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Macron below
open-in-new
<h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2> <h3>Macron below character</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">Unicode</a> defines several characters for the macron below: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="6">macron below</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3">combining</th><th colspan="3">spacing</th></tr><tr><th>character</th><th>Unicode</th><th>HTML</th><th>character</th><th>Unicode</th><th>HTML</th></tr><tr><td>◌̱ single</td><td>U+0331</td><td>̱</td><td>ˍletter</td><td>U+02CD</td><td>ˍ</td></tr><tr><td>◌͟◌double</td><td>U+035F</td><td>͟</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are many similar marks covered elsewhere: </p> <ul><li>Spacing <a href="/facts/Underscore/KJsRo3tA">underscores</a>, including <ul><li>U+005F _ LOW LINE (_, _)</li> <li>U+2017 ‗ DOUBLE LOW LINE</li></ul></li> <li>Combining <a href="/facts/Underline/KJsRo3tA">underlines</a>, including <ul><li>U+0332 ◌̲ COMBINING LOW LINE</li> <li>U+0333 ◌̳ COMBINING DOUBLE LOW LINE</li> <li>U+0347 ◌͇ COMBINING EQUALS SIGN BELOW;</li> <li>U+FE2B ◌︫ COMBINING MACRON LEFT HALF BELOW</li> <li>U+FE2C ◌︬ COMBINING MACRON RIGHT HALF BELOW</li> <li>U+FE2D ◌︭ COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON BELOW</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> mark for <a href="/facts/Relative_articulation/tr1T3A3s">retracted or backed articulation</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> <ul><li>U+0320 ◌̠ COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW</li> <li>U+02D7 ˗ MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN</li></ul></li></ul> <h3>Precomposed characters</h3> <p>Various <a href="/facts/Precomposed_character/LhKrFQ4Y">precomposed</a> letters with a macron below are defined in Unicode: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="3">upper case</th><th colspan="3">lower case</th><th rowspan="2">notes</th></tr><tr><th>letter</th><th>Unicode</th><th>HTML</th><th>letter</th><th>Unicode</th><th>HTML</th></tr><tr><td>Ḇ</td><td>U+1E06</td><td>Ḇ</td><td>ḇ</td><td>U+1E07</td><td>ḇ</td><td>Used in the transliteration of <a href="/facts/Biblical_Hebrew/yCJ3bh30">Biblical Hebrew</a> into the Roman alphabet to show the <a href="/facts/Fricative_consonant/1FQuuhfX">fricative</a> value of the letter <a href="/facts/Bet_(letter)/Srgaea2b">beth</a> (ב) representing [v], or perhaps [<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_fricative/2ljHM92m">β</a>].</td></tr><tr><td>Ḏ</td><td>U+1E0E</td><td>Ḏ</td><td>ḏ</td><td>U+1E0F</td><td>ḏ</td><td>Used in the transliteration of <a href="/facts/Biblical_Hebrew/yCJ3bh30">Biblical Hebrew</a>, <a href="/facts/Syriac_language/mLhEtdSW">Syriac</a> and <a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> into the Roman alphabet to show the <a href="/facts/Fricative_consonant/1FQuuhfX">fricative</a> value of the letter <a href="/facts/Dalet/0twlfWSk">dalet</a> (ד), [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_fricative/MTJup6oV">ð</a>], and in the romanization of <a href="/facts/Pashto_language/hc2ndCqx">Pashto</a>, it is used sometimes to represent <a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_plosive/SQT2LTNM">retroflex D</a>. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /d/.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ẖ</td><td>U+1E96</td><td>ẖ</td><td>Sometimes used for Arabic خ <a href="/facts/%25E1%25B8%25AA%25C4%2581%25CA%25BC/gWEnss9l">ẖāʼ</a>, Hebrew <a href="/facts/Heth_(letter)/HT1Vkutu">Heth (letter)</a>, <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egyptian_language/mSqys6jC">Egyptian</a> <a href="/facts/Egyptian_uniliteral_signs/31MFqfVx">𓄡</a>.<p>There is no <a href="/facts/Precomposed_character/LhKrFQ4Y">precomposed</a> upper case equivalent of ẖ so it uses a <a href="/facts/Combining_character/nH8SFbIL">combining</a> macron below instead: H̱.</p></td></tr><tr><td>Ḵ</td><td>U+1E34</td><td>Ḵ</td><td>ḵ</td><td>U+1E35</td><td>ḵ</td><td>Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter <a href="/facts/Kaph_(letter)/hDIlq2Ml">kaph</a> (כ) representing [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a>].<p>Used in <a href="/facts/Tlingit_language/LUCoX15r">Tlingit</a> and <a href="/facts/Haida_language/eagRtcgI">Haida</a> (among other <a href="/facts/Pacific_Northwest_languages/9PVCxd5P">Pacific Northwest languages</a>) for the <a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_stop/aKeHjs1N">voiceless uvular stop</a> [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">q</a>]. Close to <a href="/facts/Korean_alphabet/prUQxzfJ">Korean</a> ㄲ kk; closest English "shocking"</p><p>Used optionally in the K-dialect of <a href="/facts/M%25C4%2581ori_language/pVhKfILB">Māori</a> in the South Island of New Zealand, where an original ng has merged with k. The ḵ indicates that it corresponds to ng in other dialects. There is no difference in pronunciation between ḵ and k.</p></td></tr><tr><td>Ḻ</td><td>U+1E3A</td><td>Ḻ</td><td>ḻ</td><td>U+1E3B</td><td>ḻ</td><td>One possible <a href="/facts/Transliteration/1eemsW6o">transliteration</a> of the Dravidian retroflex approximant /ɻ/ as in <a href="/facts/Tamil_script/QAEV8dJ5">Tamil</a> letter <a href="/facts/%25E0%25AE%25B4/QAEV8dJ5">ழ</a>. Ḻ is used in the <a href="/facts/Seri_language/AqFJNvc6">Seri language</a> to represent [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a>], like English <i>l</i>, while unmodified "l" represents [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">ɬ</a>], like Welsh <i>ll</i>. It is also used in the <a href="/facts/Mapudungun_alphabet/YcCkVc9P">proposed Unified Alphabet</a> for <a href="/facts/Mapudungun_language/kl1shd1z">Mapudungun</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Ṉ</td><td>U+1E48</td><td>Ṉ</td><td>ṉ</td><td>U+1E49</td><td>ṉ</td><td>Used in <a href="/facts/Pitjantjatjara_language/DLaXDBWB">Pitjantjatjara</a> to represent [<a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_nasal/P7M5mWw6">ɳ</a>], and in <a href="/facts/Saanich_language/1qRkvAb9">Saanich</a> to represent both plain and <a href="/facts/Glottalization/216kqedT">glottalized</a> [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_nasal/0No7r5ab">ɴ</a>]. In the romanization of <a href="/facts/Pashto_language/hc2ndCqx">Pashto</a>, it is used sometimes to represent <a href="/facts/Retroflex_nasal/P7M5mWw6">retroflex N</a>. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /n/.</td></tr><tr><td>Ṟ</td><td>U+1E5E</td><td>Ṟ</td><td>ṟ</td><td>U+1E5F</td><td>ṟ</td><td>Used in <a href="/facts/Pitjantjatjara_language/DLaXDBWB">Pitjantjatjara</a> to represent [<a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_approximant/TvVxIsqL">ɻ</a>], and sometimes in the romanization of <a href="/facts/Pashto_language/hc2ndCqx">Pashto</a> to represent the <a href="/facts/Retroflex_lateral_flap/QQKG1xon">retroflex R</a>. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar trill /r/.</td></tr><tr><td>Ṯ</td><td>U+1E6E</td><td>Ṯ</td><td>ṯ</td><td>U+1E6F</td><td>ṯ</td><td>Used in the <a href="/facts/Mapudungun_alphabet/YcCkVc9P">proposed Unified Alphabet</a> for <a href="/facts/Mapudungun_language/kl1shd1z">Mapudungun language</a> representing [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_dental_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t̪</a>]. In the romanization of <a href="/facts/Pashto_language/hc2ndCqx">Pashto</a>, it is used sometimes to represent <a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive/o2FrLeV9">retroflex T</a>. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /t/. In the romanization of <a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> this letter is used to transcribe the letter <a href="/facts/%25E1%25B9%25AE%25C4%2581%25CA%25BE/mbzqfT5A">Ṯāʾ</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Ẕ</td><td>U+1E94</td><td>Ẕ</td><td>ẕ</td><td>U+1E95</td><td>ẕ</td><td>Used in the 1953 Hebrew Academy <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Hebrew/lqWNLwgA">Romanization of Hebrew</a> to represent <a href="/facts/Tsade/cN3xQlt6">tsade</a> (צ).</td></tr><tr><td>₫</td><td>U+20AB</td><td>₫</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vietnamese_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BB%2593ng/Mmb6GS7g">Vietnamese đồng</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that the Unicode character names of precomposed characters whose <a href="/facts/Canonical_decomposition/yXUtR6GW">decompositions</a> contain U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW use "WITH LINE BELOW" rather than "WITH MACRON BELOW". Thus, U+1E07 ḇ LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW decomposes to U+0062 b LATIN SMALL LETTER B and U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Vietnamese_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BB%2593ng/Mmb6GS7g">Vietnamese đồng</a> <a href="/facts/Currency_symbol/cCPm1sPP">currency sign</a> resembles a lower case d with a stroke and macron below: U+20AB ₫ DONG SIGN but is neither a letter nor decomposable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Underscore/KJsRo3tA">Underscore</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Macron_(diacritic)/41AF4mKp">Macron</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Combining Diacritical Marks Code Chart, Range: 0300–036F" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0300.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0300.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"6.2 General Punctuation" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Version 11.0.0. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2018. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1. Retrieved 2018-12-12. Spacing Overscores and Underscores. U+203E OVERLINE is the above-the-line counterpart to U+005F low line. It is a spacing character, not to be confused with U+0305 COMBINING OVERLINE. As with all overscores and underscores, a sequence of these characters should connect in an unbroken line. The overscoring characters also must be distinguished from U+0304 COMBINING MACRON, which does not connect horizontally in this way. <a href="978-1-936213-19-1" target="_blank">978-1-936213-19-1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Combining Diacritical Marks Code Chart, Range: 0300–036F" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0300.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0300.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Latin Extended Additional Code Chart, Range: 1E00–1EFF" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21. <a href="https://www.unicode.org" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>