Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
open-in-new
<h2 id="history-of-discoveries-timeline">History of discoveries timeline</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>600 BCE</td><td><a href="/facts/Ancient_Greece/PTVBrWXq">Ancient Greek</a> philosopher <a href="/facts/Thales_of_Miletus/zLoJUcTa">Thales of Miletus</a> described <a href="/facts/Static_electricity/tkGDkl7f">static electricity</a> by rubbing fur on substances such as <a href="/facts/Amber/wN9dVRdv">amber</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1600</td><td>English scientist <a href="/facts/William_Gilbert_(astronomer)/a54QvUTK">William Gilbert</a> coined the word <i>electricus</i> after careful experiments. He also explained the magnetism of Earth.</td></tr><tr><td>1660</td><td>German scientist <a href="/facts/Otto_von_Guericke/0cFxQxbB">Otto von Guericke</a> invented a device that creates static electricity. This is the first ever electric generator.</td></tr><tr><td>1705</td><td>English scientist <a href="/facts/Francis_Hauksbee/B4LcXHlB">Francis Hauksbee</a> made a glass ball that glowed when spun and rubbed with the hand</td></tr><tr><td>1720</td><td>English scientist <a href="/facts/Stephen_Gray_(scientist)/FbGcFc46">Stephen Gray</a> made the distinction between insulators and conductors.</td></tr><tr><td>1745</td><td>German physicist <a href="/facts/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleist/qBv4uIRL">Ewald Georg von Kleist</a> and Dutch scientist <a href="/facts/Pieter_van_Musschenbroek/WjXKqboV">Pieter van Musschenbroek</a> invented <a href="/facts/Leyden_jar/GK4HTjHL">Leyden jars</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1752</td><td>American scientist <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Franklin/Dmfv5URr">Benjamin Franklin</a> showed that lightning was electrical by flying a kite and explained how <a href="/facts/Leyden_jar/GK4HTjHL">Leyden jars</a> work.</td></tr><tr><td>1780</td><td>Italian scientist <a href="/facts/Luigi_Galvani/tvLUj9mn">Luigi Galvani</a> discovered <a href="/facts/Galvanic_action/MRDFNBJm">Galvanic action</a> in living tissue.</td></tr><tr><td>1785</td><td>French physicist <a href="/facts/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb/T4EEdFIq">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> formulated and published <a href="/facts/Coulomb%2527s_law/V0lR5NKv">Coulomb's law</a> in his paper Premier Mémoire sur l’Électricité et le Magnétisme.</td></tr><tr><td>1785</td><td>French mathematician <a href="/facts/Pierre-Simon_Laplace/6ktp0txb">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a> developed the <a href="/facts/Laplace_transform/0Ge4MIc9">Laplace transform</a> to transform a linear differential equation into an algebraic equation. Later, his transform became a tool in circuit analysis.</td></tr><tr><td>1800</td><td>Italian physicist <a href="/facts/Alessandro_Volta/W9rIYxmv">Alessandro Volta</a> invented the battery.</td></tr><tr><td>1804</td><td><a href="/facts/Thomas_Young_(scientist)/X4RtR47L">Thomas Young</a>: <a href="/facts/Thomas_Young_(scientist)/X4RtR47L">Wave theory of light</a>, <a href="/facts/Thomas_Young_(scientist)/X4RtR47L">Vision and color theory</a></td></tr><tr><td>1808</td><td>Atomic theory by <a href="/facts/John_Dalton/oS8grQR4">John Dalton</a></td></tr><tr><td>1816</td><td>English inventor <a href="/facts/Francis_Ronalds/AC8xhRLf">Francis Ronalds</a> built the first working <a href="/facts/Electric_telegraph/yrFhbvM8">electric telegraph</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1820</td><td>Danish physicist <a href="/facts/Hans_Christian_%25C3%2598rsted/qjmmHgIy">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> accidentally discovered that an electric field creates a magnetic field.</td></tr><tr><td>1820</td><td>One week after Ørsted's discovery, French physicist <a href="/facts/Andr%25C3%25A9-Marie_Amp%25C3%25A8re/qk01uas1">André-Marie Ampère</a> published his law. He also proposed the <a href="/facts/Right-hand_screw_rule/LJe0Qqh4">right-hand screw rule</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1821</td><td>German scientist <a href="/facts/Thomas_Johann_Seebeck/hMMEK6QI">Thomas Johann Seebeck</a> discovered <a href="/facts/Thermoelectricity/GbRYmwIG">thermoelectricity</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1825</td><td>English physicist <a href="/facts/William_Sturgeon/pQEK9pDB">William Sturgeon</a> developed the first <a href="/facts/Electromagnet/3YMYtSMX">electromagnet</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1827</td><td>German physicist <a href="/facts/Georg_Ohm/C9AXNDAg">Georg Ohm</a> introduced the concept of <a href="/facts/Electrical_resistance/hxSt0UAj">electrical resistance</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1831</td><td>English physicist <a href="/facts/Michael_Faraday/NDcc3lyt">Michael Faraday</a> published the <a href="/facts/Faraday%2527s_law_of_induction/PFBreB0F">law of induction</a> (Joseph Henry developed the same law independently).</td></tr><tr><td>1831</td><td>American scientist <a href="/facts/Joseph_Henry/Hr7CTgct">Joseph Henry</a> in the United States developed a prototype <a href="/facts/DC_motor/sUBwD8py">DC motor</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1832</td><td>French instrument maker <a href="/facts/Hippolyte_Pixii/Dx1g14o2">Hippolyte Pixii</a> in France developed a prototype <a href="/facts/Electrical_generator/5sATsUGX">DC generator</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1833</td><td>Michael Faraday developed the laws of <a href="/facts/Electrolysis/pU75nCDI">electrolysis</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1833</td><td>Michael Faraday invented the <a href="/facts/Thermistor/8c4xrRgq">thermistor</a></td></tr><tr><td>1833</td><td>English physicist <a href="/facts/Samuel_Hunter_Christie/Fzy1eP5a">Samuel Hunter Christie</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Wheatstone_bridge/2o1Ffp3M">Wheatstone bridge</a> (It is named after <a href="/facts/Charles_Wheatstone/935jnRhj">Charles Wheatstone</a> who popularized it).</td></tr><tr><td>1836</td><td>Irish priest (and later scientist) <a href="/facts/Nicholas_Callan/Wq3JGpld">Nicholas Callan</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Transformer/EYYfXWrF">transformer</a> in Ireland.</td></tr><tr><td>1837</td><td>English scientist <a href="/facts/Edward_Davy/qxhkptFd">Edward Davy</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Relay/NQcb9usW">electric relay</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1839</td><td>French scientist <a href="/facts/Edmond_Becquerel/DpKmDnXH">Edmond Becquerel</a> discovered the <a href="/facts/Photovoltaic_effect/huqzdkH2">photovoltaic effect</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1844</td><td>American inventor <a href="/facts/Samuel_Morse/7KKMPBtY">Samuel Morse</a> developed telegraphy and the Morse code.</td></tr><tr><td>1844</td><td><a href="/facts/Woolrich_Electrical_Generator/FNk3IwIb">Woolrich Generator</a>, the earliest <a href="/facts/Electrical_generator/5sATsUGX">electrical generator</a> used in an industrial process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1845</td><td>German physicist <a href="/facts/Gustav_Kirchhoff/Ygfzlywy">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> developed the two laws now known as Kirchhoff's Circuit laws.</td></tr><tr><td>1850</td><td>Belgian engineer <a href="/facts/Floris_Nollet/ef6FBht8">Floris Nollet</a> invented (and patented) a practical AC generator.</td></tr><tr><td>1851</td><td><a href="/facts/Heinrich_Daniel_Ruhmkorff/3XHwg591">Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff</a> developed the first coil, which he patented in 1851</td></tr><tr><td>1855</td><td>First utilization of AC (in electrotherapy) by French neurologist <a href="/facts/Guillaume_Duchenne/EWsJEsJA">Guillaume Duchenne</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1856</td><td>Belgian engineer <a href="/facts/Charles_Bourseul/PPePS92l">Charles Bourseul</a> proposed <a href="/facts/Telephony/2GwTTepw">telephony</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1856</td><td>First electrically powered lighthouse in England</td></tr><tr><td>1860</td><td>German scientist <a href="/facts/Johann_Philipp_Reis/9k6ujFE8">Johann Philipp Reis</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Microphone/7YWGlXCl">microphone</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1862</td><td>Scottish physicist <a href="/facts/James_Clerk_Maxwell/jtYyze61">James Clerk Maxwell</a> published the four equations bearing his name.</td></tr><tr><td>1866</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable/AFlHkh4p">Transatlantic telegraph cable</a></td></tr><tr><td>1873</td><td>Belgian engineer <a href="/facts/Zenobe_Gramme/17skXBPH">Zenobe Gramme</a> who developed the DC generator accidentally discovered that a DC generator also works as a DC motor during an exhibit in Vienna.</td></tr><tr><td>1876</td><td><a href="/facts/Paper_capacitor/j7Ypa9l5">Paper capacitor</a> manufacturing started.</td></tr><tr><td>1876</td><td>Russian engineer <a href="/facts/Pavel_Yablochkov/Vz51VAuz">Pavel Yablochkov</a> invented the electric carbon <a href="/facts/Arc_lamp/1y99ep6E">arc lamp</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1876</td><td>Scottish inventor <a href="/facts/Alexander_Graham_Bell/oQer2abq">Alexander Graham Bell</a> patented the telephone.</td></tr><tr><td>1877</td><td>American inventor <a href="/facts/Thomas_Edison/IeDbdyP4">Thomas Edison</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Phonograph/VcNQRYVT">phonograph</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1877</td><td>German industrialist <a href="/facts/Werner_von_Siemens/fH1LApVy">Werner von Siemens</a> developed a primitive <a href="/facts/Loudspeaker/tqEjnJ2z">loudspeaker</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1878</td><td>First electric street lighting in Paris, France</td></tr><tr><td>1878</td><td>First hydroelectric plant in Cragside, England</td></tr><tr><td>1878</td><td><a href="/facts/William_Crookes/q8U8VVwR">William Crookes</a> invents the Crookes tube, a prototype of Vacuum tubes</td></tr><tr><td>1878</td><td>English engineer <a href="/facts/Joseph_Swan/31u13aFB">Joseph Swan</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Incandescent_light_bulb/31frjg0A">Incandescent light bulb</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1879</td><td>American physicist <a href="/facts/Edwin_Herbert_Hall/HnHW32PR">Edwin Herbert Hall</a> discovered the <a href="/facts/Hall_Effect/4r86ffPr">Hall Effect</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1879</td><td>Thomas Alva Edison introduced a long-lasting filament for the incandescent lamp.</td></tr><tr><td>1880</td><td>French physicists <a href="/facts/Pierre_Curie/Sbtlw2xj">Pierre Curie</a> and <a href="/facts/Jacques_Curie/cgHqTcPl">Jacques Curie</a> discovered <a href="/facts/Piezoelectricity/65k6BDqx">Piezoelectricity</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1882</td><td>First thermal power stations in London and New York</td></tr><tr><td>1887</td><td>German American inventor <a href="/facts/Emile_Berliner/RPzgByGR">Emile Berliner</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Gramophone_record/ccuFV9Af">gramophone record</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1888</td><td>German physicist <a href="/facts/Heinrich_Hertz/sbL2MSpM">Heinrich Hertz</a> proves the existence of electromagnetic waves, including what would come to be called radio waves</td></tr><tr><td>1888</td><td>Italian physicist and electrical engineer <a href="/facts/Galileo_Ferraris/Fmorp4qC">Galileo Ferraris</a> publishes a paper on the <a href="/facts/Induction_motor/DgTnMmJM">induction motor</a>, and Serbian-American engineer <a href="/facts/Nikola_Tesla/MzqGhnkj">Nikola Tesla</a> gets a US patent on the same device<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1890</td><td>Thomas Alva Edison invents the <a href="/facts/Fuse_(electrical)/xN78ylMS">fuse</a></td></tr><tr><td>1893</td><td>During the Fourth International Conference of Electricians in Chicago, electrical units were defined</td></tr><tr><td>1893</td><td>English physicist <a href="/facts/J._J._Thomson/Y4jyndJF">J. J. Thomson</a> invented <a href="/facts/Waveguide/tJS9Y0GH">waveguides</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1894</td><td>Italian inventor <a href="/facts/Guglielmo_Marconi/U7HXnDnq">Guglielmo Marconi</a> begins developing the first <a href="/facts/Radio_wave/LzrVhgbn">radio wave</a> based <a href="/facts/Wireless_telegraphy/g1p5PaPA">wireless telegraphy</a> communication system<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1895</td><td>Indian physicist <a href="/facts/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose/r2W5xbXS">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> conducts experiments in <a href="/facts/Extremely_high_frequency/l28Grdmp">extremely high frequency</a> <a href="/facts/Millimetre_wave/l28Grdmp">millimetre waves</a> using a <a href="/facts/Semiconductor/zFf3mGTE">semiconductor</a> junction to detect <a href="/facts/Radio/XFr909M2">radio</a> waves<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1895</td><td>In a series of field experiments, Marconi finds that he could transmit radio waves at much greater range than the half-mile maximum physicist of the time were predicting, achieving ranges up to 2 miles (3.2 km) and transmitting over hills<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1895</td><td>Russian physicist <a href="/facts/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov/PHL2ICUP">Alexander Popov</a> finds a use for radio waves, building a <a href="/facts/Radio_receiver/5olDTxkg">radio receiver</a> that can detect lightning strikes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1895</td><td>Discovery of <a href="/facts/X-rays/wseP79cN">X-rays</a> by <a href="/facts/Wilhelm_R%25C3%25B6ntgen/xQ9DzpWm">Wilhelm Röntgen</a></td></tr><tr><td>1896</td><td><a href="/facts/Electrolytic_capacitor/0v22NBVt">Electrolytic capacitor</a> patent was granted to <a href="/facts/Karol_Pollak/mcyw50Nh">Charles Pollak</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1897</td><td>German inventor <a href="/facts/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun/DSFrKurX">Karl Ferdinand Braun</a> invented <a href="/facts/Oscilloscope/HMdD8XVk">cathode ray oscilloscope</a> (CRO).</td></tr><tr><td>1901</td><td>First transatlantic radio transmission by Guglielmo Marconi</td></tr><tr><td>1901</td><td>American engineer <a href="/facts/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt/aDtP2N8C">Peter Cooper Hewitt</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Fluorescent_lamp/R8SlXCyg">Fluorescent lamp</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1904</td><td>English engineer <a href="/facts/John_Ambrose_Fleming/527yarDs">John Ambrose Fleming</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Diode/JyaoyGnk">diode</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1906</td><td>American inventor <a href="/facts/Lee_de_Forest/tMDkcLnV">Lee de Forest</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Triode/IGbT0RHa">triode</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1908</td><td>Scottish engineer <a href="/facts/Alan_Archibald_Campbell-Swinton/8JSwuuqL">Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton</a>, laid out the principles of <a href="/facts/Television/X4YG5nT1">television</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1909</td><td><a href="/facts/Mica_capacitor/tXxjccVS">Mica capacitor</a> was invented by <a href="/facts/William_Dubilier/rNq7AQNT">William Dubilier</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1911</td><td>Dutch physicist <a href="/facts/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes/bJk48dFD">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> discovered <a href="/facts/Superconductivity/pqQAlSzJ">Superconductivity</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1912</td><td>American engineer <a href="/facts/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong/EI9gYvzm">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a> developed the <a href="/facts/Electronic_oscillator/6NaXsSzJ">electronic oscillator</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1915</td><td>French physicist <a href="/facts/Paul_Langevin/Tjfjw4uT">Paul Langevin</a> and Russian engineer Constantin Chilowsky invented <a href="/facts/Sonar/245ooRW7">sonar</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1917</td><td>American engineer <a href="/facts/Alexander_M._Nicholson/rTg4js43">Alexander M. Nicholson</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Crystal_oscillator/QhhohzPu">crystal oscillator</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1918</td><td>French physicist <a href="/facts/Henri_Abraham/UPlencJS">Henri Abraham</a> and <a href="/facts/Eugene_Bloch/ag0a3Rng">Eugene Bloch</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Multivibrator/kV2bRxeo">multivibrator</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1919</td><td>Edwin Howard Armstrong developed the <a href="/facts/Superheterodyne_receiver/S2SA0NCV">standard AM</a> radio receiver.</td></tr><tr><td>1921</td><td><a href="/facts/Metre_Convention/CpK3VJVv">Metre Convention</a> was extended to include the electrical units.</td></tr><tr><td>1921</td><td><a href="/facts/Edith_Clarke/zptefHrD">Edith Clarke</a> invents the "Clarke calculator", a <a href="/facts/Graphical_calculator/GHxINXgk">graphical calculator</a> for solving line equations involving hyperbolic function, allowing electrical engineers to simplify calculations for <a href="/facts/Inductance/oIxj7JxX">inductance</a> and <a href="/facts/Capacitance/0pH046TL">capacity</a> in <a href="/facts/Power_transmission_lines/I9w3lRmM">power transmission lines</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1924</td><td><a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japanese</a> engineer <a href="/facts/Kenjiro_Takayanagi/fLG37w5a">Kenjiro Takayanagi</a> began a research program on <a href="/facts/Electronic_television/X4YG5nT1">electronic television</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1925</td><td>Austrian American engineer <a href="/facts/Julius_Edgar_Lilienfeld/Rtxy9fd7">Julius Edgar Lilienfeld</a> patented the first <a href="/facts/Field-effect_transistor/TerYC6Nz">FET</a> (which became popular much later).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1926</td><td><a href="/facts/Yagi%25E2%2580%2593Uda_antenna/lu6FNjcl">Yagi–Uda antenna</a> was developed by the <a href="/facts/Japanese_people/MSKDKv3J">Japanese</a> engineers <a href="/facts/Hidetsugu_Yagi/b1L3tCzH">Hidetsugu Yagi</a> and <a href="/facts/Shintaro_Uda/lBfgfeoF">Shintaro Uda</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1926</td><td>Japanese engineer <a href="/facts/Kenjiro_Takayanagi/fLG37w5a">Kenjiro Takayanagi</a> demonstrated <a href="/facts/Cathode_ray_tube/8NVGx5C7">CRT</a> <a href="/facts/Television/X4YG5nT1">television</a> with 40-line <a href="/facts/Display_resolution/8LQTWvl3">resolution</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> the first working example of a fully <a href="/facts/History_of_television/LcAyDGd7">electronic television</a> receiver.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1927</td><td>Japanese engineer <a href="/facts/Kenjiro_Takayanagi/fLG37w5a">Kenjiro Takayanagi</a> increased television resolution to 100 lines, unrivaled until 1931.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1927</td><td>American engineer <a href="/facts/Harold_Stephen_Black/N4uPFULH">Harold Stephen Black</a> invented <a href="/facts/Negative_feedback_amplifier/zQSRBReJ">negative feedback amplifier</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1927</td><td>German Physicist Max Dieckmann invented <a href="/facts/Video_camera_tube/eVaJgDlD">video camera tube</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1928</td><td><a href="/facts/Raman_scattering/obhSpgrR">Raman scattering</a> discovered by Indian physicist <a href="/facts/C._V._Raman/UBjLvevH">C. V. Raman</a> and Indian physicist <a href="/facts/Kariamanickam_Srinivasa_Krishnan/spDkbxSl">Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> providing basis for later <a href="/facts/Raman_laser/C5dvXL6q">Raman laser</a></td></tr><tr><td>1928</td><td>Japanese engineer <a href="/facts/Kenjiro_Takayanagi/fLG37w5a">Kenjiro Takayanagi</a> was the first to transmit human faces in half-tones on <a href="/facts/Television/X4YG5nT1">television</a>, influencing the later work of <a href="/facts/Vladimir_K._Zworykin/K617CjfI">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1928</td><td>First experimental <a href="/facts/Television_broadcast/3nTUr9cY">Television broadcast</a> in the U.S.</td></tr><tr><td>1929</td><td>First public TV broadcast in Germany</td></tr><tr><td>1931</td><td>First <a href="/facts/Wind_energy/vlNN3u16">wind energy</a> plant in the Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><td>1934</td><td><a href="/facts/Akira_Nakashima/vxyCyhfX">Akira Nakashima</a>, <a href="/facts/Claude_Shannon/EremsCws">Claude Shannon</a> and Viktor Shetakov <a href="/facts/Switching_circuit_theory/6ogJWSyx">switching circuit theory</a> lays the foundation for <a href="/facts/Digital_electronics/3kJcKbkw">digital electronics</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1936</td><td>Dudley E. Foster and <a href="/facts/Stuart_William_Seeley/We4QxeuC">Stuart William Seeley</a> developed the <a href="/facts/Foster%25E2%2580%2593Seeley_discriminator/syGmbjfg">FM detector circuit</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1936</td><td>Austrian engineer <a href="/facts/Paul_Eisler/z7VzjIc6">Paul Eisler</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Printed_circuit_board/muSR2p43">printed circuit board</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1936</td><td>Scottish Scientist <a href="/facts/Robert_Watson-Watt/uxtmCwH9">Robert Watson-Watt</a> developed the <a href="/facts/Radar/jk9BTbFA">radar</a> concept which was proposed earlier.</td></tr><tr><td>1938</td><td>Russian-American engineer <a href="/facts/Vladimir_K._Zworykin/K617CjfI">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a> developed the <a href="/facts/Iconoscope/JdFK1DLF">iconoscope</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1939</td><td>Edwin Howard Armstrong developed the FM radio receiver.</td></tr><tr><td>1939</td><td><a href="/facts/Varian_Associates/m5Xu6tUu">Russell and Sigurd Varian</a> developed the first <a href="/facts/Klystron/xYeQ0nId">Klystron</a> tube in the US.</td></tr><tr><td>1941</td><td>German engineer <a href="/facts/Konrad_Zuse/yrvbaEg3">Konrad Zuse</a> developed the first programmable <a href="/facts/Computer/SQe1aK05">computer</a> in Berlin.</td></tr><tr><td>1944</td><td>Scottish Engineer <a href="/facts/John_Logie_Baird/bkngND9Q">John Logie Baird</a> developed the first <a href="/facts/Color_picture_tube/Un5dDuF7">color picture tube</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1945</td><td><a href="/facts/Transatlantic_telephone_cable/q08TojRJ">Transatlantic telephone cable</a></td></tr><tr><td>1948</td><td>First transistor: <a href="/facts/Bipolar_junction_transistor/9BMcGv5Q">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT) by american engineers <a href="/facts/John_Bardeen/kbj763Fh">John Bardeen</a> and <a href="/facts/Walter_Houser_Brattain/zjTKLjpA">Walter Houser Brattain</a> together with their group leader <a href="/facts/William_Shockley/wxlv4TcI">William Shockley</a></td></tr><tr><td>1948</td><td>Hungarian-British physicist <a href="/facts/Dennis_Gabor/dLVJQzgN">Dennis Gabor</a> invented <a href="/facts/Holography/4J1gW0M6">holography</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1950s</td><td>Solid electrolyte <a href="/facts/Tantalum_capacitor/YksF94PD">tantalum capacitor</a> was invented by <a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Laboratories</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1950</td><td>French physicist <a href="/facts/Alfred_Kastler/twVRzIjD">Alfred Kastler</a> invented the <a href="/facts/MASER/yqdMpoDv">MASER</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1951</td><td>First <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_plant/IJj5pJUn">nuclear power plant</a> in the US</td></tr><tr><td>1952</td><td>Japanese engineer <a href="/facts/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa/0M526AVU">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Avalanche_photodiode/x2eUFfgF">avalanche photodiode</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1953</td><td>First fully transistorized computer by Bell Labs (U.S.): <a href="/facts/TRADIC/XKtqg5Pz">TRADIC</a></td></tr><tr><td>1959</td><td>First working discrete <a href="/facts/MOSFET/eTDJT2Km">MOSFET</a>: p-MOSFET by Bell Labs</td></tr><tr><td>1958</td><td>American engineer <a href="/facts/Jack_Kilby/CCgmbccG">Jack Kilby</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuit</a> (IC).</td></tr><tr><td>1960</td><td>American engineer <a href="/facts/Theodore_Maiman/lbykgHqX">Theodore Maiman</a> develops the first <a href="/facts/Laser/jk6PTvvT">laser</a></td></tr><tr><td>1962</td><td><a href="/facts/Nick_Holonyak/9y6JoMJ9">Nick Holonyak</a> invented the <a href="/facts/LED/cMFILd4d">LED</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1963</td><td>First home <a href="/facts/Videocassette_recorder/vNXMylt5">Videocassette recorder</a> (VCR)</td></tr><tr><td>1963</td><td><a href="/facts/Calculator/eeLfRS8L">Electronic calculator</a></td></tr><tr><td>1966</td><td><a href="/facts/Fiber-optic_communication/dc6S0Hg5">Fiber-optic communication</a> by Kao and Hockham</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>American scientist <a href="/facts/R._Stanley_Williams/5ldcuuwv">R. Stanley Williams</a> invented the <a href="/facts/Memristor/BrFKeE7l">memristor</a> which was proposed by <a href="/facts/Leon_O._Chua/v5DWrV5E">Leon O. Chua</a> in 1971.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="history-of-associated-inventions-timeline">History of associated inventions timeline</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="9">Brief History of Electronics Timeline </th></tr><tr><th>Date</th><th>Invention/Discovery</th><th>Inventor(s)</th></tr><tr><td>1900</td><td><a href="/facts/Old_quantum_theory/pXkHwvrh">Old quantum theory</a></td><td>Planck</td></tr><tr><td>1905</td><td><a href="/facts/Theory_of_relativity/qGHj3eTC">Theory of relativity</a></td><td>Einstein</td></tr><tr><td>1918</td><td><a href="/facts/Nuclear_transmutation/MjlvjsV6">Atomic transmutation</a></td><td>Rutherford</td></tr><tr><td>1932</td><td><a href="/facts/Neutron/oRCM1geb">Neutron</a></td><td>Chadwick</td></tr><tr><td>1932</td><td><a href="/facts/Particle_accelerator/Pkuc08xC">Particle accelerator</a></td><td>Cockcroft and Walton</td></tr><tr><td>1935</td><td><a href="/facts/Scanning_electron_microscope/yzK0hsSx">Scanning electron microscope</a></td><td>Knoll</td></tr><tr><td>1937</td><td><a href="/facts/Xerography/5S5CJdBe">Xerography</a></td><td>Carlson</td></tr><tr><td>1937</td><td><a href="/facts/Oscilloscope/HMdD8XVk">Oscilloscope</a></td><td>Von Ardenne, Dowling, and Bullen</td></tr><tr><td>1950</td><td><a href="/facts/Modem/9H0Xwtq0">Modem</a></td><td>MIT and Bell Labs</td></tr><tr><td>1950</td><td><a href="/facts/Karnaugh_map/saFd8oNl">Karnaugh mapping</a> technique (digital logic)</td><td>Karnaugh</td></tr><tr><td>1952</td><td>Digital <a href="/facts/Voltmeter/YBHJmMHd">voltmeter</a></td><td>Kay</td></tr><tr><td>1954</td><td>Solar battery</td><td>Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson</td></tr><tr><td>1956</td><td><a href="/facts/Transatlantic_telephone_cable/q08TojRJ">Transatlantic telephone cable</a></td><td>UK and U.S.</td></tr><tr><td>1957</td><td><a href="/facts/Sputnik_1/GQ5KLlNC">Sputnik I satellite</a></td><td>Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><td>1957</td><td><a href="/facts/Nuclear_Missile/8jJuJnzD">Nuclear Missile</a></td><td>Kurchatov / Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><td>1957</td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">FORTRAN programming language</a></td><td>Watson Scientific</td></tr><tr><td>1959</td><td>First one-piece plain paper <a href="/facts/Photocopier/aF7URdyU">photocopier</a> (<a href="/facts/Xerox_914/jSRJXvlM">Xerox 914</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Xerox/qyxVVqaa">Xerox</a></td></tr><tr><td>1959</td><td><a href="/facts/Veroboard/30jcfxUp">Veroboard</a> (<a href="/facts/Stripboard/mQayINa1">Stripboard</a>)</td><td>Terry Fitzpatrick</td></tr><tr><td>1961</td><td><a href="/facts/Clock/MYolzNkw">Electronic clock</a></td><td>Vogel and Cie, patented by Alexander Bain, a Scottish clockmaker in 1840.</td></tr><tr><td>1963</td><td>First commercially successful <a href="/facts/Compact_cassette/w8I5uyfs">audio compact cassette</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Philips/Xp4uczGg">Philips</a> Corporation</td></tr><tr><td>1964</td><td><a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC programming language</a></td><td>Kemeny and Kurtz</td></tr><tr><td>1964</td><td><a href="/facts/Liquid-crystal_display/8B6xGBEz">Liquid-crystal display</a></td><td><a href="/facts/George_H._Heilmeier/1rRhDUbv">George H. Heilmeier</a></td></tr><tr><td>late 1960s</td><td>First <a href="/facts/Fax/EBvf1cHA">digital fax machine</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Dacom/mGL9jQpH">Dacom</a></td></tr><tr><td>1969</td><td><a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">UNIX</a> operating system</td><td>AT&T's Bell Labs</td></tr><tr><td>1970</td><td>First <a href="/facts/Microprocessor/Fx9CaQht">microprocessor</a> (<a href="/facts/Intel_4004/kAoetjSU">4004</a>, 60,000 oper/s)</td><td>Intel</td></tr><tr><td>1970</td><td>First commercially available <a href="/facts/Dynamic_random-access_memory/koI9FGo5">DRAM</a> memory</td><td>IBM</td></tr><tr><td>1971</td><td><a href="/facts/EPROM/kXcEca36">EPROM</a></td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>1971</td><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">PASCAL programming language</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Niklaus_Wirth/krsLUB11">Niklaus Wirth</a></td></tr><tr><td>1971</td><td>First <a href="/facts/Microcomputer/ETW22UTv">microcomputer</a>-on-a-chip</td><td><a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a></td></tr><tr><td>1971</td><td><a href="/facts/Laser_printer/fJ2GrUBj">Laser printer</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Xerox/qyxVVqaa">Xerox</a></td></tr><tr><td>1972</td><td><a href="/facts/Intel_8008/BccvN1qS">8008 processor</a> (200 kHz, 16 kB)</td><td><a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a></td></tr><tr><td>1972</td><td>First programmable <a href="/facts/Word_processor/qAR7lagF">word processor</a></td><td>Automatic Electronic Systems</td></tr><tr><td>1972</td><td>5¼-inch diskette</td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>1972</td><td>First modern <a href="/facts/Automated_teller_machine/8y5eVFUr">ATM</a> (IBM 2984)</td><td><a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><td>1973</td><td><a href="/facts/Josephson_junction/2fvcdS8N">Josephson junction</a></td><td><a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><td>1973</td><td><a href="/facts/Tunable_laser/CrBKz2S6">Tunable continuous-wave laser</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Labs</a></td></tr><tr><td>1973</td><td><a href="/facts/Ethernet/nMfhU8tU">Ethernet</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Robert_Metcalfe/qevKUjPd">Robert Metcalfe</a> at Xerox PARC</td></tr><tr><td>1973</td><td><a href="/facts/Mobile_phone/H3EcqD9h">Mobile phone</a></td><td><a href="/facts/John_Francis_Mitchell/cMQsCzHK">John F. Mitchell</a> and Dr. <a href="/facts/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)/PGCKenCA">Martin Cooper</a> of <a href="/facts/Motorola/ztqczx68">Motorola</a></td></tr><tr><td>1974</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C (programming language)</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Brian_Kernighan/oW3I7FWJ">Kernighan</a>, <a href="/facts/Dennis_Ritchie/I1yu1UWU">Ritchie</a></td></tr><tr><td>1974</td><td><a href="/facts/Programmable_calculator/5UHx9nIg">Programmable pocket calculator</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">Hewlett-Packard</a></td></tr><tr><td>1975</td><td><a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a> for personal computers</td><td><a href="/facts/Paul_Allen/S0euHIKT">Allen</a></td></tr><tr><td>1975</td><td>First personal computer (<a href="/facts/Altair_8800/6wMGsRlW">Altair 8800</a>)</td><td>Roberts</td></tr><tr><td>1975</td><td><a href="/facts/Digital_camera/LSGTserm">Digital camera</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Steven_Sasson/8xmMACQm">Steven Sasson</a> of <a href="/facts/Kodak/zMnK74Cp">Eastman Kodak</a></td></tr><tr><td>1975</td><td><a href="/facts/Integrated_optical_circuit/C7skzpMo">Integrated optical circuits</a></td><td>Reinhart and Logan</td></tr><tr><td>1975</td><td>Omni-font <a href="/facts/Optical_character_recognition/kdTyxa1l">optical character recognition</a> system</td><td><a href="/facts/Nuance_Communications/eDzbo1wK">Nuance Communications</a></td></tr><tr><td>1975</td><td><a href="/facts/Image_scanner/7DEJFTwx">CCD flatbed scanner</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ray_Kurzweil/1DYRFcVe">Kurzweil Computer Products</a></td></tr><tr><td>1975</td><td>Text-to-speech synthesis</td><td><a href="/facts/Ray_Kurzweil/1DYRFcVe">Kurzweil Computer Products</a></td></tr><tr><td>1975</td><td>First commercial <a href="/facts/Reading_machine/D5LLQInP">reading machine</a> for the blind (Kurzweil Reading Machine)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ray_Kurzweil/1DYRFcVe">Kurzweil Computer Products</a></td></tr><tr><td>1976</td><td><a href="/facts/Apple_I/MCLPkKgE">Apple I computer</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Steve_Wozniak/qSHwIrMz">Wozniak</a>, <a href="/facts/Steve_Jobs/fQpja1hx">Jobs</a></td></tr><tr><td>1977</td><td>Launch of the "<a href="/facts/History_of_personal_computers/d4CGfyDL">1977 trinity computers</a>" expanding <a href="/facts/Home_computer/CDEPVd1T">home computing</a>, the <a href="/facts/Apple_II/se82CNvK">Apple II</a>, <a href="/facts/Commodore_PET/08R12Xk4">Commodore PET</a> and the <a href="/facts/TRS-80/zNfQKxnQ">TRS-80</a></td><td>Apple, Tandy Corporation, Commodore Business Machines</td></tr><tr><td>1977</td><td>First <a href="/facts/Handheld_game_console/l1hmKVPx">handheld electronic game</a> (<a href="/facts/Mattel_Auto_Race/j6s1bdsG">Auto Race</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Mattel/WM3blRN4">Mattel</a></td></tr><tr><td>1977</td><td><a href="/facts/LZ77_and_LZ78/HGH09JM9">LZ77</a> LZ77 algorithm created</td><td><a href="/facts/Abraham_Lempel/689EaYp3">Abraham Lempel</a> and <a href="/facts/Jacob_Ziv/GKDe7C9b">Jacob Ziv</a></td></tr><tr><td>1978</td><td><a href="/facts/WordPerfect/x0R6HU9f">WordPerfect</a> 1.0</td><td>Satellite Software</td></tr><tr><td>1980</td><td>3½-inch floppy (2-sided, 875 kB)</td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>1980</td><td><a href="/facts/VIC-20/bLE8KkRE">VIC-20</a></td><td>Commodore Business Machines</td></tr><tr><td>1981</td><td><a href="/facts/IBM_Personal_Computer/yhcJGMPL">IBM Personal Computer</a> (8088 processor)</td><td><a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><td>1981</td><td><a href="/facts/MS-DOS/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS</a> 1.0</td><td><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><td>1981</td><td>"Wet" <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cell</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bayer_AG/fnYepBcG">Bayer AG</a></td></tr><tr><td>1982</td><td><a href="/facts/Commodore_64/3TPcKDbb">Commodore 64</a></td><td>Commodore Business Machines</td></tr><tr><td>1982</td><td>First commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition</td><td><a href="/facts/Ray_Kurzweil/1DYRFcVe">Kurzweil</a> Applied Intelligence and Dragon Systems</td></tr><tr><td>1983</td><td><a href="/facts/Satellite_television/UxytxnPW">Satellite television</a></td><td>U.S. Satellite Communications, Inc.</td></tr><tr><td>1983</td><td>First built-in <a href="/facts/Hard_disk_drive/kekLSGSE">hard drive</a> (<a href="/facts/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT/5uHxtq6H">IBM PC XT</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><td>1983</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (programming language)</td><td>Stroustrup</td></tr><tr><td>1984</td><td><a href="/facts/Macintosh/8GhnXTK0">Macintosh</a> computer (introduced)</td><td>Apple Computer</td></tr><tr><td>1984</td><td><a href="/facts/CD-ROM/JwuaYLJv">CD-ROM</a> player for personal computers</td><td>Philips</td></tr><tr><td>1984</td><td>First <a href="/facts/Synthesizer/NrmdVrPa">music synthesizer</a> (<a href="/facts/Kurzweil_K250/hLTLY4vM">Kurzweil K250</a>) capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments</td><td><a href="/facts/Kurzweil_Music_Systems/2rzz41yq">Kurzweil Music Systems</a></td></tr><tr><td>1984</td><td><a href="/facts/Amiga/60B3A9of">Amiga</a> computer (introduced)</td><td>Commodore</td></tr><tr><td>1985</td><td>300,000 simultaneous telephone conversations over single <a href="/facts/Optical_fiber/5ruuIFbj">optical fiber</a></td><td>AT&T, Bell Labs</td></tr><tr><td>1987</td><td>Warmer <a href="/facts/Superconductivity/pqQAlSzJ">superconductivity</a></td><td>Karl Alex Mueller</td></tr><tr><td>1987</td><td><a href="/facts/Intel_80386/ag5eSgWv">80386 microprocessor</a> (25 MHz)</td><td><a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a></td></tr><tr><td>1989</td><td>First commercial handheld <a href="/facts/GPS_navigation_device/MmeJ3XWK">GPS receiver</a> (Magellan NAV 1000)</td><td><a href="/facts/Magellan_Navigation/F36P4t0l">Magellan Navigation Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><td>1989</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon%25E2%2580%2593germanium/eKH6o6Uz">Silicon–germanium</a> transistors</td><td>IBM fellow <a href="/facts/Bernard_S._Meyerson/qEQt53Kb">Bernie Meyerson</a></td></tr><tr><td>1990</td><td><a href="/facts/Intel_80486/2zfEAXAw">486</a> microprocessor (33 MHz)</td><td><a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a></td></tr><tr><td>1993</td><td><a href="/facts/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program/Xpcvu4z0">HAARP</a></td><td>U.S.</td></tr><tr><td>1994</td><td><a href="/facts/Pentium/czINY469">Pentium</a> processor, <a href="/facts/P5_(microarchitecture)/dqChAmxz">P5</a>-based (60/90 MHz, 166.2 MIPS)</td><td>Intel</td></tr><tr><td>1994</td><td><a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ericsson/yJ4oMMp7">Ericsson</a></td></tr><tr><td>1994</td><td>First <a href="/facts/DVD_player/ES2eIkIL">DVD player</a> ever made</td><td>Tatung Company</td></tr><tr><td>1996</td><td><a href="/facts/Alpha_21164/2EE1krYp">Alpha 21164</a> processor (550 MHz)</td><td>Digital Equipment</td></tr><tr><td>1996</td><td><a href="/facts/POWER2/gCeIjNHr">P2SC processor</a> (15 million transistors)</td><td><a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="innovations-in-consumer-electronics">Innovations in consumer electronics</h2> <h3>1843–1923: From electromechanics to electronics</h3> <ul><li>1843: Watchmaker <a href="/facts/Alexander_Bain_(inventor)/REVHNeGm">Alexander Bain</a> develops the basic concept of displaying images as points with different <a href="/facts/Brightness/e93R5I4b">brightness</a> values.</li> <li>1848: <a href="/facts/Frederick_Collier_Bakewell/sWkAXyYe">Frederick Collier Bakewell</a> invents the first <a href="/facts/Wirephoto/Gvvp4yE1">wirephoto</a> machine, an early fax machine</li> <li>1861: Grade school teacher <a href="/facts/Philipp_Reis/9k6ujFE8">Philipp Reis</a> presents his <a href="/facts/Reis_telephone/zLcs1D0V">telephone</a> in Frankfurt, inventing the <a href="/facts/Loudspeaker/tqEjnJ2z">loudspeaker</a> as a by-product.</li> <li>1867: French poet and philosopher <a href="/facts/Charles_Cros/2Xj9Rf6y">Charles Cros</a> (1842–1888) presents the construction principle of a <a href="/facts/Phonograph/VcNQRYVT">phonograph</a> in his 'paréophone', which turned out not to be a commercial success at the time.</li> <li>1867: <a href="/facts/James_Clerk_Maxwell/jtYyze61">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (1831–1879) develops a theory predicting the existence of electromagnetic waves and establishes <a href="/facts/Maxwell%2527s_equations/LfJ1drHS">Maxwell's equations</a> to describe their properties. Together with the <a href="/facts/Lorentz_force/aq1Rc3SS">Lorentz force</a> law, these equations form the foundation for classical electrodynamics, optics, and electric circuits.</li> <li>1874: <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_Braun/DSFrKurX">Ferdinand Braun</a> discovers the <a href="/facts/Rectifier/me8XDxND">rectifier</a> effect in <a href="/facts/Metal_sulfide/GTXXbDoV">metal sulfides</a> and <a href="/facts/Metal_oxide/DXtoVe1C">metal oxides</a>.</li> <li>1877: <a href="/facts/Thomas_Edison/IeDbdyP4">Thomas Edison</a> (1847–1931) invents the first <a href="/facts/Phonograph/VcNQRYVT">phonograph</a>, using a tin foil cylinder. For the first time, sounds could be recorded and played. A <a href="/facts/Horn_loudspeaker/USu1ukCo">phonograph horn</a> with membrane and needle was arranged so that the needle had contact with the tin foil.</li> <li>1880: the American physicist <a href="/facts/Charles_Sumner_Tainter/gTAM3bRx">Charles Sumner Tainter</a> discovers that many disadvantages of Edison's cylinders can be eliminated if the <a href="/facts/Soundtrack/sMBc8Cp8">soundtrack</a> is arranged in spiral form and engraved in a flat, round disk. Technical problems soon ended these experiments. Still, Tainter is regarded as the <a href="/facts/Gramophone_record/ccuFV9Af">gramophone record</a> inventor.</li> <li>1884: <a href="/facts/Paul_Nipkow/f9h5nQW5">Paul Nipkow</a> obtains a patent for his <a href="/facts/Nipkow_disk/45JbKkl1">Nipkow disk</a>, an image-scanning device that reads images serially, which constitutes the foundation for <a href="/facts/Mechanical_television/SpLyIh4T">mechanical television</a>. Two years later, his patent ran out.</li> <li>1886: <a href="/facts/Heinrich_Hertz/sbL2MSpM">Heinrich Hertz</a> succeeds in proving the existence of electromagnetic waves for the first time – now the groundwork for <a href="/facts/Wireless_telegraphy/g1p5PaPA">wireless telegraphy</a> and <a href="/facts/Radio_broadcasting/FLJVq8Ec">radio broadcasting</a> in physical science is laid.</li> <li>1887: Unaware of <a href="/facts/Charles_Sumner_Tainter/gTAM3bRx">Charles Sumner Tainter</a>'s experiments, German-American <a href="/facts/Emil_Berliner/RPzgByGR">Emil Berliner</a> has his phonograph patented. He used a disk instead of a cylinder to avoid infringing on Edison's patent. Quickly it becomes obvious that flat <a href="/facts/Gramophone_record/ccuFV9Af">Gramophone records</a> are easier to duplicate and store.</li> <li>1888: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alexander_Graham_Bell/oQer2abq">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (1847–1922) significantly reduces <a href="/facts/Interfering_noise/nflP7hMM">interfering noises</a> by using a wax cylinder instead of tin foil. This paved the way for commercial success for the improved phonograph.</li> <li>American <a href="/facts/Oberlin_Smith/DPg6lEqK">Oberlin Smith</a> describes a process to record audio using a cotton thread with integrated fine wire clippings. This makes <a href="/facts/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording/x4MLKeVB">reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a> possible.</li></ul></li> <li>1890: <ul><li>The phonograph becomes faster and more convenient due to an <a href="/facts/Electric_motor/ArD7BGDa">electric motor</a>. The electric motor brings on the first <a href="/facts/Juke_box/Wd7KHzrk">juke box</a> with cylinders – even before flat disk records were widely available.</li> <li>Thomas Edison discovers <a href="/facts/Thermionic_emission/3oujvv1U">thermionic emission</a>. This effect forms the basis for the <a href="/facts/Vacuum_tube/VHd1BNLq">vacuum tube</a> and the <a href="/facts/Cathode_ray_tube/8NVGx5C7">cathode ray tube</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>approximately 1893: The selenium <a href="/facts/Phototube/JUfNjJ1j">phototube</a> invention allows the conversion of brightness values into electrical signals. The principle is applied in <a href="/facts/Wirephoto/Gvvp4yE1">wirephoto</a> and <a href="/facts/Television/X4YG5nT1">television</a> technology for a short time. <a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">Selenium</a> is used in <a href="/facts/Light_meter/FjU1T7ST">light meters</a> for the next 50 years.</li></ul> <ul><li>1895: <a href="/facts/Auguste_Lumiere/dplwB7Ae">Auguste Lumiere</a>'s <a href="/facts/Cinematograph/rc7Pyxz7">cinematograph</a> displays moving images for the first time. In the same year, brothers <a href="/facts/Max_Skladanowsky/9hwL3z5b">Emil and Max Skladanowsky</a> present their "Bioscop" in Berlin.</li> <li>1897 <ul><li>Ferdinand Braun invents the "inertialess cathode ray <a href="/facts/Oscillograph/HMdD8XVk">oscillograph</a> tube", a principle that remained unchanged in television picture tubes.</li> <li>The Italian <a href="/facts/Guglielmo_Marconi/U7HXnDnq">Guglielmo Marconi</a> transmits <a href="/facts/Wireless_telegraph/g1p5PaPA">wireless telegraph</a> messages by electromagnetic waves over a distance of five kilometers.</li></ul></li> <li>1898 <ul><li>The Danish physicist <a href="/facts/Valdemar_Poulsen/clxelBmt">Valdemar Poulsen</a> creates the world's first <a href="/facts/Magnetic_recording/QaK6oArm">magnetic recording</a> and reproduction, using a 1 mm thick steel <a href="/facts/Wire_recording/S9Jhs6Sy">wire</a> as a magnetizable carrier.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nikola_Tesla/MzqGhnkj">Nikola Tesla</a> publicly demonstrated the first wireless <a href="/facts/Remote_control/A9zmkgIV">remote control</a> of a model ship.</li></ul></li> <li>1899: The dog "<a href="/facts/Nipper/J5rDW0zT">Nipper</a>" is used in "<a href="/facts/His_Master%2527s_Voice/HCTDS1gm">His Master's Voice</a>", the trademark for gramophones.</li> <li>1901: The Spanish engineer <a href="/facts/Leonardo_Torres_Quevedo/59LagmRR">Leonardo Torres Quevedo</a> began the development of a <a href="/facts/Radio_control/oUFUpmEo">radio control</a> system, which he called <a href="/facts/Leonardo_Torres_Quevedo/59LagmRR"><i>Telekino</i></a>, to test <a href="/facts/Astra-Torres_airship/CLvgUqYC">dirigible</a> balloons of his creation without risking human lives. It was able to execute a finite but not limited set of different mechanical actions using a single <a href="/facts/Communication_channel/MtlxEShV">communication channel</a>, laying down modern wireless remote control operation principles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>1902 <ul><li>Otto von Bronk patented his "Method and apparatus for remote visualization of images and objects with a temporary resolution of the images in parallel rows of dots". This patent, initially developed for phototelegraphy, impacted the development of <a href="/facts/Color_television/Un5dDuF7">color television</a>, particularly the <a href="/facts/NTSC/HYWIvxCR">NTSC</a> implementation.</li> <li>For the first time, audio records are printed with paper labels in the middle.</li></ul></li> <li>1903: <a href="/facts/Guglielmo_Marconi/U7HXnDnq">Guglielmo Marconi</a> provides evidence that wireless telegraphic communication is possible over long distances, such as across the Atlantic. He used a transmitter developed by <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_Braun/DSFrKurX">Ferdinand Braun</a>.</li> <li>1904 <ul><li>For the first time, double-sided records and those with a diameter of 30 cm are produced, increasing playing time up to 11 minutes (5.5 minutes per side). These are created by Odeon in Berlin and debuted at the Leipzig Spring Fair.</li> <li>The German physicist <a href="/facts/Arthur_Korn/cvkBTKLd">Arthur Korn</a> developed the first practical method for <a href="/facts/Telegraphy/JhRYDSDu">telegraphy</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1905: The Englishman Sir <a href="/facts/John_Ambrose_Fleming/527yarDs">John Ambrose Fleming</a> invents the first <a href="/facts/Fleming_valve/vIFvkjRo">electron tube</a>.</li> <li>1906 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Robert_von_Lieben/h8IKcvbL">Robert von Lieben</a> patented his "inertia working cathode-ray-relays". By 1910 he developed this into the first real <a href="/facts/Tube_amplifier/7WkJzg6c">tube amplifier</a>, by creating a <a href="/facts/Triode/IGbT0RHa">triode</a>. His invention of the triode is almost simultaneously created by the American <a href="/facts/Lee_de_Forest/tMDkcLnV">Lee de Forest</a>.</li> <li>Max Dieckmann and Gustav Glage use the <a href="/facts/Braun_tube/8NVGx5C7">Braun tube</a> for playback of 20-line black-and-white images.</li> <li>The first <a href="/facts/Jukebox/Wd7KHzrk">jukebox</a> with records comes on the market.</li> <li>American Brigadier General <a href="/facts/Henry_Harrison_Chase_Dunwoody/XDRCnabI">Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody</a> files for a patent for a carborundum steel detector for use in a <a href="/facts/Crystal_radio/tJLc6HF6">crystal radio</a>, an improved version of the <a href="/facts/Cat%2527s-whisker_detector/qzpsgTuh">Cat's-whisker detector</a>. It is sometimes credited as the first <a href="/facts/Semiconductor/zFf3mGTE">semiconductor</a> in history. The <a href="/facts/Envelope_detector/0sAQ7gmp">envelope detector</a> is an important part of every radio receiver.</li></ul></li> <li>1907: Rosenthal puts in his image telegraph for the first time a <a href="/facts/Photocell/7cSkXS6s">photocell</a>.</li> <li>1911: First <a href="/facts/Film_studio/aG1MBQRl">film studios</a> are created in Hollywood and Potsdam- Babelsberg .</li> <li>1912: The first <a href="/facts/Radio_receiver/5olDTxkg">radio receiver</a> is created, in accordance with the Audion principle.</li> <li>1913: The legal battle over the invention of the electron tube between <a href="/facts/Robert_von_Lieben/h8IKcvbL">Robert von Lieben</a> and <a href="/facts/Lee_de_Forest/tMDkcLnV">Lee de Forest</a> is decided. The electron tube is replaced by a high <a href="/facts/Vacuum/BTk3goyV">vacuum</a> in the glass flask with significantly improved properties. <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alexander_Meissner/oNAwfKrd">Alexander Meissner</a> patented his process "feedback for generating oscillations", by his development of a <a href="/facts/Radio_station/FLJVq8Ec">radio station</a> using an electron tube .</li> <li>The Englishman Arthur Berry submits a patent on the manufacture of <a href="/facts/Printed_circuit/muSR2p43">printed circuits</a> by etched metal.</li></ul></li> <li>1915: <a href="/facts/Carl_Benedicks/hGSdaVBc">Carl Benedicks</a> leads basic studies in Sweden on the electrical properties of <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a> and <a href="/facts/Germanium/wtoALHGs">germanium</a>. Due to the emerging tube technology, however, interest in semiconductors remains low until after the Second World War.</li> <li>1917 <ul><li>Based on previous findings of the Englishman <a href="/facts/Oliver_Lodge/jYCILgvS">Oliver Lodge</a>, the Frenchman Lucien Levy develops a radio receiver with frequency tuning using a resonant circuit.</li></ul></li> <li>1919: <a href="/facts/Charlie_Chaplin/24P6I5lz">Charlie Chaplin</a> founds the Hollywood film production and distribution company <a href="/facts/United_Artists/4cSJnjrI">United Artists</a></li> <li>1920: The first regularly operating radio station <a href="/facts/KDKA_(AM)/TcwwVhM7">KDKA</a> goes on air on 2 November 1920 in <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a>, USA. It is the first time electronics are used to transmit information and entertainment to the public at large. The same year in Germany an instrumental concert was broadcast on the radio from a long-wave transmitter in Wusterhausen.</li> <li>1922: J. McWilliams Stone invents the first portable radio receiver. George Frost builds the first "car radio" in his Ford Model T.</li> <li>1923 <ul><li>The 15-year-old <a href="/facts/Manfred_von_Ardenne/rAyCan6d">Manfred von Ardenne</a> is granted his first patent for an electron tube having a plurality of electrodes. Siegmund Loewe (1885–1962) builds with the tube his first radio receiver "Loewe Opta-".</li> <li>The Hungarian engineer <a href="/facts/D%25C3%25A9nes_Mih%25C3%25A1ly/9LQp3SGL">Dénes Mihály</a> patented an image scanning with line deflection, in which each point of an image is scanned ten times per second by a selenium cell.</li> <li>August Karolus (1893–1972) invents the <a href="/facts/Kerr_cell/IoJN6wlW">Kerr cell</a>, an almost inertia-free conversion of electrical pulses into light signals. He was granted a patent for his method of transmitting slides.</li> <li>Vladimir Kosma developed the first television camera tube, the Ikonoskop, using the Braun tube.</li> <li>The German State Secretary Karl August Bredow founds the first German <a href="/facts/Broadcasting/AV1f3dGy">broadcasting</a> organization. By lifting the ban on broadcast reception and the opening of the first private radio station, the development of radio as a mass medium begins.</li></ul></li></ul> <h3>1924–1959: From cathode ray tube to stereo audio and TV</h3> <ul><li>1924: the first radio receivers are exhibited at the <a href="/facts/Internationale_Funkausstellung_Berlin/KgnD6Sla">Berlin Radio Show</a></li> <li>1925 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Brunswick_Records/b6zWAelC">Brunswick Records</a> in <a href="/facts/Dubuque%2c_Iowa/kAJCa2Iw">Dubuque, Iowa</a> produced their first record player, the Brunswick Panatrope with a <a href="/facts/Pickup_(music_technology)/Aeuuyvhm">pickup</a>, <a href="/facts/Amplifier/pnRgxncC">amplifier</a> and loudspeaker</li> <li>In the American <a href="/facts/Bell_Laboratories/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Laboratories</a>, a method for recording of records obtained by microphone and tube amps for series production. Also in Germany working on it is ongoing since 1922. 1925 appear the first electrically recorded disks in both countries.</li> <li>At the Leipzig Spring Fair, the first miniature camera "<a href="/facts/Leica_Camera/kCdXV5jD">Leica</a>" is presented to the public.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Logie_Baird/bkngND9Q">John Logie Baird</a> performs the first screening of a living head with a resolution of 30 vertical lines using a <a href="/facts/Nipkow_disk/45JbKkl1">Nipkow disk</a>.</li> <li>August Karolus demonstrated in Germany television with 48 lines and ten image changes per second.</li></ul></li> <li>1926 <ul><li>Edison developed the first "<a href="/facts/LP_record/0QpKHzHM">LP</a>". By dense grooves (16 grooves on 1 mm) and the reduction of speed to 80 min −1 (later 78 min −1) increases the playing time up to 2 times 20 minutes. He carries himself with the decline of his phonograph business.</li> <li>The German State Railroad offers a <a href="/facts/Cordless_telephone/Y6PEsMk7">cordless telephone</a> service in moving trains between Berlin and Hamburg – the idea of <a href="/facts/Mobile_telephony/pFqFCDyl">mobile telephony</a> is born.</li> <li>John Logie Baird developed the first commercial <a href="/facts/Television_set/8moTsqhB">television set</a> in the world. It was not until 1930, he is called a " telescreen sold "at a price of 20 pounds.</li></ul></li> <li>1927 <ul><li>The first fully electronic <a href="/facts/Music_box/IKTbUrjC">music boxes</a> ("<a href="/facts/Jukebox/Wd7KHzrk">Jukeboxes</a>") used in the USA on the market.</li> <li>German Grammophon on sale due to a license agreement with the <a href="/facts/Brunswick-Balke-Collender_Company/PaTN25rz">Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company</a>. Its first fully electronic <a href="/facts/Turntable/KTWmuL2k">turntables</a>.</li> <li>The first industrially manufactured <a href="/facts/Vehicle_audio/IJ4lJd4S">car radio</a>, the "Philco Transitone" from the "Storage Battery Co." in Philadelphia, USA, comes on the market.</li> <li>The first <a href="/facts/Shortwave_radio/7cIaClcB">shortwave radio</a> – Rundfunkübertragung overseas broadcast by the station <a href="/facts/PCJJ/MBrST0gJ">PCJJ</a> the Philips factories in <a href="/facts/Eindhoven/7ngIHCVT">Eindhoven</a> in the Dutch colonies.</li> <li>Opening of the first regular telegraphy -Dienstes between Berlin and Vienna.</li> <li>First commercial <a href="/facts/Sound_film/NtImVJ3R">sound films</a> ("<a href="/facts/The_Jazz_Singer/WlnRdzM5">The Jazz Singer</a>", USA) using the "Needle sound" back in sync with the film screening for LPs over loudspeakers.</li> <li>First public television broadcasts in the UK by John Logie Baird between London and Glasgow and in the US by <a href="/facts/Frederic_Eugene_Ives/tRnTynJa">Frederic Eugene Ives</a> (1882–1953) between Washington and New York.</li> <li>The American inventor <a href="/facts/Philo_Taylor_Farnsworth/DkLaDoMT">Philo Taylor Farnsworth</a> (1906–1971) developed in Los Angeles, the first fully <a href="/facts/History_of_television/LcAyDGd7">electronic television system</a> in the world.</li> <li>John Logie Baird developed his <a href="/facts/Phonovision/S8wNe68U">Phonovision</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Videodisc/JkjavIJz">videodisc</a> player. 30-line television images are stored on shellac records. At 78 RPM mechanically scanned, the images can be played back on his "telescreen". It could not play sound nor keep up with the rapidly increasing resolution of television. More than 40 years later, commercial optical disc players came onto the market.</li></ul></li> <li>1928: <a href="/facts/Fritz_Pfleumer/4mNEvNP2">Fritz Pfleumer</a> got the first <a href="/facts/Tape_recorder/fWXgHUwY">tape recorder</a> patent. It replaces <a href="/facts/Wire_recording/S9Jhs6Sy">steel wire</a> with paper coated in <a href="/facts/Iron_powder/dljpU65Q">iron powder</a>. According to <a href="/facts/Valdemar_Poulsen/clxelBmt">Valdemar Poulsen</a> (1898) to the second crucial pioneer of magnetic sound, image and data storage <ul><li><a href="/facts/D%25C3%25A9nes_Mih%25C3%25A1ly/9LQp3SGL">Dénes Mihály</a> presented in Berlin a small circle, the first authentic television broadcast in Germany, having worked at least since 1923 in this field.</li> <li>August Karolus and the company <a href="/facts/Telefunken/y3fA4t3J">Telefunken</a> put on the "fifth Great German Radio Exhibition Berlin 1928" the prototype of a television receiver, with an image size of 8 cm × 10 cm and a resolution of about 10,000 pixels, a much better picture quality than previous devices.</li> <li>In New York (USA) the first regular television broadcasts of the experiment station <a href="/facts/WGY_(AM)/fEuSyqgK">WGY</a>, operated by the <a href="/facts/General_Electric_Company/kvuCGYSg">General Electric Company</a> (GE). Sporadic television news and dramas radiate from these stations by 1928. <ul><li>The first commercially produced television receiver of the Daven Corporation in Newark is offered for $75.</li></ul></li> <li>John Logie Baird transmits the first television pictures internationally, and the same across the Atlantic from London to New York. He also demonstrated the world's first color television transmission in London.</li></ul></li> <li>1929 <ul><li>Edison withdraws from the phono business – the disk has ousted the cylinder.</li> <li>The company <a href="/facts/Columbia_Records/yV1YYE69">Columbia Records</a> developed the first portable record player that can be connected to any tube radio. It also created the first radio / phonograph combinations, the precursor to the 1960s music chests.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li>The German physicist Curt Stille (1873–1957) records magnetic sound for film, on a perforated steel band. First, this "Magnettonverfahren" has no success. Years later it is rediscovered for amateur films, providing easy <a href="/facts/Dubbing_(filmmaking)/9hNR62Ue">dubbing</a>. A "Daylygraph" or Magnettongerät had amplifier and equalizer, and a mature Magnettondiktiergerät called "Textophon".</li> <li>Based on patents, which he had purchased of silence, brings the Englishman E. Blattner the " Blattnerphone "the first magnetic sound recording on the market. It records on a thin steel band.</li> <li>The first <a href="/facts/Sound_film/NtImVJ3R">sound film</a> using <a href="/facts/Optical_sound/pKY5nSVq">optical sound</a> premiers. Since the early 1920s, various people have developed this method. The same optoelectronic method also allows for the first time the post-processing of recorded music to sound recordings of it.</li> <li>The director <a href="/facts/Carl_Froelich/FNEx7pqL">Carl Froelich</a> (1875–1953) turns "<a href="/facts/The_Night_Belongs_to_Us/lcuCPsk3">The Night Belongs to Us</a>", the first German sound film.</li> <li><a href="/facts/20th_Century_Fox/vd5eeD3S">20th Century Fox</a> presents in New York on an 8 m × 4 m big screen the first widescreen movie.</li> <li>The radio station Witzleben begins in Germany with the regular broadcasting of television test broadcasts, initially on long wave with 30 lines (= 1,200 pixels) at 12.5 image changes per second. It appear first blueprints for television receiver.</li> <li>John Logie Baird starts in the UK on behalf of the BBC with regular experimental television broadcasts to the public.</li> <li>Frederic Eugene Ives transmits a color television from New York to Washington.</li></ul></li> <li>1930 <ul><li>Manfred von Ardenne invented and developed the <a href="/facts/Flying-spot_scanner/C3NCF9Hm">flying-spot scanner</a>, Europe's first fully electronic television camera tube.</li> <li>In Britain, the first <a href="/facts/Television_advertisement/yyGr3J3z">television advertising</a> and the first TV interview</li></ul></li> <li>1931 <ul><li>The British engineer and inventor Alan Dower Blumlein (1903–1942) invents "Binaural Sound", today called "Stereo". He developed the stereo record and the first three-way speaker. He makes experimental films with stereo sound. Then he becomes leader of the development team for the EMI-405-line television system.</li> <li>The company RCA Victor presents to the public the first real <a href="/facts/LP_record/0QpKHzHM">LP record</a>, the 35 cm diameter and 33.33 RPM give sufficient playing time for an entire orchestral work. But the new turntables are initially so expensive that they are only gain broad acceptance after the Second World War – then as vinyl record.</li> <li>The French physicist <a href="/facts/Ren%25C3%25A9_Barth%25C3%25A9lemy/AkGzmTlb">René Barthélemy</a> in Paris broadcasts the first television signal from a radio transmitter rather than by wire. The BBC launches first Tonversuche in the UK.</li> <li>Public World Premiere of electronic television – without electro-mechanical components such as the Nipkow disk – on the "eighth Great German Radio Exhibition Berlin 1931 ". Doberitz / Pomerania is the first German location for a tone-TV stations.</li> <li>Manfred von Ardenne can be the principle of a color picture tube patent: Narrow strips of <a href="/facts/Phosphor/vTLjrGDE">phosphors</a> in the three primary colors are closely juxtaposed arranged so that they complement each other with the electron flow to white light. A separate control of the three colors has not yet provided.</li></ul></li> <li>1932 <ul><li>The company AEG and BASF start for the <a href="/facts/Magnetic_tape/wj6IDTR1">magnetic tape</a> method of Fritz Pfleumer to care (1928). They develop new devices and tapes, in which celluloid is used instead of paper as a carrier material.</li> <li>In Britain, the BBC sends first radio programs time-shifted instead of live.</li> <li>The company telephone and radio apparatus factory Ideal AG (today <a href="/facts/Blaupunkt/yUJhPGul">Blaupunkt</a>) provides a car radio using Bowden cables to control it from the steering column.</li></ul></li> <li>1933 <ul><li>After the Nazi seizure of power in Germany is broadcasting finally a political tool. Systematic censorship is to prevent opposition and spread the "Aryan culture". Series production of the " People's recipient VE 301 "starts.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong/EI9gYvzm">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a> demonstrates that <a href="/facts/Frequency-modulated/qIExDdtv">frequency-modulated</a> (FM) radio transmissions are less susceptible to interference than amplitude-modulated (AM). However, practical application is long delayed.</li> <li>In the USA the first opened drive-in theater.</li></ul></li> <li>1934: First commercial stereo recordings find little favor – the necessary playback devices are still too expensive. The term "<a href="/facts/High_fidelity/K6kaTHSw">High Fidelity</a>" is embossed around this time.</li> <li>1935 <ul><li>AEG and BASF place at the Berlin Radio Show, the tape recorder " Magnetophon K1 "and the appropriate magnetic tapes before. In case of fire in the exhibition hall all four exhibited devices are destroyed.</li> <li>In Germany the world's first regular television program operating for about 250 mostly public reception points starts in Berlin and the surrounding area. The mass production of television receivers is – probably due to the high price of 2,500 Reichsmarks – not yet started.</li> <li>At the same time, the research institute of the German Post (RPF) begins with development work for a color television methods, but which are later reinstated due to the Second World War.</li></ul></li> <li>1936 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Olympic_Games_in_Berlin/x9Y8l5ME">Olympic Games in Berlin</a> broadcast live.</li> <li>"Olympia suitcase", battery-powered portable radio receiver, introduced.</li> <li>The first mobile television camera (180 lines, all-electronic) is used for live television broadcasts of the Olympic Games.</li> <li>Also in the UK are first regular television broadcasts – now for the perfect electronic EMI system, which soon replaced the mechanical part Baird system – broadcast.</li> <li>Video telephony connections between booths in Berlin and Leipzig. Later connections from Berlin to Nuremberg and Munich added.</li> <li>The Frenchman Raymond Valtat reports on a patent, which describes the principle of working with binary numbers abacus.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Konrad_Zuse/yrvbaEg3">Konrad Zuse</a> works on a dual electromechanical computing machine that is ready in 1937.</li></ul></li> <li>1937 <ul><li>First sapphire needle for records of the company Siemens</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Interlaced_video/YBk246TF">interlaced video</a> method is introduced on TVr to reduce image flicker. The transmitter Witzleben uses the new standard with 441 lines and 25 image changes, i.e. 50 fields of 220 half-lines. Until the HDTV era the interlace method remains in use.</li> <li>First movie encoder make it possible not to send the TV live, but to rely on recordings.</li></ul></li> <li>1938 <ul><li>The improved AEG tape-recorder "Magnetophon K4" is first used in radio studios. The belt speed is 77 cm / s, which at 1000 m length of tape has a playing time of 22 minutes.</li> <li>Werner Flechsig invents the <a href="/facts/Shadow_mask/eAVorsoX">shadow mask</a> method for separate control of the three primary colors in a color picture tube.</li></ul></li> <li>1939 <ul><li>On the "16th Great German Radio and television broadcasting exhibition Berlin 1939 ", the" German Unity television receiver E1 "and announces the release of free commercial television. Due to the difficult political and economic situation, only about 50 devices are sold instead of the planned 10,000.</li> <li>In the USA the first regular television broadcasts take place.</li></ul></li> <li>1940 <ul><li>The development of television technology for military purposes increases the resolution to 1029 lines at 25 frames per second. Commercial <a href="/facts/HDTV/AuE6FRFI">HDTV</a> television reached that resolution almost half a century later.</li> <li>The problem of band noise with tape devices is reduced dramatically by the invention of radio frequency bias of Walter Weber and Hans-Joachim von Braunmühl.</li></ul></li> <li>1942: The first all-electronic computer is used by <a href="/facts/John_Vincent_Atanasoff/HTXjwa4Y">John Vincent Atanasoff</a>, but quickly fades into oblivion. Four years later the ENIAC completed – the beginning of the end of Electromechanics in computers and calculators.</li> <li>1945–1947: American soldiers capture in Germany some tape recorders. This and the nullified German patents leads to the development of the first tape recorders in the United States. The first home device " Sound Mirror "by the Brush Development Co. is there on the market.</li> <li>1948 <ul><li>The American physicist and industrialist <a href="/facts/Edwin_Herbert_Land/NH0g5T7o">Edwin Herbert Land</a> (1909–1991) launches the first <a href="/facts/Instant_camera/bVtWwq2a">instant camera</a>, <a href="/facts/Polaroid_Corporation/vnVVyzQf">Polaroid</a> camera Model 95 on the market.</li> <li>Three American engineers at <a href="/facts/Bell_Laboratories/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Laboratories</a> (<a href="/facts/John_Bardeen/kbj763Fh">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/facts/Walter_Brattain/zjTKLjpA">Walter Brattain</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Shockley/wxlv4TcI">William Shockley</a>) invent the <a href="/facts/Transistor/Bmr8zwL0">transistor</a>. Its lesser size and power compared with electron tubes brings (from 1955) portable radio receivers starting its march through all areas of electronics.</li> <li>The Hungarian-American physicist <a href="/facts/Peter_Carl_Goldmark/RfdKNnh5">Peter Carl Goldmark</a> (1906–1977) invents the <a href="/facts/Vinyl_record/ccuFV9Af">vinyl record</a> (first published 1952), much less noisy than their predecessors shellac. Thanks to micro-groove (100 grooves per cm) can play 23 minutes per side. The <a href="/facts/LP_record/0QpKHzHM">LP record</a> is born. This one is the redemption of the claim "high fidelity one step closer" to the end of the shellac era.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/RCA/NWyjNN6R">Radio Corporation of America</a> (RCA) leads the music format with 45 RPM records, later to conquer the market for cheap players. The first publication in Germany in this format appears 1953rd</li> <li>The British physicist <a href="/facts/Dennis_Gabor/dLVJQzgN">Dennis Gabor</a> (1900–1979) invents <a href="/facts/Holography/4J1gW0M6">holography</a>. This method of recording and reproducing image with coherent light allows three-dimensional images. It was not until 1971 when the procedure gained practical importance, he received the Nobel Prize for Physics.</li></ul></li> <li>1949 <ul><li>In Germany, <a href="/facts/FM_broadcasting/TpKl3FJv">FM broadcasting</a> starts regular program operation.</li> <li>Experimentally since 1943, series production since 1949 there are for professional use stereo – Tonbandgeräte and matching ribbons. Also portable devices for reporters, initially propelled by a spring mechanism, has been around since 1949</li></ul></li> <li>1950 <ul><li>In the USA the first prerecorded audio tapes are marketed.</li> <li>Also in the USA the company Zenith markets the first TV with cable remote control for channel selection.</li></ul></li> <li>1951 <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/CBS/BhMsVoej">CBS</a> (Columbia Broadcasting System) broadcasts in New York the first color television program in the world, but using the field sequential standard, not reaching to the resolution of the black and white television and was to be incompatible.</li> <li>With the " tape recorder F15 "from AEG 's first home tape recorder appears on the German market.</li> <li>RCA Electronic Music is the first synthesizer prior to the creation of artificial electronic sounds.</li></ul></li> <li>1952 <ul><li>Reintroduction of regular television broadcasts in Germany after the Second World War.</li> <li>20th Century Fox developed with "<a href="/facts/CinemaScope/2tIqWPnu">Cinemascope</a>" the most successful wide-screen process to better compete with television. Only some 50 years later pulls the TV with the 16: 9 size screen after.</li></ul></li> <li>1953 <ul><li>The "<a href="/facts/National_Television_System_Committee/HYWIvxCR">National Television System Committee</a>" (Abbreviated as NTSC) normalized in the USA named after her black-and-white-compatible NTSC -Farbfernseh process. A year later, this method is introduced in the United States.</li> <li>The car radio top model "Mexico" from Becker for the first time to an FM area (in mono) and an automatic tuning.</li></ul></li> <li>1954 <ul><li>RCA developed for the first apparatus for recording video signals on magnetic tapes. 22 km magnetic tape are needed per hour. By 1956, succeeds the company <a href="/facts/Ampex/xkhpGCzF">Ampex</a> through the use of multiple tracks, the tape speed to more practicable 38.1 cm / s lower.</li> <li>The European Broadcasting Union is founded "Euro Vision".</li> <li>First regular television broadcasts in Japan.</li></ul></li> <li>1955 <ul><li>The second generation "<a href="/facts/TRADIC/XKtqg5Pz">TRADIC</a>" (<a href="/facts/Transistorized_computer/4JXJWsaQ">Transistorized Digital Computer</a>), first to use only transistors therefore much smaller and more powerful than its predecessor tube computers.</li> <li>The Briton <a href="/facts/Narinder_Singh_Kapany/wwWYFYAp">Narinder Singh Kapany</a> investigated the propagation of light in fine glass fibers (<a href="/facts/Optical_fiber/5ruuIFbj">optical fibers</a>).</li> <li>The first wireless remote control for a television US-based Zenith consists of a better flashlight, with which one lights up in one of the four devices corners to turn the unit on or off, change the channel or mute the sound.</li></ul></li> <li>1956 <ul><li>The company <a href="/facts/Metz_(company)/1D88hq1K">Metz</a> introduces radio device type 409 / 3D. First mass production of <a href="/facts/Printed_circuit_board/muSR2p43">printed circuit boards</a>. This follows since the 1930s, several improvements to the manufacturing technology.</li> <li>The company Ampex introduces the "VR 1000" the first video recorder. That same year, CBS uses it for the first magnetic video tape recording (VTR) from. Although other programs are produced in color since 1954, the VTR cannot record color.</li></ul></li> <li>1957: The Frenchman <a href="/facts/Henri_de_France/PlAnF6nP">Henri de France</a> (1911–1986) developed the first generation of color TV system SECAM, which avoids some of the problems of the NTSC method. The weaknesses of the SECAM system be fixed in later modifications of the standard for the most part.</li> <li>1958 <ul><li>By merging the Edison patents and the Berliner, the Blumlein stereo recording method becomes commercially viable. The company <a href="/facts/Mercury_Records/4uPSg8KB">Mercury Records</a> launches the first <a href="/facts/Stereo_record/z0vmJcGT">stereo record</a> on the market.</li> <li>The company Ampex expands the video recorder with the Model "VR 1000 B" to give it color capability.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Electronics portal</li><li>Engineering portal</li><li>Lists portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Electronics/E4JhgISq">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_electronic_engineering/e5LKvc0I">History of electronic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_historic_inventions/Wsa2pNfV">Timeline of historic inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_heat_engine_technology/lcb9ed5F">Timeline of heat engine technology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication/s1pp1CP2">Timeline of quantum computing and communication</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_computing/bEcQv72r">Timeline of computing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_History_Museum/Y9Q5XevR">Computer History Museum</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://ethw.org/Milestones:List_of_IEEE_Milestones">List of IEEE Milestones</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Isaac Asimov:Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Engineering, London, 1975 ISBN 0-330-24323-3 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Elektrik Mühendisliği, s.259–260, Kemal İnan pp 245–263 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Birmingham Museums trust catalogue, accession number: 1889S00044 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Froehlich, Fritz E.; Kent, Allen (December 1998). Fritz E. Froehlich, Allen Kent, The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17, page 36. CRC Press. ISBN 9780824729158. Retrieved 2012-09-10. <a href="9780824729158" target="_blank">9780824729158</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>The Electrical Engineer. (1888). London: Biggs & Co. Pg., 239. [cf., "[...] new application of the alternating current in the production of rotary motion was made known almost simultaneously by two experimenters, Nikola Tesla, and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted general attention from the fact that no commutator or connection of any kind with the armature was required."] <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Guglielmo Marconi, padre della radio[usurped]. Radiomarconi.com. Retrieved on 12 July 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010413062243/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/xmarconi.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20010413062243/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/xmarconi.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Brown, Antony. Great Ideas in Communications. D. White Co., 1969, page 141 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Emerson, D. T. (1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research". 1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest. Vol. 45. pp. 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997imsd.conf..553E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.8748. doi:10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853. ISBN 9780986488511. S2CID 9039614. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) reprinted in Igor Grigorov, Ed., Antentop, Vol. 2, No.3, pp. 87–96. <a href="9780986488511" target="_blank">9780986488511</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 22 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Hong, Sungook (2001). Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pages 6 and 20–22 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphic Communication: Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1909." Nobel Lectures. Physics 1901–1921. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1967: 196–222. p. 206. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-lecture.html" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-lecture.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Christopher H. Sterling, Encyclopedia of Radio, Routledge – 2003, page 1820 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Lott, Melissa C. "The Engineer Who Foreshadowed the Smart Grid--in 1921". Plugged In. Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 14 August 2017. <a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/the-engineer-who-foreshadowed-the-smart-grid-in-1921/" target="_blank">https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/the-engineer-who-foreshadowed-the-smart-grid-in-1921/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924-1941". Retrieved December 11, 2015. <a href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Development_of_Electronic_Television,_1924-1941" target="_blank">http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Development_of_Electronic_Television,_1924-1941</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Lilienfeld, J.E. "Method and apparatus for controlling electric current" Archived 2022-04-09 at the Wayback Machine US Patent no. 1,745,175 (filed: 8 October 1926 ; issued: 28 January 1930). <a href="https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01745175" target="_blank">https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01745175</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>CA 272437 "Electric current control mechanism", first filed in Canada on October 22, 1925 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=CA272437" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=CA272437</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 2002, retrieved 2009-05-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101180643/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160101180643/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924-1941". Retrieved December 11, 2015. <a href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Development_of_Electronic_Television,_1924-1941" target="_blank">http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Development_of_Electronic_Television,_1924-1941</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company, page 220, Springer Science+Business Media <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhlFaxDwrsC&pg=PA220" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhlFaxDwrsC&pg=PA220</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Raman, C. V. (1928). "A new radiation". Indian J. Phys. 2: 387–398. hdl:2289/2135. Retrieved 14 April 2013. <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2289/2135" target="_blank">http://hdl.handle.net/2289/2135</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Albert Abramson, Zworykin, Pioneer of Television, University of Illinois Press, 1995, p. 231. ISBN 0-252-02104-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Stanković, Radomir S. [in German]; Astola, Jaakko Tapio [in Finnish], eds. (2008). Reprints from the Early Days of Information Sciences: TICSP Series On the Contributions of Akira Nakashima to Switching Theory (PDF). Tampere International Center for Signal Processing (TICSP) Series. Vol. 40. Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland. ISBN 978-952-15-1980-2. ISSN 1456-2774. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-08.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (3+207+1 pages) [\10:00 min <a href="978-952-15-1980-2" target="_blank">978-952-15-1980-2</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Jun-ichi Nishizawa - Engineer, Sophia University Special Professor | JAPAN QUALITY REVIEW". jqrmag.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007111703/http://jqrmag.com/en/jqr-interview-eng/jun-ichi-nishizawa-engineer-sophia-university-special-professor/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131007111703/http://jqrmag.com/en/jqr-interview-eng/jun-ichi-nishizawa-engineer-sophia-university-special-professor/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>A. P. Yuste. Electrical Engineering Hall of Fame. Early Developments of Wireless Remote Control: The Telekino of Torres-Quevedo,(pdf) vol. 96, No. 1, January 2008, Proceedings of the IEEE. <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4e50/0c55919cb5188ea379033bde77ac7aa2de2b.pdf" target="_blank">https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4e50/0c55919cb5188ea379033bde77ac7aa2de2b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>