Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
2001 in science
open-in-new
<h2 id="astronomy-and-space-exploration">Astronomy and space exploration</h2> <ul><li>February 12 – The <i><a href="/facts/NEAR_Shoemaker/1Wblm4KL">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i> spacecraft lands in the "saddle" region of <a href="/facts/433_Eros/QWmGbK63">433 Eros</a>, becoming the first <a href="/facts/Spacecraft/YQqQaUw0">spacecraft</a> to land on an <a href="/facts/Asteroid/g7Ulr1VB">asteroid</a>.</li> <li>June 21 – <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_June_21%2c_2001/b6ftvd3v">Solar eclipse of June 21, 2001</a>, a total eclipse.</li> <li>August 8 – <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Genesis_(spacecraft)/SyjrlcxI">Genesis</a></i> spacecraft is launched.</li> <li>October 15 – NASA's <i><a href="/facts/Galileo_(spacecraft)/H57agAgz">Galileo</a></i> spacecraft passes within 112 miles (180 km) of <a href="/facts/Jupiter/95m7XjMT">Jupiter</a>'s moon <a href="/facts/Io_(moon)/p3Uc8FmK">Io</a>.</li> <li>November 27 – The <a href="/facts/Hubble_Space_Telescope/NQeIf0vw">Hubble Space Telescope</a> detects <a href="/facts/Sodium/eYuSPu2V">sodium</a> in the atmosphere of <a href="/facts/HD_209458_b/HQrmhfLk">HD 209458 b</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Exoplanet/zjfmqfUf">exoplanet</a> atmosphere to be measured.</li> <li>December 14 – <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_December_14%2c_2001/wHRuJ7UY">Solar eclipse of December 14, 2001</a>, an annular eclipse.</li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>January 8 – The first animal from an <a href="/facts/Endangered_species/L7cIweSW">endangered species</a> produced by <a href="/facts/Cloning/Vb6SM4c7">cloning</a>, a <a href="/facts/Gaur/VD0yjaR1">gaur</a> named Noah, is born at Trans Ova Genetics in <a href="/facts/Sioux_Center%2c_Iowa/EYsnVuws">Sioux Center, Iowa</a>. He dies within 48 hours of a common <a href="/facts/Dysentery/l0yfLtg3">dysentery</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>January – The second animal from an endangered species produced by <a href="/facts/Cloning/Vb6SM4c7">cloning</a>, a European <a href="/facts/Mouflon/M6yBkubF">mouflon</a> lamb, is born in Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>February – The publicly funded <a href="/facts/Human_Genome_Project/eQDHgHTP">Human Genome Project</a>, led by <a href="/facts/Francis_Collins/bSXu9hxM">Francis Collins</a> and the privately funded Celera effort, led by <a href="/facts/Craig_Venter/qr1BPR53">Craig Venter</a> simultaneously publish their decoding of the human <a href="/facts/Genome/tjhWET4V">genome</a> (in <i><a href="/facts/Nature_(journal)/XmlJXkFx">Nature</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Science_(journal)/uTyzjkwD">Science</a></i>, respectively).</li> <li>April 6 – <a href="/facts/Linda_Partridge/u9IMRzDy">Linda Partridge</a> and colleagues publish their identification of the role of a specific gene in animal <a href="/facts/Ageing/AxL4qCW4">ageing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>April 19 – <a href="/facts/Pygmy_three-toed_sloth/H55Cvh8j">Pygmy three-toed sloth</a> first <a href="/facts/Species_description/JyFpxSvJ">described</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>Craig Venter and Mark Adams complete the <a href="/facts/Genetics/bu8wne0A">genetic</a> map of the <a href="/facts/Laboratory_mouse/jhVnpjg7">laboratory mouse</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fossil/by7NzIA1">Fossil</a> remains of the whale <i><a href="/facts/Rodhocetus_balochistanensis/60PQckFF">Rodhocetus balochistanensis</a></i> found in <a href="/facts/Balochistan_(Pakistan)/jaM9T3q5">Balochistan</a> province, Pakistan, by <a href="/facts/Philip_D._Gingerich/Lrbgx4gW">Philip D. Gingerich</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li>February 15 – Production of a capsule-based fibre-reinforced polymer composite <a href="/facts/Self-healing_material/MNkbhSTv">self-healing material</a> is announced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="computer-science">Computer science</h2> <ul><li>January 9 – <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Inc.</a> releases the <a href="/facts/ITunes/pdXPE33T">iTunes</a> <a href="/facts/Media_player_(software)/AwtCuWfG">media player</a> (modified from <a href="/facts/SoundJam_MP/0Sjk5rhw">SoundJam MP</a>).</li> <li>January 15 – <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/La2xLBFt">Wikipedia</a> launches on the internet.</li> <li>May – <a href="/facts/Tim_Berners-Lee/JRv21mt9">Tim Berners-Lee</a> and colleagues name the <a href="/facts/Semantic_Web/NFHo9dB7">Semantic Web</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>August 24 – <a href="/facts/Windows_XP/IozrkAYS">Windows XP</a> <a href="/facts/Personal_computer/koaYfNce">personal computer</a> <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating system</a> released by <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>; it is available for retail sale on October 25.</li> <li>October 23 – <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Inc.</a> unveil the <a href="/facts/IPod_classic/aFrmSCun">first generation</a> <a href="/facts/IPod/Uagdn1F6">iPod</a> <a href="/facts/Portable_media_player/2yHdHHKv">portable media player</a>.</li> <li>December 1–2 – The <a href="/facts/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative/2VcySL2B">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a>, a public statement of principles promoting <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C">open access</a> to research literature, is launched at a conference convened in <a href="/facts/Budapest/VdcUAkxm">Budapest</a> by the <a href="/facts/Open_Society_Institute/F2wCh4Ur">Open Society Institute</a>.</li> <li>December – The <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C# programming language</a> specification is released.</li> <li>In <a href="/facts/Quantum_computers/nbbcgmvq">quantum computing</a>, the first working 7-qubit NMR computer is demonstrated at <a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a>'s Almaden Research Center, demonstrating <a href="/facts/Shor%2527s_algorithm/9JwEtznC">Shor's algorithm</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Chatterbot/kASkMjs7">Chatterbot</a> <a href="/facts/Eugene_Goostman/gqU42V30">Eugene Goostman</a> is developed.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Walkman_Circ/yDoK5N7u">Walkman Circ</a> is released.</li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li>July 2 – The world's first self-contained <a href="/facts/Artificial_heart/BeLtuRoE">artificial heart</a> is implanted in <a href="/facts/Robert_Tools/m2LRokpk">Robert Tools</a> in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Adult-onset_basal_ganglia_disease/aHtCXqKJ">Adult-onset basal ganglia disease</a> caused by <a href="/facts/Ferritin_light_chain/lKd9R8a2">Ferritin light chain</a> (FTL) mutations is described.</li></ul> <h2 id="paleontology">Paleontology</h2> <ul><li>July – First fossil skull fragments of the <a href="/facts/Hominid/ILn1SYKB">hominid</a> 'Toumaï' (<i><a href="/facts/Sahelanthropus/QzgQeYbw">Sahelanthropus</a> tchadensis</i>; 7 million years <a href="/facts/Before_Present/BywUcMvW">BP</a>) found by a team led by <a href="/facts/Michel_Brunet_(paleontologist)/UTJ42KyC">Michel Brunet</a> in <a href="/facts/Chad/KStYoub3">Chad</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="philosophy">Philosophy</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/2001_in_philosophy/IjDwP8GK">2001 in philosophy</a></p> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>Francisco-Miguel Marqués and co-workers at the <a href="/facts/Grand_Acc%25C3%25A9l%25C3%25A9rateur_National_d%2527Ions_Lourds/SJaACBlw">Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds</a> in <a href="/facts/Caen/nacGkhQF">Caen</a> claim to detect a <a href="/facts/Tetraneutron/o6gWfkJp">tetraneutron</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Reproducibility/yh5pawMj">reproducibility</a> of this observation has not been possible.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prizes</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Eric_Allin_Cornell/HuEsJpXH">Eric Allin Cornell</a>, <a href="/facts/Wolfgang_Ketterle/xMNmUqDg">Wolfgang Ketterle</a>, <a href="/facts/Carl_E._Wieman/2qSR45cr">Carl E. Wieman</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/William_S._Knowles/KIIqB7h5">William S. Knowles</a>, <a href="/facts/Ry%25C5%258Dji_Noyori/Hm23tw5X">Ryōji Noyori</a>, <a href="/facts/K._Barry_Sharpless/yV32KFUn">K. Barry Sharpless</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – <a href="/facts/Leland_H._Hartwell/SbnTSNM8">Leland H. Hartwell</a>, <a href="/facts/R._Timothy_Hunt/UkRMHkRr">R. Timothy Hunt</a>, <a href="/facts/Paul_M._Nurse/z8lQdHxP">Paul M. Nurse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Turing_Award/HbEEp0GF">Turing Award</a>: <a href="/facts/Ole-Johan_Dahl/4XzG0v9q">Ole-Johan Dahl</a>, <a href="/facts/Kristen_Nygaard/2h3KoI8B">Kristen Nygaard</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wollaston_Medal/uVkuXBYJ">Wollaston Medal</a> for Geology: <a href="/facts/Harry_Blackmore_Whittington/zTAxRvVX">Harry Blackmore Whittington</a></li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>February 9 – <a href="/facts/Herbert_A._Simon/NNHhQ2bS">Herbert A. Simon</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1916_in_science/bafd4Cjp">1916</a>), American <a href="/facts/Polymath/eqIfjQRu">polymath</a>, recipient of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences/8BBwNwre">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>February 13 – <a href="/facts/Ugo_Fano/BCPV455P">Ugo Fano</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1912_in_science/ro3op4mA">1912</a>), Italian-born American physicist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>February 24 – <a href="/facts/Claude_Shannon/EremsCws">Claude Shannon</a> (b. 1916), American <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>March 31 – <a href="/facts/Clifford_Shull/Pg35vxYf">Clifford Shull</a> (b. 1915), American physicist, <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize</a> laureate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>May 5 – <a href="/facts/Wang_Yinglai/AFKUDmKs">Wang Yinglai</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1907_in_science/6kN1ef3W">1907</a>), <a href="/facts/Chinese_people/Ft6TzPzd">Chinese</a> <a href="/facts/Biochemist/gAWNAY5v">biochemist</a>.</li> <li>May 8 – <a href="/facts/William_T._Stearn/kkWD9qV9">William T. Stearn</a> (b. 1911), English <a href="/facts/Botanist/PaIRoxnb">botanist</a>.</li> <li>May 28 – <a href="/facts/Francisco_Varela/cuSCSIhm">Francisco Varela</a> (b. 1946), <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chilean</a> <a href="/facts/Biologist/yJJGXyKR">biologist</a> and philosopher.</li> <li>June 4 – <a href="/facts/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)/4Ro4NQQx">Lu Jiaxi</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1915_in_science/NMYGub5y">1915</a>), Chinese physical chemist.</li> <li>June 18 – <a href="/facts/Ren%25C3%25A9_Dumont/kvy6XEPu">René Dumont</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1904_in_science/qfWv7vt5">1904</a>), French <a href="/facts/Agronomist/9EvBW7jo">agronomist</a>.</li> <li>June 26 – <a href="/facts/John_F._Yardley/yJMB5rne">John F. Yardley</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1925_in_science/l6SsxtXD">1925</a>), American aeronautical engineer.</li> <li>August 9 – Sir <a href="/facts/Alec_Skempton/sbxAqcVq">Alec Skempton</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1914_in_science/syUzlX5D">1914</a>), English pioneer of <a href="/facts/Soil_science/nJ9SxpEE">soil science</a> and engineering historian.</li> <li>August 15 – <a href="/facts/Kateryna_Yushchenko_(scientist)/zDeqjrgm">Kateryna Yushchenko</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1919_in_science/1IXTj2Qm">1919</a>), Ukrainian computer scientist and academic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>August 20 – Sir <a href="/facts/Fred_Hoyle/tXjJ0Lbd">Fred Hoyle</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1915_in_science/NMYGub5y">1915</a>), English <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a> and science fiction writer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>August 31 – <a href="/facts/Doris_Calloway/z3f2QbSN">Doris Calloway</a> (Nesheim) (b. <a href="/facts/1923_in_science/P8DhUfan">1923</a>), American <a href="/facts/Nutritionist/eyuQ9MbW">nutritionist</a>.</li> <li>September 2 – <a href="/facts/Christiaan_Barnard/6bRaUms9">Christiaan Barnard</a> (b. 1922), <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South African</a> <a href="/facts/Cardiac_surgeon/I3dIcapo">cardiac surgeon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>October 31 – <a href="/facts/Warren_Elliot_Henry/SUysseIc">Warren Elliot Henry</a> (b. 1909), <a href="/facts/African_American/pTgcAdo8">African American</a> <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a>.</li> <li>November 30 – <a href="/facts/Robert_Tools/m2LRokpk">Robert Tools</a> (b. 1942), American first recipient of a self-contained artificial heart, after 151 days without a living heart.</li> <li>December 5 – <a href="/facts/Franco_Rasetti/Jw0UFt2h">Franco Rasetti</a> (b. 1901), <a href="/facts/Italian_American/xrp3KgVX">Italian American</a> nuclear physicist.</li> <li>December 12 – <a href="/facts/Robert_Schommer/ty6XVPK8">Robert Schommer</a> (b. 1946), American astronomer.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"First cloned endangered animal was born at 7:30 pm on Monday, 8 January 2001". Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. January 12, 2001. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved September 18, 2006. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531142827/http://www.advancedcell.com/press-release/advanced-cell-technology-inc-announced-that-the-first-cloned-endangered-animal-was-born-at-730-pm-on-monday-january-8-2001" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080531142827/http://www.advancedcell.com/press-release/advanced-cell-technology-inc-announced-that-the-first-cloned-endangered-animal-was-born-at-730-pm-on-monday-january-8-2001</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Bailey, Britt (2000). "Cloning the Gaur". CETOS. Archived from the original on February 28, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228161917/http://environmentalcommons.org/cetos/articles/cloninggaur.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080228161917/http://environmentalcommons.org/cetos/articles/cloninggaur.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Briggs, Helen (October 1, 2001). "Endangered sheep cloned". BBC News. Retrieved November 2, 2011. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1573309.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1573309.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Clancy, David J.; et al. (April 6, 2001). "Extension of Life-Span by Loss of CHICO, a Drosophila Insulin Receptor Substrate Protein". Science. 292 (5514): 104–106. Bibcode:2001Sci...292..104C. doi:10.1126/science.1057991. PMID 11292874. S2CID 30331471. <a href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=bioscifacpub" target="_blank">http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=bioscifacpub</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Anderson, R. P.; Handley Jr., C. O. (2001). "A new species of three-toed sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Panama, with a review of the genus Bradypus". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 114 (1): 1–33. Retrieved June 13, 2016. <a href="https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofb1142001biol" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofb1142001biol</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Philip D. Gingerich Ph.D." Expert List. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 14, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2011. <a href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090714132040/http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/public/experts/ExpDisplay.php?ExpID=293" target="_blank">http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090714132040/http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/public/experts/ExpDisplay.php?ExpID=293</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>White, Scott R.; Sottos, Nancy R.; Geubelle, P. H.; Moore, J. S.; Kessler, M. R.; Sriram, S. R.; Brown, E. N.; Viswanathan, S. (February 15, 2001). "Autonomic healing of polymer composites". Nature. 409 (6822): 794–797. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..794W. doi:10.1038/35057232. PMID 11236987. S2CID 11334883. <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Sottos" target="_blank">/wiki/Nancy_Sottos</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Berners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James; Lassila, Ora (May 17, 2001). "The Semantic Web". Scientific American. 284 (5): 34–43. Bibcode:2001SciAm.284e..34B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34. Archived from the original on November 14, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081114135540/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web&print=true" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081114135540/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web&print=true</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Beauvilain, Alain (October 5, 2006). "Toumaï: Histoire des Sciences et Histoire d'Hommes". TchadActuel. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-15. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308103755/http://www.tchadactuel.com/n6.php?2006%2F10%2F05%2F23-toumai-histoire-des-sciences-et-histoire-dhommes-alain-beauvilain" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120308103755/http://www.tchadactuel.com/n6.php?2006%2F10%2F05%2F23-toumai-histoire-des-sciences-et-histoire-dhommes-alain-beauvilain</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Beauvilain, Alain. "Toumaï". Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306210453/https://www.118712.fr/sortir.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210306210453/https://www.118712.fr/sortir.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Marqués, F. M.; et al. (2002). "Detection of neutron clusters". Physical Review C. 65 (4): 044006. arXiv:nucl-ex/0111001. Bibcode:2002PhRvC..65d4006M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.65.044006. S2CID 37431352. <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_C" target="_blank">/wiki/Physical_Review_C</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Edward Feigenbaum (2001). "Herbert A. Simon, 1916-2001". Science. 291 (5511): 2107. doi:10.1126/science.1060171. S2CID 180480666. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum" target="_blank">/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Clark, Charles W. (2001). "Obituary: Ugo Fano (1912–2001)". Nature. 410 (6825): 164. Bibcode:2001Natur.410..164C. doi:10.1038/35065786. S2CID 26743870. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35065786" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35065786</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Pearce Wright (April 7, 2001). "Clifford Shull". The Guardian. Retrieved April 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/apr/07/guardianobituaries.physicalsciences" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/apr/07/guardianobituaries.physicalsciences</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Perevozchikova, O. L. (2009). "Ekaterina Logvinovna Yushchenko". Cybernetics and Systems Analysis. 45 (6): 843. doi:10.1007/s10559-009-9161-x. S2CID 116901283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Burbidge, G. (2003). "Sir Fred Hoyle. 24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001 Elected FRS 1957". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 49: 213–247. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2003.0013. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burbidge" target="_blank">/wiki/Geoffrey_Burbidge</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Autopsy confirms asthma killed Barnard". Cyprus Mail. September 5, 2001. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202905/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main_old.php?id=4655&archive=1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202905/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main_old.php?id=4655&archive=1</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>