stars_in_Camelopardalis/YueFmg5F">List of stars in Camelopardalis</a></p> <p>Although Camelopardalis is the 18th largest constellation, it is not a particularly bright constellation, as the brightest stars are only of fourth magnitude. In fact, it only contains four stars brighter than magnitude 5.0.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alpha_Camelopardalis/lgzY0sBK">α Cam</a> is a blue-hued supergiant star of magnitude 4.3, over 6,000 light-years from Earth. It is one of the most distant stars easily visible with the naked eye.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Beta_Camelopardalis/oobTH5Qt">β Cam</a> is the brightest star in Camelopardalis with an <a href="/facts/Apparent_magnitude/7pCTF1Me">apparent magnitude</a> of 4.03. This star is a <a href="/facts/Double_star/FLXY1tD1">double star</a>, with components of magnitudes 4.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and 8.6. The primary is a yellow-hued supergiant 1000 light-years from Earth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/11_Camelopardalis/LVo0Ks3y">11 Cam</a> is a star of magnitude 5.2, 650 light-years from Earth. It appears without intense magnification very close to magnitude 6.1 <a href="/facts/12_Camelopardalis/RsCu012e">12 Cam</a>, at about the same distance from us, but the two are not a true double star; they have considerable separation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Struve_1694/jkFJgbI7">Σ 1694</a> (Struve 1694, 32H Cam) is a <a href="/facts/Binary_star/TYlDe1bD">binary star</a> 300 light-years from Earth. Both components have a blue-white hue; the primary is of magnitude 5.4 and the secondary is of magnitude 5.9.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CS_Camelopardalis/DQKoL9wq">CS Cam</a> is the second brightest star, though it has neither a <a href="/facts/Bayer_designation/KU2DVT47">Bayer</a> nor a <a href="/facts/Flamsteed_designation/wSHN0yNM">Flamsteed designation</a>. It is of magnitude 4.21 and is slightly <a href="/facts/Variable_star/Ac8mp2gy">variable</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Z_Camelopardalis/u93j1CB7">Z Cam</a> (varying from amateur telescope visibility to extremely faint) is frequently observed as part of a program of <a href="/facts/AAVSO/IWzImR26">AAVSO</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> It is the prototype of <a href="/facts/Z_Camelopardalis_variable_stars/Kk8Q9hIH">Z Camelopardalis variable stars</a>.</li></ul> <p>Other variable stars are <a href="/facts/U_Camelopardalis/0wa52s1V">U Camelopardalis</a>, <a href="/facts/VZ_Camelopardalis/Jabuy6VA">VZ Camelopardalis</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mira_variable/MnudJxL9">Mira variables</a> T Camelopardalis, X Camelopardalis, and R Camelopardalis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <a href="/facts/RU_Camelopardalis/Iy9Rg3YQ">RU Camelopardalis</a> is one of the brighter <a href="/facts/Type_II_Cepheid/VEd29tsL">Type II Cepheids</a> visible in the night sky. </p><p>In 2011 a supernova was discovered in the constellation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h3>Deep-sky objects</h3> <p>Camelopardalis is in the part of the celestial sphere facing away from the <a href="/facts/Galactic_plane/4eaqfCIB">galactic plane</a>. Accordingly, many distant galaxies are visible within its borders. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/NGC_2403/zV9XrgNa">NGC 2403</a> is a galaxy in the <a href="/facts/M81_group/ucKlKjQ3">M81 group</a> of galaxies, located approximately 12 million light-years from Earth<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> with a redshift of 0.00043. It is classified as being between an <a href="/facts/Elliptical_galaxy/1PUchrj1">elliptical</a> and a <a href="/facts/Spiral_galaxy/hRT2dtxJ">spiral galaxy</a> because it has faint arms and a large central bulge. NGC 2403 was first discovered by the 18th century astronomer <a href="/facts/William_Herschel/SsruaBvq">William Herschel</a>, who was working in England at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> It has an <a href="/facts/Integrated_magnitude/xN0jmKkw">integrated magnitude</a> of 8.0 and is approximately 0.25° long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/NGC_1502/lyPqhI4W">NGC 1502</a> is a magnitude 6.9 <a href="/facts/Open_cluster/UodlJqcx">open cluster</a> about 3,000 <a href="/facts/Light_year/IGc5NdQb">light years</a> from Earth. It has about 45 bright members, and features also a double star of magnitude 7.0 at its center.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> NGC 1502 is also associated with <a href="/facts/Kemble%2527s_Cascade/8nGqz9fE">Kemble's Cascade</a>, a simple but beautiful asterism appearing in the sky as a chain of stars 2.5° long that is parallel to the Milky Way and is pointed towards <a href="/facts/Cassiopeia_(constellation)/1SvXVyPT">Cassiopeia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> * <a href="/facts/NGC_1501/vhB4hwaf">NGC 1501</a> is a planetary nebula located roughly 1.4° south of NGC 1502.</li> <li>Stock 23 is an open star cluster at the southern part of the border between Camelopardalis and Cassiopeia. It is also known as <i>Pazmino's Cluster</i>. It could be categorized as an <i>asterism</i> because of the small number of stars in it (a small telescopic <i>constellation</i>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/IC_342/whevMCYR">IC 342</a> is one of the brightest two galaxies in the <a href="/facts/IC_342%2fMaffei_Group/NeVcxnP8">IC 342/Maffei Group</a> of galaxies.</li> <li>The dwarf irregular galaxy <a href="/facts/NGC_1569/Gs1lH92P">NGC 1569</a> is a magnitude 11.9 <a href="/facts/Starburst_galaxy/EV0wM4Rs">starburst galaxy</a>, about 11 million light years away.</li> <li><a href="/facts/NGC_2655/8v4wm9HB">NGC 2655</a> is a large <a href="/facts/Lenticular_galaxy/UuG7XJYf">lenticular galaxy</a> with visual magnitude 10.1.</li> <li>UGC 3697 is known as the <i>Integral Sign Galaxy</i> (its location is 7:11:4 / +71°50').</li> <li>MS0735.6+7421 is a galaxy cluster with a <a href="/facts/Redshift/Qfl4VjDF">redshift</a> of 0.216, located 2.6 billion light-years from Earth. It is unique for its <a href="/facts/Intracluster_medium/dNxoA5tf">intracluster medium</a>, which emits <a href="/facts/X-ray/wseP79cN">X-rays</a> at a very high rate. This galaxy cluster features two cavities 600,000 light-years in diameter, caused by its central <a href="/facts/Supermassive_black_hole/BcuTx8Q5">supermassive black hole</a>, which emits jets of matter. MS0735.6+7421 is one of the largest and most distant examples of this phenomenon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>Tombaugh 5 is a fairly dim open cluster in Camelopardalis. It has an overall magnitude of 8.4 and is located 5,800 light-years from Earth. It is a Shapley class c and Trumpler class III 1 r cluster, meaning that it is irregularly shaped and appears loose. Though it is detached from the star field, it is not concentrated at its center at all. It has more than 100 stars which do not vary widely in brightness,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> mostly being of the 15th and 16th magnitude.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/NGC_2146/T9XwVp0W">NGC 2146</a> is an 11th magnitude barred spiral starburst galaxy conspicuously warped by interaction with a neighbour.</li> <li><a href="/facts/MACS0647-JD/9LP9RlqN">MACS0647-JD</a>, one of the possible candidates for the farthest known galaxies in the universe (<a href="/facts/Redshift/Qfl4VjDF">z</a>= 10.7), is also in Camelopardalis.</li></ul> <h3>Meteor showers</h3> <p>The annual May meteor shower Camelopardalids from comet <a href="/facts/209P%2fLINEAR/lRRrlP5j">209P/LINEAR</a> have a <a href="/facts/Radiant_(meteor_shower)/sjhcP5WD">radiant</a> in Camelopardalis. </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Camelopardalis is not one of <a href="/facts/Ptolemy/htudGQTQ">Ptolemy</a>'s 48 constellations in the <i><a href="/facts/Almagest/30qaBRAq">Almagest</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> It was created by Petrus Plancius in 1613.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> It first appeared in a globe designed by him and produced by <a href="/facts/Pieter_van_den_Keere/Ef9cKc6h">Pieter van den Keere</a>. One year later, <a href="/facts/Jakob_Bartsch/Gf920waX">Jakob Bartsch</a> featured it in his atlas. <a href="/facts/Johannes_Hevelius/JJSooIep">Johannes Hevelius</a> depicted this constellation in his works which were so influential that it was referred to as Camelopardali Hevelii or abbreviated as Camelopard. Hevel. </p><p>Part of the constellation was hived off to form the constellation Sciurus Volans, the Flying Squirrel, by William Croswell in 1810. However this was not taken up by later cartographers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="equivalents">Equivalents</h2> <p>In <a href="/facts/Chinese_astronomy/o84DLtYR">Chinese astronomy</a>, the stars of Camelopardalis are located within a group of circumpolar stars called the <a href="/facts/Purple_Forbidden_Enclosure/f6M2H80G">Purple Forbidden Enclosure</a> (紫微垣 <i>Zǐ Wēi Yuán</i>). </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Camelopardalis_(Chinese_astronomy)/BWQ5fH8e">Camelopardalis (Chinese astronomy)</a></li></ul> Citations References <ul><li>Levy, David H. (2005). <a href="https://archive.org/details/deepskyobjects00davi"><i>Deep Sky Objects</i></a>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-59102-361-0.</li> <li>Norton, Arthur P. (1973). <a href="https://archive.org/details/nortonsstaratlas0000nort/page/118"><i>Norton's Star Atlas</i></a>. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/nortonsstaratlas0000nort/page/118">118–119</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-85248-900-5.</li> <li>Rey, H. A. (1997). <a href="https://archive.org/details/stars00hare"><i>The Stars—A New Way To See Them</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-395-24830-2.</li> <li>Ridpath, Ian (2001). <i>Stars and Planets Guide</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-691-08913-2.</li> <li>Ridpath, Ian (2007). <i>Stars and Planets Guide</i>. Wil Tirion (4th ed.). Princeton University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-13556-4.</li> <li>Staal, Julius D.W. (1988). <i>The New Patterns in the Sky</i>. McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-939923-04-1.</li> <li>Wilkins, Jamie; Dunn, Robert (2006). <i>300 Astronomical Objects: A Visual Reference to the Universe</i> (1st ed.). Firefly Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-55407-175-3.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Look up <i>camelopardalis</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <a href="/facts/Wikimedia_Commons/lzkBFxTg">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: Camelopardalis (category) <ul><li><a href="http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/camelopardalis/">The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Camelopardalis</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/camelopardalis.html">Star Tales – Camelopardalis</a></li> <li><a href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar-mission/">NASA – Voyager Interstellar Mission Characteristics</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Knowledge Encyclopedia Space!. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. 2015. p. 164. ISBN 9780241245347. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2020. <a href="9780241245347" target="_blank">9780241245347</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ridpath 2001, pp. 92–93. - Ridpath, Ian (2001). Stars and Planets Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08913-2. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ridpath 2001, pp. 92–93. - Ridpath, Ian (2001). Stars and Planets Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08913-2. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles. "camelopardalis". A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dcamelopardalis" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dcamelopardalis</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "καμηλοπάρδαλις". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkamhlopa%2Frdalis" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkamhlopa%2Frdalis</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "κάμηλος". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dka%2Fmhlos" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dka%2Fmhlos</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "πάρδαλις". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpa%2Frdalis" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpa%2Frdalis</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Staal 1988, p. 241. - Staal, Julius D.W. (1988). The New Patterns in the Sky. McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company. ISBN 0-939923-04-1. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Ridpath 2001, pp. 92–93. - Ridpath, Ian (2001). Stars and Planets Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08913-2. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Norton 1973, pp. 118–119. - Norton, Arthur P. (1973). Norton's Star Atlas. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0-85248-900-5. <a href="https://archive.org/details/nortonsstaratlas0000nort/page/118" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/nortonsstaratlas0000nort/page/118</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Ridpath 2001, pp. 92–93. - Ridpath, Ian (2001). Stars and Planets Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08913-2. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Ridpath 2001, pp. 92–93. - Ridpath, Ian (2001). Stars and Planets Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08913-2. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Ridpath 2001, pp. 92–93. - Ridpath, Ian (2001). Stars and Planets Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08913-2. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Norton 1973, pp. 118–119. - Norton, Arthur P. (1973). Norton's Star Atlas. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0-85248-900-5. <a href="https://archive.org/details/nortonsstaratlas0000nort/page/118" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/nortonsstaratlas0000nort/page/118</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"American Association of Variable Star Observers". Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2015. <a href="http://www.aavso.org/vsots_zcam" target="_blank">http://www.aavso.org/vsots_zcam</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Norton 1973, pp. 118–119. - Norton, Arthur P. (1973). Norton's Star Atlas. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0-85248-900-5. <a href="https://archive.org/details/nortonsstaratlas0000nort/page/118" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/nortonsstaratlas0000nort/page/118</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Boyle, Rebecca (3 January 2011). "10-Year-Old Canadian Girl Is The Youngest Person Ever to Discover a Supernova". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2012. <a href="http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-01/10-year-old-canadian-girl-youngest-discover-supernova" target="_blank">http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-01/10-year-old-canadian-girl-youngest-discover-supernova</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Wilkins & Dunn 2006. - Wilkins, Jamie; Dunn, Robert (2006). 300 Astronomical Objects: A Visual Reference to the Universe (1st ed.). Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-175-3. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Ridpath 2001, pp. 92–93. - Ridpath, Ian (2001). Stars and Planets Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08913-2. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Wilkins & Dunn 2006. - Wilkins, Jamie; Dunn, Robert (2006). 300 Astronomical Objects: A Visual Reference to the Universe (1st ed.). Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-175-3. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Ridpath 2001, pp. 92–93. - Ridpath, Ian (2001). Stars and Planets Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08913-2. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Revised NGC/IC Data 2013. Dr. Wolfgang Steinicke. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Ridpath 2001, pp. 92–93. - Ridpath, Ian (2001). Stars and Planets Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08913-2. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Wilkins & Dunn 2006. - Wilkins, Jamie; Dunn, Robert (2006). 300 Astronomical Objects: A Visual Reference to the Universe (1st ed.). Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-175-3. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Levy 2005, p. 89. - Levy, David H. (2005). Deep Sky Objects. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-361-0. <a href="https://archive.org/details/deepskyobjects00davi" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/deepskyobjects00davi</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Levy 2005, p. 91. - Levy, David H. (2005). Deep Sky Objects. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-361-0. <a href="https://archive.org/details/deepskyobjects00davi" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/deepskyobjects00davi</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Ley, Willy (December 1963). "The Names of the Constellations". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 90–99. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v22n02_1963-12#page/n46/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v22n02_1963-12#page/n46/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Ridpath 2001, pp. 92–93. - Ridpath, Ian (2001). Stars and Planets Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08913-2. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Kanas, Nick (2007). Star maps: history, artistry, and cartography. New York City: Springer. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-387-71668-8. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2020. <a href="978-0-387-71668-8" target="_blank">978-0-387-71668-8</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>