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Habitats Directive
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>From 1988 to 1992, the policy was given importance at the national level by policy experts, scientists and ecologists; later on in the 1990s this spawned further political, social and administrative discussions among the relevant countries. </p><p>Due to differences in nature conservation traditions, national problems have arisen in the implementation of the directive. Since member states in the <a href="/facts/Southern_Europe/MlkLQsUc">south</a> and <a href="/facts/Eastern_Europe/f5CDGzNA">east of Europe</a> participated less in nature policies, these states experienced problems with the EU provisions. In <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>, <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a> and <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>, the observation of conflicts between various government layers have caused prolonged delays in the management of nature policies. On the other hand, in member states such as the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a>, positive outcomes have developed due to stakeholder involvement, pro-active authorities, agencies responsible for implementation and public participation. </p><p>According to one 2014 report there are increasing incompatibilities with the Natura 2000 policy on economic development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="annex-i">Annex I</h2> <p>Annex I lists the specific <a href="/facts/Habitat/zo1DN2gA">habitats</a> which have been designated as the a <a href="/facts/Special_Area_of_Conservation/okBrfzEr">Special Area of Conservation</a>, to which a common EU-wide legislation applies. Certain habitats among those are furthermore designated as "priority habitat types". Habitats in the EU are given codes. An area or habitat can combine two habitats, and be designated as for example code 35.2 × 64.1 - Open grassland with <i><a href="/facts/Corynephorus/Bhth6Uot">Corynephorus</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Agrostis/RSzpG2Gp">Agrostis</a></i> (35.2), in combination with continental dunes (64.1). Example Annex I habitats are: </p><p>Open sea and tidal areas </p> <ul><li>Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches</li> <li>Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mediterranean/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean</a> and thermo-Atlantic salt marshes and salt meadows</li> <li>Salt and gypsum continental steppes</li></ul> <p>Dunes </p> <ul><li>Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast</li> <li>Continental dunes, old and decalcified</li></ul> <p>Standing and running freshwater </p> <ul><li>Sections of water courses with natural or semi-natural dynamics (minor, average and major beds) where the water quality shows no significant deterioration</li></ul> <p>Matorral </p> <ul><li>Mediterranean arborescent <a href="/facts/Matorral/JQK0XHqf">matorral</a></li> <li>Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush</li> <li><a href="/facts/Phrygana/3uVkzc46">Phrygana</a></li></ul> <p>Grasslands </p> <ul><li>Natural grasslands</li> <li>Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies</li> <li>Sclerophyllous grazed forests (<a href="/facts/Dehesa/90M3Buy0">dehesas</a>)</li> <li>Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows</li> <li>Mesophile grasslands</li></ul> <p>Bogs, mires and fens </p> <ul><li>Sphagnum acid bogs</li> <li>Calcareous fens</li></ul> <p>Rocky areas and caves </p> <ul><li>Scree, chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes</li> <li>Other rocky habitats</li></ul> <p>Forests - Only (sub-)natural </p> <ul><li>Forests of temperate Europe</li> <li>Mediterranean deciduous forests</li> <li>Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests</li> <li>Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests</li> <li>Mediterranean mountainous coniferous forests</li></ul> <p>The full list of habitats is distributed over 9 main categories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="annex-ii">Annex II</h2> <p>Annex II lists species which determine if an area is a <a href="/facts/Special_Area_of_Conservation/okBrfzEr">Special Area of Conservation</a>. These include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h3>Animals</h3> <h4>Mammals</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Pyrenean_desman/LqMjVGj3">Pyrenean desman</a> (<i>Galemys pyrenaicus</i>)</li> <li>Bats: <i><a href="/facts/Rhinolophus_blasii/NIugv6ms">Rhinolophus blasii</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Rhinolophus_euryale/1r26x1y2"><i>R. euryale</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Rhinolophus_ferrumequinum/eECFVs0R"><i>R. ferrumequinum</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Rhinolophus_hipposideros/vgwcPDeg"><i>R. hipposideros</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Rhinolophus_mehelyi/7s1gBEc9"><i>R. mehelyi</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Barbastella_barbastellus/1Cz7gBBg">Barbastella barbastellus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Miniopterus_schreibersi/MLqdt0Xh">Miniopterus schreibersi</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Myotis_bechsteini/PvTngUWb">Myotis bechsteini</a></i>, M. blythi, <a href="/facts/Myotis_capaccinii/xnAQsRoK"><i>M. capaccinii</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Myotis_dasycneme/PvwybWFa"><i>M. dasycneme</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Myotis_emarginatus/XECbTGG1"><i>M. emarginatus</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Myotis_myotis/7hBzLhsQ"><i>M. myotis</i></a></li> <li>Rodents: <i><a href="/facts/Spermophilus_citellus/nKNXMVeF">Spermophilus citellus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Castor_fiber/E60pbRu8">Castor fiber</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Microtus_cabrerae/f7ez4j5k">Microtus cabrerae</a></i></li> <li>Carnivores: Lynx (<i><a href="/facts/Lynx_lynx/nYcoLMHH">Lynx lynx</a></i>), otter (<i><a href="/facts/Lutra_lutra/oYxBUg7o">Lutra lutra</a></i>) and <i><a href="/facts/Mustela_lutreola/zFMpUAFC">Mustela lutreola</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Grey_seal/5mjEBCKp">Grey seal</a> and <a href="/facts/Harbour_seal/A7o4lzpB">harbour seal</a></li> <li>natural populations of wild goats (<i><a href="/facts/Capra_aegagrus/qQYpJy8a">Capra aegagrus</a></i>)</li> <li>natural populations of wild sheep (<i><a href="/facts/Ovis_ammon_musimon/M6yBkubF">Ovis ammon musimon</a></i>) on <a href="/facts/Corsica/6xJ6aREr">Corsica</a> and <a href="/facts/Sardinia/7GGJNHCx">Sardinia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rupicapra_rupicapra/aoDovrvM"><i>Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica</i></a></li> <li>the dolphin <i><a href="/facts/Tursiops_truncatus/KXn2HDIT">Tursiops truncatus</a></i> and the harbour porpoise <i><a href="/facts/Phocoena_phocoena/EopWT8fB">Phocoena phocoena</a></i></li></ul> <h4>Reptiles and amphibians</h4> <ul><li>Land tortoises: <i><a href="/facts/Testudo_hermanni/SvoQk6PH">Testudo hermanni</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Testudo_graeca/9zp26vMj"><i>T. graeca</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Testudo_marginata/JYfyAdhy"><i>T. marginata</i></a></li> <li>Freshwater turtles: <i><a href="/facts/Emys_orbicularis/uAFfYqay">Emys orbicularis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Mauremys_caspica/shc6hKmv">Mauremys caspica</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Mauremys_leprosa/xUo3Axue"><i>M. leprosa</i></a></li> <li>Lizards: <i><a href="/facts/Iberolacerta_monticola/ch7dBAnT">Lacerta monticola</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Lacerta_schreiberi/E1RfjTp8"><i>L. schreiberi</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Gallotia_galloti/2oFL8kyh"><i>Gallotia galloti insulanagae</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Podarcis_lilfordi/6M4VT9As">Podarcis lilfordi</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Podarcis_pityusensis/3qqYvYVg"><i>P. pityusensis</i></a>, <i>Chalcides occidentalis</i> (a skink) and <i><a href="/facts/Phyllodactylus_europaeus/FP7VGtvz">Phyllodactylus europaeus</a></i> (a gecko)</li> <li>Snakes: <i><a href="/facts/Elaphe_quatuorlineata/XLYqPVck">Elaphe quatuorlineata</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Elaphe_situla/eVJKUmHP"><i>E. situla</i></a> and <i><a href="/facts/Vipera_ursinii/g0WlNfcF">Vipera ursinii</a></i></li> <li>Salamanders: <i><a href="/facts/Chioglossa_lusitanica/7N8faXFE">Chioglossa lusitanica</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Mertensiella_luschani/471xg4eE">Mertensiella luschani</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Salamandrina_terdigitata/bLfcDfao">Salamandrina terdigitata</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Triturus_cristatus/7TdJUEbs">Triturus cristatus</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Olm/tgwpbkkx">olm</a> (<i>Proteus anguinus</i>), <i><a href="/facts/Speleomantes_ambrosii/YnS20jdt">Speleomantes ambrosii</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Speleomantes_flavus/eF33y64E"><i>S. flavus</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Speleomantes_genei/HGdBFgXU"><i>S. genei</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Speleomantes_imperialis/Wf4DTQ5L"><i>S. imperialis</i></a> and S. supramontes</li> <li>Toads: <i><a href="/facts/Bombina_bombina/UGlx1zHc">Bombina bombina</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Bombina_variegata/MzIeBafA"><i>B. variegata</i></a></li> <li>Frogs: <i><a href="/facts/Rana_latastei/IKUVfIN1">Rana latastei</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Discoglossus_jeanneae/bL0bMGJA">Discoglossus jeanneae</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Discoglossus_montalentii/tq7W097E"><i>D. montalentii</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Discoglossus_sardus/5kukcqwY"><i>D. sardus</i></a></li></ul> <h4>Fish</h4> <ul><li>All <i><a href="/facts/Eudontomyzon/nXTsIYVM">Eudontomyzon</a></i> species, <i><a href="/facts/Lampetra_fluviatilis/NJguB3j4">Lampetra fluviatilis</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Lampetra_planeri/e24M6VJQ"><i>L. planeri</i></a>, <i>Lethenteron zanandrai</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Petromyzon_marinus/bWRxIn2x">Petromyzon marinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Aphanius_iberus/QfYYdAzU">Aphanius iberus</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Aphanius_fasciatus/DoNsuaVV"><i>A. fasciatus</i></a></li> <li>only natural populations of <i><a href="/facts/Hucho_hucho/KJC7ppBW">Hucho hucho</a></i></li> <li>only freshwater populations of salmon (<i><a href="/facts/Salmo_salar/Pkyou5kA">Salmo salar</a></i>), the trout S. marmoradus and <a href="/facts/Salmo_macrostigma/1Cgmy1TG"><i>S. macrostigma</i></a></li> <li>the <a href="/facts/Cyprinidae/jVQrgNht">cyprid</a> fish <i>Alburnus vulturius</i>, <a href="/facts/Alburnus_albidus/tgGDTcwF"><i>A. albidus</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Anaecypris_hispanica/YRdaQD7w">Anaecypris hispanica</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Aspius_aspius/twErb2tQ">Aspius aspius</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Barbus_plebejus/ppyqfSWt">Barbus plebejus</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Barbus_meridionalis/zm4aCszY"><i>B. meridionalis</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Barbus_capito/NTullop3"><i>B. capito</i></a>, B. comiza, <i><a href="/facts/Chalcalburnus_chalcoides/8X6FDEqL">Chalcalburnus chalcoides</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Chondrostoma_soetta/yjJKg0NC">Chondrostoma soetta</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Chondrostoma_polylepis/J20P3EHY"><i>Ch. polylepis</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Chondrostoma_genei/3rjJ6qaP"><i>Ch. genei</i></a>, Ch. lusitanicum, <a href="/facts/Chondrostoma_toxostoma/tsLyRc99"><i>Ch. toxostoma</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Gobio_albipinnatus/FjH4tFBG">Gobio albipinnatus</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Gobio_uranoscopus/cRtblbA6"><i>G. uranoscopus</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Iberocypris_palaciosi/RxBmXPBm">Iberocypris palaciosi</a></i>, <i>Leuciscus lucomonis</i>, <a href="/facts/Leuciscus_souffia/2MGGy40E"><i>L. souffia</i></a>, all species of <i><a href="/facts/Phoxinellus/WkrMnKa0">Phoxinellus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Rutilus_pigus/0mwXzpbl">Rutilus pigus</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Rutilus_rubilio/bESY1Ncj"><i>R. rubilio</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Rutilus_arcasii/kmN7ArES"><i>R. arcasii</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Rutilus_macrolepidotus/wcKK4fR5"><i>R. macrolepidotus</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Rutilus_lemmingii/LCMuLm36"><i>R. lemmingii</i></a>, R. friesii meidingeri, <a href="/facts/Rutilus_alburnoides/NYgv16cK"><i>R. alburnoides</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Rhodeus_sericeus/0uR0hceH"><i>Rhodeus sericeus amarus</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Scardinius_graecus/4M96Fynm">Scardinius graecus</a></i></li> <li>the <a href="/facts/Cobitidae/FQ3BNruR">Cobitidae</a> loaches <i>Cobitis conspersa</i>, C. larvata, <a href="/facts/Cobitis_trichonica/wzJCBhAG"><i>C. trichonica</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Cobitis_taenia/fNsBgcny"><i>C. taenia</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Misgurnis_fossilis/KQt9gWww">Misgurnis fossilis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Sabanejewia_aurata/nEQsEkHg">Sabanejewia aurata</a></i></li> <li>of the perches: <i><a href="/facts/Gymnocephalus_schraetzer/WUsLnQCd">Gymnocephalus schraetzer</a></i> and all <i><a href="/facts/Zingel/Ew54EGbE">Zingel</a></i> species except <a href="/facts/Zingel_asper/587LH1Eo"><i>Z. asper</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Zingel_zingel/bUK6J9lp"><i>Z. zingel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gobiidae/DVTzCgGI">Gobiidae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Pomatoschistus_canestrini/SNqVLeFR">Pomatoschistus canestrini</a></i>, <i>Padogobius panizzai</i>, <a href="/facts/Padogobius_nigricans/wCuRpSnM"><i>P. nigricans</i></a></li> <li>the <a href="/facts/Cottus_(fish)/B5QsVPkx">freshwater sculpins</a> <i>Cottus ferruginosus</i>, <a href="/facts/Cottus_gobio/E7cHKQjn"><i>C. gobio</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Cottus_petiti/yQ7pvpNJ"><i>C. petiti</i></a></li> <li>all <i><a href="/facts/Alosa/l1P7YNuD">Alosa</a></i> species, the river herrings or scads.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aristotle%2527s_catfish/dBHJgvH6">Aristotle's catfish</a> (<i>Silurus aristotelis</i>)</li></ul> <h4>Crustaceans</h4> <ul><li>the freshwater crayfish <i><a href="/facts/Austropotamobius_pallipes/m3tTjVcM">Austropotamobius pallipes</a></i></li></ul> <h4>Insects</h4> <ul><li>the beetles <i><a href="/facts/Buprestis_splendens/aPe6MPRb">Buprestis splendens</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Cerambyx_cerdo/beY2vcUu">Cerambyx cerdo</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Cucujus_cinnaberinus/vqn9XpDF">Cucujus cinnaberinus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Dytiscus_latissimus/bj3M3u78">Dytiscus latissimus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Graphoderus_bilineatus/14k3jyn0">Graphoderus bilineatus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Limoniscus_violaceus/zyP46Mxl">Limoniscus violaceus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lucanus_cervus/B84WrkB6">Lucanus cervus</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Morimus_funereus/4b9xeH5l">Morimus funereus</a></i></li> <li>the butterflies <i><a href="/facts/Coenonympha_oedippus/vXeBTWRI">Coenonympha oedippus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Erebia_calcaria/s2XG1rBU">Erebia calcaria</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Erebia_christi/JlApGykE"><i>E. christi</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Eriogaster_catax/tbmflTmj">Eriogaster catax</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Euphydryas_aurinia/MJFN9X4Q">Euphydryas aurinia</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Graellsia_isabellae/Maxz5mVU">Graellsia isabellae</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Hypodryas_maturna/egng1kAh">Hypodryas maturna</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lycaena_dispar/QmCX1lYg">Lycaena dispar</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Maculinea_nausithous/1mR9TCaf">Maculinea nausithous</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Maculinea_teleius/8WPEpQJz"><i>M. teleius</i></a>, <i>Melanagria arge</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Papilio_hospiton/gjY0Ya95">Papilio hospiton</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Plebicula_golgus/nLaMoncz">Plebicula golgus</a></i></li> <li>the praying mantis <i><a href="/facts/Apteromantis_aptera/eaMThdIb">Apteromantis aptera</a></i></li> <li>the dragonflies <i>Coenagrion hylas</i>, <a href="/facts/Coenagrion_mercuriale/BCh60qvp"><i>C. mercuriale</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Cordulegaster_trinacriae/pNHPtEKR">Cordulegaster trinacriae</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Gomphus_graslinii/0Mnsvjxh">Gomphus graslinii</a></i>, <i>Leucorrhina pectoralis</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lindenia_tetraphylla/k52BTUer">Lindenia tetraphylla</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Macromia_splendens/WfGgzGek">Macromia splendens</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Ophiogomphus_cecilia/06ENkhQm">Ophiogomphus cecilia</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Oxygastra_curtisii/ogfRla6K">Oxygastra curtisii</a></i></li> <li>the grasshopper <i><a href="/facts/Baetica_ustulata/n5yee67R">Baetica ustulata</a></i></li></ul> <h4>Molluscs</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gastropods/rYPqm3PT">Gastropods</a> (snails): <i><a href="/facts/Caseolus_calculus/zEBzSmKw">Caseolus calculus</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Caseolus_commixta/Kmx2wG4u"><i>C. commixta</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Caseolus_sphaerula/weFwVkmd"><i>C. sphaerula</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Discula_leacockiana/bUHL2kDp">Discula leacockiana</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Discula_tabellata/dW569oNp"><i>D. tabellata</i></a>, <i>Discus defloratus</i>, <a href="/facts/Discus_guerinianus/wQTVhdsW"><i>D. guerinianus</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Elona_quimperiana/tRlwezr5">Elona quimperiana</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Geomalacus_maculosus/KzzVFrSU">Geomalacus maculosus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Geomitra_moniziana/mKrF8y11">Geomitra moniziana</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Idiomela_subplicata/t5lE5cya">Idiomela subplicata</a></i> (as <i>Helix subplicata</i>), <i><a href="/facts/Leiostyla_abbreviata/aPSseSUu">Leiostyla abbreviata</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Leiostyla_cassida/Sv3w6wjh"><i>L. cassida</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Leiostyla_corneocostata/zPm4a8kx"><i>L. corneocostata</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Leiostyla_gibba/bszyTRYx"><i>L. gibba</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Leiostyla_lamellosa/GcHbYdbn"><i>L. lamellosa</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Vertigo_angustior/IdTNdd4n">Vertigo angustior</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Vertigo_genesii/xbW2HHnR"><i>V. genesii</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Vertigo_geyeri/ImIFz5MC"><i>V. geyeri</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Vertigo_moulinsiana/6etBS30K"><i>V. moulinsiana</i></a></li> <li>Bivalves: <i><a href="/facts/Margaritifera_margaritifera/3GFoxjDa">Margaritifera margaritifera</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Unio_crassus/Hp25ChbL">Unio crassus</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Plants</h3> <p>Mosses and liverworts: <i>Bruchia vogesiaca</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Buxbaumia_viridis/56fw749Q">Buxbaumia viridis</a></i>, <i>Dichelyma capillaceum</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Dicranum_viride/nWcuFSns">Dicranum viride</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Distichophyllum_carinatum/EknDHNHz">Distichophyllum carinatum</a></i>, <i>Drepanocladus vernicosus</i>, <i>Jungermannia handelii</i>, <i>Mannia triandra</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Meesia_longiseta/oGyVdcYU">Meesia longiseta</a></i>, <i>Nothothylas orbicularis</i>, <i>Orthotrichum rogeri</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Petalophyllum_ralfsii/YUBMQWHk">Petalophyllum ralfsii</a></i>, <i>Riccia breidleri</i>, <i>Riella helicophylla</i>, <i>Scapania massolongi</i>, <i>Sphagnum pylaisii</i>, <i>Tayloria rudolphiana</i> </p><p>Ferns and allies </p> <ul><li>the ferns <i>Asplenium jahandiezii</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Culcita_macrocarpa/xCW0kKUG">Culcita macrocarpa</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Trichomanes_speciosum/k67jQAhq">Trichomanes speciosum</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Woodwardia_radicans/rIske5I7">Woodwardia radicans</a></i></li> <li>the water ferns <i>Marsilea batardae</i>, <a href="/facts/Marsilea_quadrifolia/06JadaWg"><i>M. quadrifolia</i></a> and M. strigosa</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Botrychium_simplex/LJKEwsVL">Botrychium simplex</a></i> and <i>Ophioglossum polyphyllum</i></li> <li>the squillworts <i>Isoetes boryana</i> and <a href="/facts/Isoetes_malinverniana/3Yyl7Isq"><i>I. malinverniana</i></a></li></ul> <p>Monocots </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alismataceae/dIqU8fws">Alismataceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Caldesia_parnassifolia/WU6BGzrr">Caldesia parnassifolia</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Luronium_natans/53xg7wHc">Luronium natans</a></i></li> <li><i>Allium grosii</i></li> <li><i>Eleocharis carniolica</i></li> <li><i>Juncus valvatus</i></li> <li><i>Hyacinthoides vicentina</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Leucojum_nicaeense/S9LTfcRn">Leucojum nicaeense</a></i></li> <li>Daffodils: <i><a href="/facts/Narcissus_asturiensis/43BUzJG9">Narcissus asturiensis</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_calcicola/0mdKUcUM"><i>N. calcicola</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_cyclamineus/YphLwNtJ"><i>N. cyclamineus</i></a>, N. fernandesii, N. humilis, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus/xACM3U5B"><i>N. pseudonarcissus</i> subsp. <i>nobilis</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_scaberulus/tawsouWK"><i>N. scaberulus</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_triandrus/N7PQ4Bst"><i>N. triandrus</i> subsp. <i>capax</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_viridiflorus/6JDDWPpq"><i>N. viridiflorus</i></a></li> <li>Grasses: <i>Avenula hackelii</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Bromus_grossus/dNxeWNWd">Bromus grossus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Coleanthus_subtilis/sL7hMdlF">Coleanthus subtilis</a></i>, <i>Festuca brigantina</i>, F. duriotagana, <a href="/facts/Festuca_elegans/elKe2AY2"><i>F. elegans</i></a>, F. henriquesii, F. sumilusitanica, <i>Gaudinia hispanica</i>, Holcus setiglumissubsp. duriensis, <i><a href="/facts/Micropyropsis_tuberosa/m8om8B3t">Micropyropsis tuberosa</a></i>. <i>Pseudarrhenatherum pallens</i> and <i>Puccinellia pungens</i></li> <li>Orchids: <i><a href="/facts/Cypripedium_calceolus/8BWsA6Sq">Cypripedium calceolus</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Liparis_loeselii/pM9y6tQL">Liparis loeselii</a></i></li> <li>Cretan date palm (<i><a href="/facts/Phoenix_theophrasti/gAItGyaM">Phoenix theophrasti</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>Dicots </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Apiaceae/YtVJ0nBk">Apiaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Angelica_palustris/4ytpeHvb">Angelica palustris</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Apium_repens/V53EfIp5">Apium repens</a></i>, <i>Athamanta cortiana</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Eryngium_alpinum/uhBTTFM6">Eryngium alpinum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Petagnia_saniculifolia/5Q5X05B2">Petagnia saniculifolia</a></i>, <i>Rouya polygama</i> and <i>Thorella verticillatinundata</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Aldrovanda_vesiculosa/xwn5Kt5X">Aldrovanda vesiculosa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Asteraceae/bouc6v8C">Asteraceae</a>: <i>Centaurea corymbosa</i>, C. gadorensis, C. kartschiana, Centaurea micranthasubsp. herminii, C. pulvinata, C. rothmalerana, C. vicentina, <i>Crepis granatensis</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Erigeron_frigidus/zdEY5hvK">Erigeron frigidus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Hymenostemma_pseudanthemis/6G5oja2w">Hymenostemma pseudanthemis</a></i>, <i>Leontodon microcephalus</i>, L. boryi, <i>Leuzea longifolia</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Ligularia_sibirica/IBVByKN8">Ligularia sibirica</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Santolina_impressa/C0MaJeKM">Santolina impressa</a></i>, S. semidentata and <i><a href="/facts/Senecio_nevadensis/pWQ95G7X">Senecio nevadensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Boraginaceae/wGbPMTXF">Boraginaceae</a>: <i>Myosotis lusitanica</i>, <a href="/facts/Myosotis_rehsteineri/XePvorlg"><i>M. rehsteineri</i></a>, M. retusifolia, <i>Omphalodes kuzinskyana</i> and <i>Solenanthus albanicus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brassicaceae/xMjNIBzU">Brassicaceae</a>: <i>Alyssum pyrenaicum</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Arabis_sadina/2gqpg3TR">Arabis sadina</a></i>, <i>Biscutella vincentina</i>, <i>Boleum asperum</i>, <i>Brassica glabrescens</i>, B. insularis, <i><a href="/facts/Coincya_cintrana/GCQYlHbr">Coincya cintrana</a></i>, <i>Diplotaxis ibicensis</i>, D. vicentina, <i>Erucastrum palustre</i>, Iberis procumbenssubsp. microcarpa, <i>Ionopsidium savianum</i>, <i>Sisymbrium cavanillesianum</i> and S. supinum</li> <li><a href="/facts/Campanulaceae/HodAV8NR">Campanulaceae</a>: <i>Asyneuma giganteum</i>, Jasione crispasubsp. serpentinica and J. lusitanica</li> <li><a href="/facts/Caryophyllaceae/c2jM8DUd">Caryophyllaceae</a>: <i>Arenaria provincialis</i>, Dianthus cintranussubsp. cintranus, D. marizii, <a href="/facts/Dianthus_rupicola/7p7jRdou"><i>D. rupicola</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Herniaria_algarvica/3sb08wTb">Herniaria algarvica</a></i>, H. berlengiana, <a href="/facts/Herniaria_maritima/v2p5tImb"><i>H. maritima</i></a>, <i>Moehringia tommasinii</i>, <i>Petrocoptis grandiflora</i>, P. montsicciana, <a href="/facts/Petrocoptis_pseudoviscosa/bBblVMLU"><i>P. pseudoviscosa</i></a>, <i>Silene cintrana</i>, S. hifacensis, <a href="/facts/Silene_longicilia/w4pf9leK"><i>S. longicilia</i></a> and S. mariana</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Centranthus_trinervis/AWDlgFPE">Centranthus trinervis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cistaceae/N9IMDPBC">Cistaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Cistus_palhinhae/CybMPadX">Cistus palhinhae</a></i>, <i>Halimium verticillatum</i>, <i>Helianthemum alypoides</i> and H. caput-felis</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Daphne_petraea/AFyXX7eM">Daphne petraea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Erodium_paularense/YWjDfq5x">Erodium paularense</a></i></li> <li><i>Euphorbia transtagana</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fabaceae/uxuHNdAr">Fabaceae</a>: <i>Anthyllis hystrix</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Astragalus_alopecurus/evRYSWxd">Astragalus alopecurus</a></i> (as <i>Astragalus centralpinus</i>), A. tremolsianus, <i>Genista dorycnifolia</i>, G. holopetala, <a href="/facts/Melilotus_segetalis/XfpxDocd"><i>Melilotus segetalis</i> subsp. <i>fallax</i></a> and <i>Trifolium saxatile</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gentianaceae/51mFV4Bf">Gentianaceae</a>: <i>Gentiana ligustica</i> and <i>Gentianella angelica</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lamiaceae/PUp3Bbjj">Lamiaceae</a>: <i>Dracocephalum austriacum</i>, <i>Nepeta dirphya</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Origanum_dictamnus/9YhkbRyB">Origanum dictamnus</a></i>, Sideritis incanasubsp. glauca, S. javalambrensis, S. serrata, <i>Teucrium lepicephalum</i>, T. turredanum and <i><a href="/facts/Thymus_carnosus/2Rok3Lyh">Thymus carnosus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Malvaceae/qXjmLBto">Malvaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Kosteletzkya_pentacarpos/NMF92QqY">Kosteletzkya pentacarpos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Najas_flexilis/TMV7U5Kg">Najas flexilis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paeoniaceae/TnkmFzEo">Paeoniaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Paeonia_cambessedesii/RbhH90IB">Paeonia cambessedesii</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Paeonia_parnassica/nmFbrq01"><i>P. parnassica</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Paeonia_clusii/coL8P43R"><i>P. clusii</i> subsp. <i>rhodia</i></a></li> <li><i>Pinguicula nevadensis</i></li> <li><i>Plantago algarbiensis</i> and P. almogravensis</li> <li><a href="/facts/Plumbaginaceae/QRXG2fQX">Plumbaginaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Armeria_berlengensis/7w3VqzaE">Armeria berlengensis</a></i>, A. negleta, A. pseudarmeria, A. soleirolii, A. velutina, Limonium dodartiisubsp. lusitanicum, L. lanceolatum and <a href="/facts/Limonium_multiflorum/xw9gDx2o"><i>L. multiflorum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polygonaceae/TJmYwq8c">Polygonaceae</a>: <i>Polygonum praelongum</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Rumex_rupestris/LV6Nbspy">Rumex rupestris </a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Primulaceae/zPBHn98L">Primulaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Androsace_mathildae/yPdhaPVw">Androsace mathildae</a></i>, A. pyrenaica, <i>Primula palinuri</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Soldanella_villosa/xdu1jGa9">Soldanella villosa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ranunculaceae/pHbdAjKD">Ranunculaceae</a>: <i>Adonis distorta</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Aquilegia_bertolonii/s7A8H3Cf">Aquilegia bertolonii</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Aquilegia_kitaibelii/u3nHdw1T">A. kitaibelii</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Pulsatilla_patens/AtXtQJHH">Pulsatilla patens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rosaceae/KYrlFdv6">Rosaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Potentilla_delphinensis/VaLydbkc">Potentilla delphinensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Saxifragaceae/mjgl2X2r">Saxifragaceae</a>: <i>Saxifraga berica</i>, S. florulenta, <a href="/facts/Saxifraga_hirculus/kyg0gcoQ"><i>S. hirculus</i></a> and S. tombeanensis</li> <li><a href="/facts/Scrophulariaceae/RWr9sSlL">Scrophulariaceae</a>: <i>Antirrhinum charidemi</i>, Chaenorrhinum serpyllifoliumsubsp. lusitanicum, <i>Euphrasia marchesettii</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Linaria_algarviana/arNpJNvz">Linaria algarviana</a></i>, L. coutinhoi, L. flava, L. tonzigii, <i>Odontites granatensis</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_litigiosum/YxeD1qcX">Verbascum litigiosum</a></i> and <i>Veronica micrantha</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Thesium_ebracteatum/Whdo2FJn">Thesium ebracteatum</a></i></li> <li><i>Viola jaubertiana</i></li> <li>Willow: <a href="/facts/Salix_salviifolia/Y1lnXtAD"><i>Salix salviifolia</i> subsp. <i>australis</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Zelkova_abelicea/qpQsqu5Y">Zelkova abelicea</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Priority species</h3> <p>There are also a number of priority species:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h4>Animals</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Microtus_oeconomus/auTFHXYm">Dutch tundra vole</a> (<i>Microtus oeconomus arenicola</i>)</li> <li>Wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>): Spanish populations: only those south of the <a href="/facts/Duero/rrKSfhbf">Duero</a>; Greek populations: only those south of the <a href="/facts/39th_parallel_north/cko21fWn">39th parallel</a>)</li> <li>Brown bear</li> <li><a href="/facts/Iberian_lynx/1AKEqVKN">Iberian lynx</a></li> <li>Monk seal (<i><a href="/facts/Monachus_monachus/uszXsGYE">Monachus monachus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Corsican_red_deer/1Lr2wLnV">Corsican red deer</a> (<i>Cervus elaphus corsicanus</i>)</li> <li>Pyrenean ibex (<i><a href="/facts/Capra_pyrenaica_pyrenaica/V8LavxXb">Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica</a></i>)</li> <li>Apennine chamois (<i>Rupicarpa ornata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Loggerhead_sea_turtle/0JQbMp4r">Loggerhead sea turtle</a> (<i>Caretta caretta</i>)</li> <li>the lizard <i><a href="/facts/Gallotia_simonyi/kKJuugko">Gallotia simonyi</a></i></li> <li>the viper <i><a href="/facts/Vipera_schweizeri/oPtsoW86">Vipera schweizeri</a></i></li> <li>Fire salamander (<a href="/facts/Salamandra_salamandra/nURkMRDV"><i>Salamandra salamandra aurorae</i></a>)</li> <li>Majorcan midwife toad (<i><a href="/facts/Alytes_muletensis/lBuQgAIs">Alytes muletensis</a></i>)</li> <li>the frog <a href="/facts/Pelobates_fuscus/1q8CreHm"><i>Pelobates fuscus insubricus</i></a></li> <li>the sturgeons <i><a href="/facts/Acipenser_naccarii/nLPnKUlu">Acipenser naccarii</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Acipenser_sturio/WqdVVTpm">Acipenser sturio</a></i></li> <li>the fish <i><a href="/facts/Valencia_hispanica/1TNuFb95">Valencia hispanica</a></i></li> <li>some of the <a href="/facts/Anadromous/obNpLAUD">anadromous</a> populations in certain sectors of the North Sea of <i><a href="/facts/Coregonus_oxyrhynchus/PVo44Xyk">Coregonus oxyrhynchus</a></i></li> <li>the <a href="/facts/Cyprinidae/jVQrgNht">cyprid</a> fish <i><a href="/facts/Ladigesocypris_ghigii/PT2NSxqx">Ladigesocypris ghigii</a></i></li> <li>the beetles <i><a href="/facts/Carabus_olympiae/BouVNrll">Carabus olympiae</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Osmoderma_eremita/lpA0QDD6">Osmoderma eremita</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Rosalia_alpina/3jbylbTV">Rosalia alpina</a></i></li> <li>the butterfly <i><a href="/facts/Euplagia_quadripunctaria/HWgC9G1A">Euplagia quadripunctaria</a></i> (under the synonym <i>Callimorpha quadripunctata</i>)</li></ul> <h4>Plants</h4> <ul><li>the fern <i>Dryopteris corleyi</i></li> <li>the moss <i>Bryoerythrophyllum machadoanum</i></li> <li>the liverwort <i><a href="/facts/Marsupella_profunda/CeJ3cekD">Marsupella profunda</a></i></li> <li>the spruce <i><a href="/facts/Abies_nebrodensis/tkgK2QtE">Abies nebrodensis</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Androcymbium rechingeri</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Asphodelus_bento-rainhae/e9RuGxxI">Asphodelus bento-rainhae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Muscari_gussonei/sUeAUEsL">Muscari gussonei</a></i></li> <li>the daffodil <i><a href="/facts/Narcissus_nevadensis/Bvo2p1NQ">Narcissus nevadensis</a></i></li> <li><i>Carex panormitana</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dioscorea_chouardii/JcUl0xb1">Dioscorea chouardii</a></i> (as <i>Borderea chouardii</i>)</li> <li>Grasses: <i>Stipa austroitalica</i>, S. bavarica and S. veneta</li> <li>Orchids: <i>Cephalanthera cucullata</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Ophrys_lunulata/PkYukS60">Ophrys lunulata</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Apiaceae/YtVJ0nBk">Apiaceae</a>: <i>Angelica heterocarpa</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Apium_bermejoi/gLKJyYvh">Apium bermejoi</a></i>, <i>Bupleurum capillare</i>, <a href="/facts/Bupleurum_kakiskalae/RToUSU6C"><i>B. kakiskalae</i></a>, <i>Eryngium viviparum</i>, <i>Laserpitium longiradium</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Naufraga_balearica/Xxc2omGW">Naufraga balearica</a></i>, <i>Oenanthe conioides</i> and <i>Seseli intricatum</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Asteraceae/bouc6v8C">Asteraceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Anthemis_glaberrima/PGXSfFEa">Anthemis glaberrima</a></i>, <i>Artemisia granatensis</i>, <i>Aster pyrenaeus</i>, A. sorrentinii, <i>Carduus myriacanthus</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Centaurea_alba/JvhfgkVc">Centaurea alba</a></i> subsp. <i>heldreichii</i> and subsp. <i>princeps</i>, C. atticasubsp. megarensis, <a href="/facts/Centaurea_balearica/NqSNTpTT"><i>C. balearica</i></a>, C. borjae, C. citricolor, <a href="/facts/Centaurea_horrida/Aj0lI9Fx"><i>C. horrida</i></a>, C. kalambakensis, C. lactiflora, C. niederi, C. peucedanifolia, C. pinnata, <i><a href="/facts/Crepis_crocifolia/IDsQEhWn">Crepis crocifolia</a></i>, <i>Jurinea cyanoides</i>, J. fontqueri, <i><a href="/facts/Lamyropsis_microcephala/YjW8638r">Lamyropsis microcephala</a></i>, <i>Leontodon siculus</i> and <i>Senecio elodes</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Atropa_baetica/utWMoBKV">Atropa baetica</a></i></li> <li><i>Bassia saxicola</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Boraginaceae/wGbPMTXF">Boraginaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Anchusa_crispa/Mtf3odhG">Anchusa crispa</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lithodora_nitida/bMKTHzev">Lithodora nitida</a></i>, <i>Omphalodes littoralis</i> and <i>Symphytum cycladense</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brassicaceae/xMjNIBzU">Brassicaceae</a>: <i>Biscutella neustriaca</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Brassica_macrocarpa/cz8FXCYr">Brassica macrocarpa</a></i>, <i>Coincya rupestris</i>, <i>Coronopus navasii</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Diplotaxis_siettiana/wageXP3T">Diplotaxis siettiana</a></i>, <i>Iberis arbuscula</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Ionopsidium_acaule/XSQBDbM6">Ionopsidium acaule</a></i></li> <li><i>Campanula sabatia</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Caryophyllaceae/c2jM8DUd">Caryophyllaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Arenaria_nevadensis/HQPP2DGo">Arenaria nevadensis</a></i>, <i>Gypsophila papillosa</i>, Herniaria latifoliasubsp. litardierei, <i><a href="/facts/Silene_hicesiae/v2rkwNoe">Silene hicesiae</a></i>, S. holzmanii, S. orphanidis, S. rothmaleri and S. velutina</li> <li><a href="/facts/Convolvulaceae/JguAbh5K">Convolvulaceae</a>: <i>Convolvulus argyrothamnus</i> and <a href="/facts/Convolvulus_fernandesii/a0Wb0pyY"><i>C. fernandesii</i></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cistaceae/N9IMDPBC">Cistaceae</a>: <i>Tuberaria major</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Daphne_rodriguezii/yUdqSGMv">Daphne rodriguezii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Euphorbia_margalidiana/sI7IjVma">Euphorbia margalidiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fabaceae/uxuHNdAr">Fabaceae</a>: <i>Astragalus algarbiensis</i>, A. aquilanus, A. maritimus, A. verrucosus, <i>Cytisus aeolicus</i>, <i>Ononis hackelii</i> and <i>Vicia bifoliolata</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gentianaceae/51mFV4Bf">Gentianaceae</a>: <i>Centaurium rigualii</i> and C. somedanum</li> <li><a href="/facts/Geraniaceae/wGzFDtSQ">Geraniaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Erodium_astragaloides/vbbxwngp">Erodium astragaloides</a></i> and E. rupicola</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Hypericum_aciferum/hB56TkFs">Hypericum aciferum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lamiaceae/PUp3Bbjj">Lamiaceae</a>: <i>Micromeria taygetea</i>, <i>Nepeta sphaciotica</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Thymus_camphoratus/QynxoAXM">Thymus camphoratus</a></i> and T. cephalotos</li> <li><i>Linum muelleri</i></li> <li><i>Lythrum flexuosum</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plumbaginaceae/QRXG2fQX">Plumbaginaceae</a>: <i>Armeria helodes</i>, A. rouyana, <i>Limonium insulare</i>, L. pseudolaetum and <a href="/facts/Limonium_strictissimum/wTItlozs"><i>L. strictissimum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Primulaceae/zPBHn98L">Primulaceae</a>: <i>Primula apennina</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ranunculaceae/pHbdAjKD">Ranunculaceae</a>: <i>Aconitum corsicum</i>, <a href="/facts/Aquilegia_pyrenaica/Jns0S3zd"><i>Aquilegia pyrenaica</i> subsp. <i>cazorlensis</i></a>, <i>Consolida samia</i> and <i>Ranunculus weyleri</i></li> <li><i>Reseda decursiva</i></li> <li><i>Ribes sardum</i> a currant from Saridnia</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rubiaceae/MqQIkUSj">Rubiaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Galium_litorale/KWsqpraT">Galium litorale</a></i> and G. viridiflorum</li> <li><i>Salicornia veneta</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scrophulariaceae/RWr9sSlL">Scrophulariaceae</a>: <i>Euphrasia genargentea</i>, <i>Globularia stygia</i>, <i>Linaria ficalhoana</i>, L. hellenica, <a href="/facts/Linaria_ricardoi/lyNK5PIo"><i>L. ricardoi</i></a>, L. tursica and <i>Veronica oetaea</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Viola_hispida/nIgQr8Vm">Viola hispida</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Macaronesia</h3> <p>There is a separate list for plants from <a href="/facts/Macaronesia/mbdgpk8q">Macaronesia</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>Isoestes azorica</i></li> <li><i>Marsilea azorica</i></li> <li><i>Carex malato-belizii</i></li> <li>Grasses: <i>Deschampsia maderensis</i>, <i>Phalaris maderensis</i></li> <li><i>Scilla maderensis</i></li> <li><i>Semele maderensis</i></li> <li>Orchids: <i>Goodyera macrophylla</i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Apiaceae/YtVJ0nBk">Apiaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Ammi_trifoliatum/P9Ror3xk">Ammi trifoliatum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Bupleurum_handiense/HqJTzQXm">Bupleurum handiense</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Chaerophyllum_azoricum/MlrDQjLD">Chaerophyllum azoricum</a></i>, <i>Ferula latipinna</i>, <i>Melanoselinum decipiens</i>, <i>Monizia edulis</i>, <i>Oenanthe divaricata</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Sanicula_azorica/25NCpr7A">Sanicula azorica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arceuthobium_azoricum/5gHsn8kA">Arceuthobium azoricum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Asteraceae/bouc6v8C">Asteraceae</a>: <i>Andryala crithmifolia</i>, <i>Argyranthemum thalassophylum</i>. A. winterii, <i>Atractylis preauxiana</i>, <i>Calendula maderensis</i>, <i>Cheirolophus duranii</i>, Ch. ghomerytus, Ch. junonianus, Ch. massonianus, <i>Cirsium latifolium</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Helichrysum_gossypinum/qCK09H2c">Helichrysum gossypinum</a></i>, H. oligocephala, <i>Phagnalon benettii</i>, <i>Stemmacantha cynaroides</i> and <i>Sventenia bupleuroides</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Beta_patula/BB0R8Qm7">Beta patula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Caralluma_burchardii/o284fdJl">Caralluma burchardii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Boraginaceae/wGbPMTXF">Boraginaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Echium_candicans/aIIAjQsV">Echium candicans</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Myosotis_azorica/WjKWhj5S">Myosotis azorica</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Myosotis_maritima/VFmMJQKp"><i>M. maritima</i></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brassicaceae/xMjNIBzU">Brassicaceae</a>: <i>Crambe laevigata</i> and <i>Sinapidendron rupestre</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Campanulaceae/HodAV8NR">Campanulaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Musschia_aurea/wb4K2EQf">Musschia aurea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cistaceae/N9IMDPBC">Cistaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Cistus_chinamadensis/u2QbgLba">Cistus chinamadensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Crassulaceae/rvqssVMe">Crassulaceae</a>: <i>Aeonium gomeraense</i>, A. saundersii, <i><a href="/facts/Aichryson_dumosum/gqMvI9YH">Aichryson dumosum</a></i>, <i>Monanthes wildpretii</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Sedum_brissemoretii/VUHuA26y">Sedum brissemoretii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Caryophyllaceae/c2jM8DUd">Caryophyllaceae</a>: <i>Spergularia azorica</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Erica_azorica/bYbRoY1q">Erica azorica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Euphorbia_lambii/Rk8689mv">Euphorbia lambii</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Euphorbia_stygiana/A7AJ6nbE"><i>E. stygiana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fabaceae/uxuHNdAr">Fabaceae</a>: <i>Anthyllis lemanniana</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lotus_callis-viridis/l3okmVJQ">Lotus callis-viridis</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Vicia_dennesiana/9F2DNNLf">Vicia dennesiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Frangula_azorica/mUb2oJY7">Frangula azorica</a></i></li> <li><i>Kunkeliella subsucculenta</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lamiaceae/PUp3Bbjj">Lamiaceae</a>: <i>Sideritis infernalis</i>, S. marmorea, <i>Teucrium abutiloides</i> and T. betonicum</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Maytenus_umbellata/C9C31cnA">Maytenus umbellata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oleaceae/gWDrrrbw">Oleaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Jasminum_azoricum/cDLLUzJk">Jasminum azoricum</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Picconia_azorica/4WwR331k">Picconia azorica</a></i></li> <li><i>Plantago malato-belizii</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plumbaginaceae/QRXG2fQX">Plumbaginaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Limonium_dendroides/NzBRUA1N">Limonium dendroides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rumex_azoricus/YTGLSBns">Rumex azoricus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rosaceae/KYrlFdv6">Rosaceae</a>: <i>Bencomia sphaerocarpa</i>, <i>Dendriopterium pulidoi</i>, <i>Marcetella maderensis</i>, <a href="/facts/Prunus_lusitanica/UyMbxD8C"><i>Prunus lusitanica</i> subsp. <i>azorica</i></a> and <i><a href="/facts/Sorbus_maderensis/lwhCFs4l">Sorbus maderensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Scabiosa_nitens/o0AeRDL1">Scabiosa nitens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scrophulariaceae/RWr9sSlL">Scrophulariaceae</a>: <i>Euphrasia grandiflora</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Isoplexis_isabelliana/KFXobujS">Isoplexis isabelliana</a></i>, <i>Odontites holliana</i> and <i>Sibthorpia peregrina</i></li> <li><i>Viola paradoxa</i></li></ul> <h4>Macaronesian priority species</h4> <ul><li>Mosses: <i>Echinodium spinosum</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Thamnobryum_fernandesii/x4EjJImS">Thamnobryum fernandesii</a></i></li></ul> <p><i>Androcymbium psammophilum</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Asteraceae/bouc6v8C">Asteraceae</a>: <i>Argyranthemum lidii</i>, <i>Atractylis arbuscula</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lactuca_watsoniana/AStsJqUo">Lactuca watsoniana</a></i>, <i>Onopordum nogalesii</i>, O. carduelinum, <i>Pericallis hadrosoma</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Tanacetum_ptarmiciflorum/uYNSoTge">Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Boraginaceae/wGbPMTXF">Boraginaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Echium_gentianoides/h7WmgoNl">Echium gentianoides</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brassicaceae/xMjNIBzU">Brassicaceae</a>: <i>Crambe arborea</i>, C. sventenii and <i>Parolinia schizogynoides</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Campanulaceae/HodAV8NR">Campanulaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Azorina_vidalii/CGuKF3Nt">Azorina vidalii</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Musschia_wollastonii/H7WAjcLp">Musschia wollastonii</a></i></li> <li><i>Ceropegia chrysantha</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cistaceae/N9IMDPBC">Cistaceae</a>: <i>Helianthemum bystropogophyllum</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Convolvulaceae/JguAbh5K">Convolvulaceae</a>: <i>Convolvulus caput-medusae</i>, C. lopez-socasii and C. massonii</li> <li><i>Euphorbia handiensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fabaceae/uxuHNdAr">Fabaceae</a>: <i>Anagyris latifolia</i>, <i>Dorycnium spectabile</i>, <i>Lotus azoricus</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lotus_kunkelii/66jBKxGQ">Lotus kunkelii</a></i>, <i>Teline rosmarinifolia</i> and T. salsoloides</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Geranium_maderense/bgCSwa3H">Geranium maderense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lamiaceae/PUp3Bbjj">Lamiaceae</a>: <i>Sideritis cystosiphon</i> and S. discolor</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Myrica_rivas-martinezii/fay5A7Jd">Myrica rivas-martinezii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Pittosporum_coriaceum/6YpJIUSW">Pittosporum coriaceum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plumbaginaceae/QRXG2fQX">Plumbaginaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Limonium_arborescens/GpfsrnQX">Limonium arborescens</a></i>, L. spectabile and L. sventenii</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rosaceae/KYrlFdv6">Rosaceae</a>: <i>Bencomia brachystachya</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Chamaemeles_coriacea/ouQsxJST">Chamaemeles coriacea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Sambucus_palmensis/LXwwxEpd">Sambucus palmensis</a></i></li> <li><i>Solanum lidii</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scrophulariaceae/RWr9sSlL">Scrophulariaceae</a>: <i>Euphrasia azorica</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Globularia_ascanii/aSYcJNc5">Globularia ascanii</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Globularia_sarcophylla/SjKk5zMW"><i>G. sarcophylla</i></a> and <i><a href="/facts/Isoplexis_chalcantha/EJdwJ8Wm">Isoplexis chalcantha</a></i></li></ul> <h2 id="annex-iii">Annex III</h2> <p>This annex explains the criteria which are used to select sites which are eligible to be recognised as important for Europe, or as <a href="/facts/Special_Areas_of_Conservation/okBrfzEr">Special Areas of Conservation</a>. The process consists of two stages. The first stage is to assess the importance at a national level, based on the habitats and species listed in Annex I and II. The second stage is to assess the importance for Europe as a whole, again based on the two earlier annexes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="annex-iv">Annex IV</h2> <p>Annex IV lists species of interest to Europe which are in need of strict protection. </p> <h3>Mammals</h3> <ul><li>Insectivores: <a href="/facts/Pyrenean_desman/LqMjVGj3">Pyrenean desman</a> (<i>Galemys pyrenaicus</i>), <i><a href="/facts/Erinaceus_algirus/TBsz1p0Q">Erinaceus algirus</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Crocidura_canariensis/XdTkLw1G">Crocidura canariensis</a></i></li> <li>All species of <a href="/facts/Microchiroptera/3RYvdSpy">Microchiroptera</a></li> <li>Rodents: Beaver (<i><a href="/facts/Castor_fiber/E60pbRu8">Castor fiber</a></i>), <i><a href="/facts/Cricetus_cricetus/YlYdG83g">Cricetus cricetus</a></i>, porcupine (<i><a href="/facts/Hystrix_cristata/wITIVt6m">Hystrix cristata</a></i>), <i><a href="/facts/Sicista_betulina/xn5Yd9XW">Sicista betulina</a></i>, suslik (<i><a href="/facts/Citellus_citellus/nKNXMVeF">Citellus citellus</a></i>), <i><a href="/facts/Sciurus_anomalus/pQpeu5v2">Sciurus anomalus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Microtus_cabrerae/f7ez4j5k">Microtus cabrerae</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Tundra_vole/auTFHXYm">Dutch tundra vole</a> (<i>Microtus oeconomus arenicola</i>), and all species of <a href="/facts/Gliridae/bhKuMxmr">Gliridae</a> except <i><a href="/facts/Glis_glis/PHmDjKv0">Glis glis</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Eliomys_quercinus/IsvWBFLE">Eliomys quercinus</a></i></li> <li>Carnivores: Grey wolf (except Spanish populations north of the Duero and Greek populations north of the 39th parallel), brown bear (<i><a href="/facts/Ursus_arctos/tNpUFtFB">Ursus arctos</a></i>), otter {<i><a href="/facts/Lutra_lutra/oYxBUg7o">Lutra lutra</a></i>}, <i><a href="/facts/Mustela_lutreola/zFMpUAFC">Mustela lutreola</a></i>, wild cat (<i><a href="/facts/Felis_silvestris/b577EyKH">Felis silvestris</a></i>), lynx (<i><a href="/facts/Lynx_lynx/nYcoLMHH">Lynx lynx</a></i>), Iberian lynx (<i><a href="/facts/Lynx_pardinus/1AKEqVKN">Lynx pardinus</a></i>) and monk seal (<i><a href="/facts/Monachus_monachus/uszXsGYE">Monachus monachus</a></i>)</li> <li>Hoofed animals: <a href="/facts/Corsican_red_deer/1Lr2wLnV">Corsican red deer</a> (<i>Cervus elaphus corsicanus</i>), natural populations of wild goats (<i><a href="/facts/Capra_aegagrus/qQYpJy8a">Capra aegagrus</a></i>), natural populations of wild sheep (<i><a href="/facts/Ovis_ammon_musimon/M6yBkubF">Ovis ammon musimon</a></i>) on <a href="/facts/Corsica/6xJ6aREr">Corsica</a> and <a href="/facts/Sardinia/7GGJNHCx">Sardinia</a>, Balcan (<a href="/facts/Rupicapra_rupicapra/aoDovrvM"><i>Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica</i></a>) and Apennine chamois (R. ornata)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cetacean/rtC33h63">Cetaceans</a>: All species</li></ul> <h3>Reptiles and amphibians</h3> <p>Turtles </p> <ul><li>Tortoises: <i><a href="/facts/Testudo_hermanni/SvoQk6PH">Testudo hermanni</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Testudo_graeca/9zp26vMj"><i>T. graeca</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Testudo_marginata/JYfyAdhy"><i>T. marginata</i></a></li> <li>Sea turtles: <i><a href="/facts/Caretta_caretta/0JQbMp4r">Caretta caretta</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Chelonia_mydas/KNP9Idqm">Chelonia mydas</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lepidochelys_kempii/cDN956Ig">Lepidochelys kempii</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Eretmochelys_imbricata/IaPh5l6X">Eretmochelys imbricata</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Dermochelys_coriacea/Mg8e2UbB">Dermochelys coriacea</a></i></li> <li>Freshwater turtles: <i><a href="/facts/Emys_orbicularis/uAFfYqay">Emys orbicularis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Mauremys_caspica/shc6hKmv">Mauremys caspica</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Mauremys_leprosa/xUo3Axue"><i>M. leprosa</i></a></li></ul> <p>Lizards </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Algyroides_fitzingeri/BdlCEIPo">Algyroides fitzingeri</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Algyroides_marchi/gAocB8pH"><i>A. marchi</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Algyroides_moreoticus/oThQS2mB"><i>A. moreoticus</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Algyroides_nigropunctatus/1JXammEY"><i>A. nigropunctatus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Chamaeleo_chamaeleon/fI0vI5IX">Chamaeleo chamaeleon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Gallotia_atlantica/QpLhvC4D">Gallotia atlantica</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Gallotia_galloti/2oFL8kyh"><i>G. galloti</i></a> (including specifically the subspecies <i>insulanagae</i>), <a href="/facts/Gallotia_simonyi/kKJuugko"><i>G. simonyi</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Gallotia_stehlini/FoR15vIu"><i>G. stehlini</i></a></li> <li>Geckoes: <i><a href="/facts/Cyrtopodion_kotschyi/284wUB6G">Cyrtopodion kotschyi</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Phyllodactylus_europaeus/FP7VGtvz">Phyllodactylus europaeus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Tarentola_angustimentalis/yCShKC2u">Tarentola angustimentalis</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Tarentola_boettgeri/D9MhD1Ng"><i>T. boettgeri</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Tarentola_delalandii/RIKEbDVh"><i>T. delalandii</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Tarentola_gomerensis/4EPPQRSb"><i>T. gomerensis</i></a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Lacerta_agilis/NTu6fL4I">Lacerta agilis</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Lacerta_bedriagae/Dngp5TTu"><i>L. bedriagae</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Lacerta_danfordi/kLBwsVvW"><i>L. danfordi</i></a>, L. dugesi, <a href="/facts/Lacerta_graeca/2WHI76v3"><i>L. graeca</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Lacerta_horvathi/654kwCwB"><i>L. horvathi</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Iberolacerta_monticola/ch7dBAnT"><i>L. monticola</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Lacerta_schreiberi/E1RfjTp8"><i>L. schreiberi</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Lacerta_trilineata/wmbP8XPs"><i>L. trilineata</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Lacerta_viridis/nouzpB7w"><i>L. viridis</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ophisaurus_apodus/fVzVzboC">Ophisaurus apodus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ophisops_elegans/stPAjFF6">Ophisops elegans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Podarcis_erhardii/FcMxHk0y">Podarcis erhardii</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Podarcis_filfolensis/mta6SEGx"><i>P. filfolensis</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Podarcis_hispanica/EDYbxYs1"><i>Podarcis hispanica atrata</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Podarcis_lilfordi/6M4VT9As"><i>P. lilfordi</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Podarcis_melisellensis/QpfIhYkg"><i>P. melisellensis</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Podarcis_milensis/V1cFuuGe"><i>P. milensis</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Podarcis_muralis/nN6JK9vf"><i>P. muralis</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Podarcis_peloponnesiaca/WIjbNbG0"><i>P. peloponnesiaca</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Podarcis_pityusensis/3qqYvYVg"><i>P. pityusensis</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Podarcis_sicula/WKBpXzUE"><i>P. sicula</i></a>, P. taurica, <a href="/facts/Podarcis_tiliguerta/s1ImMAFK"><i>P. tiliguerta</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Podarcis_wagleriana/2QIto7Lw"><i>P. wagleriana</i></a></li> <li>Skinks: <i>Ablepharus kitaibelli</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Chalcides_bedriagai/RSaBQ6nj">Chalcides bedriagai</a></i>, Ch. occidentalis, <a href="/facts/Chalcides_ocellatus/MpGvm1qy"><i>Ch. ocellatus</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Chalcides_sexlineatus/ae5R43Vn"><i>Ch. sexlineatus</i></a>, Ch. viridianus and <i><a href="/facts/Ophiomorus_punctatissimus/N6t4yjSs">Ophiomorus punctatissimus</a></i></li> <li><i>Stellio stellio</i></li></ul> <p>Snakes </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Coluber_caspius/LgXNKtVa">Coluber caspius</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Coluber_hippocrepis/wtYSJMFQ"><i>C. hippocrepis</i></a>, C. jugularis, C. laurenti, C. najadum, <a href="/facts/Coluber_nummifer/uJds5oW1"><i>C. nummifer</i></a> and C. viridiflavus</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Coronella_austriaca/NB83pAbs">Coronella austriaca</a></i></li> <li><i>Eirenis modesta</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Elaphe_longissima/CKjp4vgw">Elaphe longissima</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Elaphe_quatuorlineata/XLYqPVck"><i>E. quatuorlineata</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Elaphe_situla/eVJKUmHP"><i>E. situla</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Eryx_jaculus/JhfEYwlI">Eryx jaculus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Natrix_natrix/bQRuf9WQ"><i>Natrix natrix cetti</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Natrix_natrix/bQRuf9WQ"><i>N. natrix corsa</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Natrix_tessellata/3qW5xwve"><i>N. tessellata</i></a></li> <li><i>Telescopus falax</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Vipera_ammodytes/d0gDmUI5">Vipera ammodytes</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Vipera_schweizeri/oPtsoW86"><i>V. schweizeri</i></a>, V. seoanni (except Spanish populations), <a href="/facts/Vipera_ursinii/g0WlNfcF"><i>V. ursinii</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Vipera_xanthina/pJcBJYTb"><i>V. xanthina</i></a></li></ul> <p>Salamanders: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Chioglossa_lusitanica/7N8faXFE">Chioglossa lusitanica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Euproctus_asper/5P5qR0dk">Euproctus asper</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Euproctus_montanus/PCzPB5xe"><i>E. montanus</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Euproctus_platycephalus/mDEy6VPz"><i>E. platycephalus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Olm/tgwpbkkx">Olm</a> (<i>Proteus anguinus</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Salamandra_atra/Dn8QShtN">Salamandra atra</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Salamandra_salamandra/nURkMRDV"><i>S. salamandra aurorae</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Salamandra_lanzai/tRg17DcB"><i>S. lanzai</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Salamandra_luschani/471xg4eE"><i>S. luschani</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Salamandrina_terdigitata/bLfcDfao">Salamandrina terdigitata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Speleomantes_ambrosii/YnS20jdt">Speleomantes ambrosii</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Speleomantes_flavus/eF33y64E"><i>S. flavus</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Speleomantes_genei/HGdBFgXU"><i>S. genei</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Speleomantes_imperialis/Wf4DTQ5L"><i>S. imperialis</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Speleomantes_italicus/v6Q1C40S"><i>S. italicus</i></a> and S. supramontes</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Triturus_carnifex/GyzU1Eut">Triturus carnifex</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Triturus_cristatus/7TdJUEbs"><i>T. cristatus</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Triturus_italicus/gxMf64dh"><i>T. italicus</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Triturus_karelinii/dzJFQJ2s"><i>T. karelinii</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Triturus_marmoratus/xEXGstH7"><i>T. marmoratus</i></a></li></ul> <p>Toads and frogs: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Alytes_cisternasii/wXCS6AfL">Alytes cisternasii</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Alytes_muletensis/lBuQgAIs"><i>A. muletensis</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Alytes_obstetricans/X3AR6nCm"><i>A. obstetricans</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Bombina_bombina/UGlx1zHc">Bombina bombina</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Bombina_variegata/MzIeBafA"><i>B. variegata</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Bufo_calamita/AWkG53dT">Bufo calamita</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Bufo_viridis/7gKAgPo6"><i>B. viridis</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Discoglossus_galganoi/rktzhf8A">Discoglossus galganoi</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Discoglossus_jeanneae/bL0bMGJA"><i>D. jeanneae</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Discoglossus_montalentii/tq7W097E"><i>D. montalentii</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Discoglossus_pictus/UMBjqX7E"><i>D. pictus</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Discoglossus_sardus/5kukcqwY"><i>D. sardus</i></a></li> <li>Treefrogs: <i><a href="/facts/Hyla_arborea/1b2JxzsK">Hyla arborea</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Hyla_meridionalis/0qn8JFW5"><i>H. meridionalis</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Hyla_sarda/bcSq4SX1"><i>H. sarda</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Pelobates_cultripes/RVyuMuFm">Pelobates cultripes</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Pelobates_fuscus/1q8CreHm"><i>P. fuscus</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Pelobates_syriacus/jB6YzmS3"><i>P. syriacus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rana_arvalis/0xqsc49o">Rana arvalis</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Rana_dalmatina/wBYMBhHp"><i>R. dalmatina</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Rana_graeca/tQEQ1nNN"><i>R. graeca</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Rana_iberica/XIJfH6ds"><i>R. iberica</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Rana_latastei/IKUVfIN1"><i>R. latastei</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Rana_lessonae/37Tae3Se"><i>R. lessonae</i></a></li></ul> <h3>Fish</h3> <ul><li>Perches: <i><a href="/facts/Zingel_asper/587LH1Eo">Zingel asper</a></i></li> <li>Sturgeons: <i><a href="/facts/Acipenser_naccarii/nLPnKUlu">Acipenser naccarii</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Acipenser_sturio/WqdVVTpm"><i>A. sturio</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Coregonus_oxyrhynchus/PVo44Xyk">Coregonus oxyrhynchus</a></i> (anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Valencia_hispanica/1TNuFb95">Valencia hispanica</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Insects</h3> <ul><li>Beetles: <i><a href="/facts/Buprestis_splendens/aPe6MPRb">Buprestis splendens</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Carabus_olympiae/BouVNrll">Carabus olympiae</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Cerambyx_cerdo/beY2vcUu">Cerambyx cerdo</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Cucujus_cinnaberinus/vqn9XpDF">Cucujus cinnaberinus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Dytiscus_latissimus/bj3M3u78">Dytiscus latissimus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Graphoderus_bilineatus/14k3jyn0">Graphoderus bilineatus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Osmoderma_eremita/lpA0QDD6">Osmoderma eremita</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Rosalia_alpina/3jbylbTV">Rosalia alpina</a></i></li> <li>Dragonflies: <i><a href="/facts/Aeshna_viridis/wd95cDLW">Aeshna viridis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Cordulegaster_trinacriae/pNHPtEKR">Cordulegaster trinacriae</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Gomphus_graslinii/0Mnsvjxh">Gomphus graslinii</a></i>, <i>Leucorrhina albifrons</i>, L. caudalis, L. pectoralis, <i><a href="/facts/Lindenia_tetraphylla/k52BTUer">Lindenia tetraphylla</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Macromia_splendens/WfGgzGek">Macromia splendens</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Ophiogomphus_cecilia/06ENkhQm">Ophiogomphus cecilia</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Oxygastra_curtisii/ogfRla6K">Oxygastra curtisii</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Stylurus_flavipes/e77ydroL">Stylurus flavipes</a></i> and <i>Sympecma braueri</i></li> <li>Grasshoppers: <i><a href="/facts/Baetica_ustulata/n5yee67R">Baetica ustulata</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Saga_pedo/uGA0GdfC">Saga pedo</a></i></li> <li>Lepidoptera: <i><a href="/facts/Apatura_metis/d1uJWA6I">Apatura metis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Coenonympha_hero/4ouuHUK3">Coenonympha hero</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Coenonympha_oedippus/vXeBTWRI"><i>C. oedippus</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Erebia_calcaria/s2XG1rBU">Erebia calcaria</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Erebia_christi/JlApGykE"><i>E. christi</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Erebia_sudetica/UXuwD1WN"><i>E. sudetica</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Eriogaster_catax/tbmflTmj">Eriogaster catax</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Fabriciana_elisa/2lbJmskV">Fabriciana elisa</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Hypodryas_maturna/egng1kAh">Hypodryas maturna</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Hyles_hippophaes/FWrQ4B8a">Hyles hippophaes</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lopinga_achine/xFexfgDU">Lopinga achine</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lycaena_dispar/QmCX1lYg">Lycaena dispar</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Maculinea_arion/l0v2wtKE">Maculinea arion</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Maculinea_nausithous/1mR9TCaf"><i>M. nausithous</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Maculinea_teleius/8WPEpQJz"><i>M. teleius</i></a>, M. arge, <i><a href="/facts/Papilio_alexanor/KDt9CCRB">Papilio alexanor</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Papilio_hospiton/gjY0Ya95"><i>P. hospiton</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Parnassius_apollo/PuYxblXm">Parnassius apollo</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Parnassius_mnemosyne/9TUJf9HE"><i>P. mnemosyne</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Plebicula_golgus/nLaMoncz">Plebicula golgus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Proserpinus_proserpina/8fyIoIJ4">Proserpinus proserpina</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Zerynthia_polyxena/YN3LP92m">Zerynthia polyxena</a></i></li> <li>Mantids: <i><a href="/facts/Apteromantis_aptera/eaMThdIb">Apteromantis aptera</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Spiders</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Macrothele_calpeiana/huL0na6E">Macrothele calpeiana</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Molluscs</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gastropod/rYPqm3PT">Gastropods</a> (snails): <i>Patella feruginea</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Caseolus_calculus/zEBzSmKw">Caseolus calculus</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Caseolus_commixta/Kmx2wG4u"><i>C. commixta</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Caseolus_sphaerula/weFwVkmd"><i>C. sphaerula</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Discula_leacockiana/bUHL2kDp">Discula leacockiana</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Discula_tabellata/dW569oNp"><i>D. tabellata</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Discula_testudinalis/z7vDCpGf"><i>D. testudinalis</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Discula_turricula/X88zv5v1"><i>D. turricula</i></a>, <i>Discus defloratus</i>, <a href="/facts/Discus_guerinianus/wQTVhdsW"><i>D. guerinianus</i></a>, <i><a href="/facts/Elona_quimperiana/tRlwezr5">Elona quimperiana</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Geomalacus_maculosus/KzzVFrSU">Geomalacus maculosus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Geomitra_moniziana/mKrF8y11">Geomitra moniziana</a></i>, <i>Helix subplicata</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Leiostyla_abbreviata/aPSseSUu">Leiostyla abbreviata</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Leiostyla_cassida/Sv3w6wjh"><i>L. cassida</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Leiostyla_corneocostata/zPm4a8kx"><i>L. corneocostata</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Leiostyla_gibba/bszyTRYx"><i>L. gibba</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Leiostyla_lamellosa/GcHbYdbn"><i>L. lamellosa</i></a></li> <li>Bivalves: <i><a href="/facts/Lithophaga_lithophaga/QU2tX1ub">Lithophaga lithophaga</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Pinna_nobilis/pqm7wUX6">Pinna nobilis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Margaritifera_auricularia/Yf6XK6VX">Margaritifera auricularia</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Unio_crassus/Hp25ChbL">Unio crassus</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Echinoderms</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Centrostephanus_longispinus/UGu7nLxH">Centrostephanus longispinus</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Plants</h3> <p>Annex IV contains all the plant species listed in Annex II (except the mosses and lichens), plus the plant taxa listed below: </p> <ul><li>Ferns: <i><a href="/facts/Asplenium_hemionitis/MG2qbclc">Asplenium hemionitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dracaena_draco/KADn2tSf">Dracaena draco</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Iridaceae/zRrNf80q">Iridaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Crocus_etruscus/XUAt323R">Crocus etruscus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Iris_boissieri/T8W346yG">Iris boissieri</a></i> and I. marisca</li> <li><a href="/facts/Liliaceae/1pY4rRuJ">Liliaceae</a>: <i>Androcymbium europeum</i>, <i>Bellevalia hackelli</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Colchicum_corsicum/n9vhzxfu">Colchicum corsicum</a></i>, C. cousturieri, <i><a href="/facts/Fritillaria_conica/GrJt81W3">Fritillaria conica</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Fritillaria_drenovskii/qRMNJFqF"><i>F. drenovskii</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Fritillaria_gussichiae/d3Wj1Hyj"><i>F. gussichiae</i></a>, F. obliqua, <a href="/facts/Fritillaria_rhodocanakis/2FSfUtpJ"><i>F. rhodocanakis</i></a>, <i>Ornithogalum reverchonii</i>, <i>Scilla beirana</i> and S. odorata</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Narcissus_longispathus/4coVW3tj">Narcissus longispathus</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_triandrus/N7PQ4Bst"><i>N. triandrus</i></a></li> <li>Orchids: <i><a href="/facts/Ophrys_argolica/TVzcEHHc">Ophrys argolica</a></i>, <i>Orchis scopulorum</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Spiranthes_aestivalis/vEQ1rxbe">Spiranthes aestivalis</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Apiaceae/YtVJ0nBk">Apiaceae</a>: <i>Bunium brevifolium</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Aquilegia_alpina/dQgCousf">Aquilegia alpina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Asteraceae/bouc6v8C">Asteraceae</a>: Argyranthemum pinnatifidumsubsp. succulentum, <i>Helichrysum sibthorpii</i>, <i>Picris willkommii</i>, <i>Santolina elegans</i>, <i>Senecio caespitosus</i>, S. lagascanussubsp. lusitanicus and <i>Wagenitzia lancifolia</i></li> <li><i>Berberis maderensis</i></li> <li><i>Campanula morettiana</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Physoplexis_comosa/M2AfGccv">Physoplexis comosa</a></i></li> <li><i>Euphorbia nevadensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gesneriad/pgFJc3Ug">Gesneriads</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Ramonda_heldreichii/esqsJGfU">Ramonda heldreichii</a></i> (as <i>Jankaea heldreichii</i>) and <i><a href="/facts/Ramonda_serbica/bsl0UwQo">Ramonda serbica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lamiaceae/PUp3Bbjj">Lamiaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Rosmarinus_tomentosus/25eE2ow9">Rosmarinus tomentosus</a></i>, <i>Teucrium charidemi</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Thymus_capitellatus/v9gbXCVl">Thymus capitellatus</a></i> and T. villosussubsp. villosus</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Mandragora_officinarum/Ch2FfzwR">Mandragora officinarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Moehringia_fontqueri/666S3Ej3">Moehringia fontqueri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Murbeckiella_sousae/4zg1Hdkm">Murbeckiella sousae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Primulaceae/zPBHn98L">Primulaceae</a>: <i>Androsace cylindrica</i>, <i>Primula glaucescens</i> and P. spectabilis</li> <li><i>Saxifraga cintrana</i>, S. portosanctana, S. presolanensis, S. valdensis and S. vayredana</li> <li><a href="/facts/Scrophulariaceae/RWr9sSlL">Scrophulariaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Antirrhinum_lopesianum/KwkQj5K2">Antirrhinum lopesianum</a></i> and <i>Lindernia procumbens</i></li> <li><i>Sideroxylon marmulano</i></li> <li><i>Thymelaea broterana</i></li> <li><i>Viola athois</i>, V. cazorlensis and V. delphinanth</li></ul> <h2 id="annex-v">Annex V</h2> <p>Annex V details the species which are of 'interest' to the European Union, of which the taking or exploitation of wild may be subject to the management decisions of the individual countries concerned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> This largely concerns plants or animals in which the hunting or gathering was/is an economic activity. Mammals </p> <ul><li>Carnivores: golden jackal (<a href="/facts/European_jackal/C3jvkxyu"><i>Canis aureus moreoticus</i></a>), Spanish populations north of the Duera and Greek populations north of the 39th parallel of the grey wolf, <i><a href="/facts/Martes_martes/qJQ70u9S">Martes martes</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Mustela_putorius/Nb0m4yeg">Mustela putorius</a></i>, all species of <a href="/facts/Phocidae/7fFosRas">Phocidae</a> (seals) not mentioned in Annex IV, <i><a href="/facts/Genetta_genetta/2Fnv8xDS">Genetta genetta</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Herpestes_ichneumon/Eqqq1j0j">Herpestes ichneumon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mountain_hare/2armwfXT">Mountain hare</a> (<i>Lepus timidus</i>)</li> <li>Hoofed mammals: <i><a href="/facts/Capra_ibex/huufGq12">Capra ibex</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Capra_pyrenaica/dLhWzdww"><i>C. pyrenaica</i></a> (except <i>C. pyrenaica pyrenaica</i>) and <i><a href="/facts/Rupicapra_rupicapra/aoDovrvM">Rupicapra rupicapra</a></i> (except R. rupicapra balcanica and R. ornata)</li></ul> <p>Amphibians </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Rana_esculenta/kuSHIuJF">Rana esculenta</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Rana_perezi/ygMVIBhw"><i>R. perezi</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Rana_ridibunda/twS6WDzQ"><i>R. ridibunda</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Rana_temporaria/jNEEPYdp"><i>R. temporaria</i></a></li></ul> <p>Fish </p> <ul><li>Lampreys: <i><a href="/facts/Lampetra_fluviatilis/NJguB3j4">Lampetra fluviatilis</a></i> and <i>Lethenteron zanandrai</i></li> <li>All sturgeon species not mentioned in Annex IV</li> <li><a href="/facts/Salmonidae/gAw219CG">Salmonidae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Thymallus_thymallus/jXn66SIV">Thymallus thymallus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Hucho_hucho/KJC7ppBW">Hucho hucho</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Salmo_salar/Pkyou5kA">Salmo salar</a></i> (only when in fresh water) and all <i><a href="/facts/Coregonus/euySxhMP">Coregonus</a></i> spp. (except <i><a href="/facts/Coregonus_oxyrhynchus/PVo44Xyk">Coregonus oxyrhynchus</a></i> - anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea)</li> <li>Cyprinids: all <i><a href="/facts/Barbus/acIW5Typ">Barbus</a></i> spp.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Perciformes/DJeXbX7W">Perciformes</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Gymnocephalus_schraetzer/WUsLnQCd">Gymnocephalus schraetzer</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Zingel_zingel/bUK6J9lp">Zingel zingel</a></i></li> <li>All <i><a href="/facts/Alosa/l1P7YNuD">Alosa</a></i> spp.</li> <li>Catfish: <i><a href="/facts/Silurus_aristotelis/dBHJgvH6">Silurus aristotelis</a></i></li></ul> <p>Other </p> <ul><li>Corals: <i><a href="/facts/Corallium_rubrum/zora1NzY">Corallium rubrum</a></i></li> <li>Molluscs: <i><a href="/facts/Helix_pomatia/Gn3yQufY">Helix pomatia</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Margaritifera_margaritifera/3GFoxjDa">Margaritifera margaritifera</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Microcondylaea_compressa/4kELJ6EE">Microcondylaea compressa</a></i> and <i>Unio elongatulus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Hirudo_medicinalis/RNUMEfdc">Hirudo medicinalis</a></i></li> <li>Crabs: <i><a href="/facts/Astacus_astacus/banUcycm">Astacus astacus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Austropotamobius_pallipes/m3tTjVcM">Austropotamobius pallipes</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Austropotamobius_torrentium/LRSFzg52"><i>A. torrentium</i></a></li> <li>Lobster: <i><a href="/facts/Scyllarides_latus/PK1wQ6na">Scyllarides latus</a></i></li> <li>Moth: <i><a href="/facts/Graellsia_isabellae/Maxz5mVU">Graellsia isabellae</a></i></li></ul> <p>Plants </p> <ul><li>Red algae: <i>Lithothamnium coralloides</i> and <i>Phymatholithon calcareum</i></li> <li>Lichens: <i><a href="/facts/Cladonia/mwlAVSDI">Cladonia</a></i> subgenus <i>Cladina</i></li> <li>Mosses: <i><a href="/facts/Leucobryum_glaucum/WJQR7m2G">Leucobryum glaucum</a></i>, all <i><a href="/facts/Sphagnum/IawBHtmW">Sphagnum</a></i> species except <i>Sphagnum pylasii</i> Clubmosses: all <i><a href="/facts/Lycopodium/LhqjEerH">Lycopodium</a></i> spp. (see <a href="/facts/Lycopodium_powder/2uc1d4Ha">lycopodium powder</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Galanthus_nivalis/Pv8o2DHv">Galanthus nivalis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Narcissus_bulbocodium/qVd67BJc">Narcissus bulbocodium</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_juncifolius/AIW3UmpR"><i>N. juncifolius</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Iris_lusitanica/mg9MlMY0">Iris lusitanica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Lilium_rubrum/RYnsTphs">Lilium rubrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ruscus_aculeatus/THepX2Re">Ruscus aculeatus</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Asteraceae/bouc6v8C">Asteraceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Arnica_montana/U6GT4TCf">Arnica montana</a></i>, <i>Artemisia eriantha</i>, A. genipi, <a href="/facts/Doronicum_plantagineum/ygPYKrBS"><i>Doronicum plantagineum</i> subsp. <i>tournefortii</i></a> and <i>Leuzea rhaponticoides</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brassicaceae/xMjNIBzU">Brassicaceae</a>: <i>Alyssum pintadasilvae</i>, Malcolmia lacerasubsp. graccilima and Murbeckiella pinnatifidasubsp. herminii</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gentianaceae/51mFV4Bf">Gentianaceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Gentiana_lutea/04v2Rcs0">Gentiana lutea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lamiaceae/PUp3Bbjj">Lamiaceae</a>: Teucrium salviastrumsubsp. salviastrum</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fabaceae/uxuHNdAr">Fabaceae</a>: <i>Anthyllis lusitanica</i>, <a href="/facts/Dorycnium_pentaphyllum/6gw1bdJ0"><i>Dorycnium pentaphyllum</i> subsp. <i>transmontana</i></a> and <i><a href="/facts/Ulex_densus/VSQRp1pF">Ulex densus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plumbaginaceae/QRXG2fQX">Plumbaginaceae</a>: <i>Armeria sampaio</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rosaceae/KYrlFdv6">Rosaceae</a>: Rubus genevierisubsp. herminii</li> <li><a href="/facts/Scrophulariaceae/RWr9sSlL">Scrophulariaceae</a>: <i>Anarrhinum longipedicelatum</i>, <i>Euphrasia mendonçae</i>, <a href="/facts/Scrophularia_grandiflora/aER7HvXj"><i>Scrophularia grandiflora</i> subsp. <i>grandiflora</i></a>, S. berminii and S. sublyrata</li></ul> <h2 id="annex-vi">Annex VI</h2> <p>This annex compiles the types of capture and killing (i.e. hunting) which are prohibited in the European Community (and now the European Union), as well as prohibited modes of transport (while hunting). These can vary according to form of life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Birds are covered by the older <a href="/facts/Birds_Directive/SBrdRsjS">Birds Directive</a>. </p> <ul><li>Mammals, for example, may not be hunted using explosives, gassing or smoking out burrows, poisons and poisoned or anaesthetic bait, tape recorders, artificial light sources, mirrors and other dazzling devices, blind or mutilated animals used as live decoys, non-selective nets or traps, crossbows and semi-automatic or automatic machine guns with a magazine capable of holding more than two rounds of ammunition. Other prohibited hunting devices are those to illuminate targets, electrical and/or electronic devices capable of killing or stunning and sighting scopes for night shooting with an electronic image magnifier or image converter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>Fish may not be caught using poisons or explosives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li></ul> <p>It is furthermore illegal to hunt wildlife in the European Union from an aircraft or moving motor vehicle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Environment portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_European_Union_directives/JTzyTtnm">List of European Union directives</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conservation_movement/Vnqkdddv">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Environmental_protection/HoD7nCUq">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Environmentalism/hhFsXTLE">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lagoon/IBp4ez2D">Lagoon</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm">The Habitats Directive online at the EU's website</a></li> <li><a href="http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=104&CM=2&DF=9/4/2006&CL=ENG">Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Bern (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=439862">The Habitats Directive by Keulen, M. van (2002)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora". Eur-Lex. Retrieved 9 March 2020. <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN" target="_blank">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Natura 2000 - Environment". ec.europa.eu. European Commission. Retrieved 9 March 2020. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/index_en.htm" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/index_en.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"The Habitats Directive". Europa. European Commission. Retrieved 26 June 2013. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Joint Nature Conservation Committee – European Legislation". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204040302/http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1372" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110204040302/http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1372</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Nature directives". <a href="http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/ReferenceSpeciesSchemeValue/natureDirectives" target="_blank">http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/ReferenceSpeciesSchemeValue/natureDirectives</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora". Eur-Lex. Retrieved 9 March 2020. <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN" target="_blank">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Habitats Directive reporting". Europa. European Commission. Retrieved 29 September 2020. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/rep_habitats/index_en.htm" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/rep_habitats/index_en.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Habitats Directive reporting". Europa. European Commission. Retrieved 29 September 2020. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/rep_habitats/index_en.htm" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/rep_habitats/index_en.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Habitats Directive reporting". Europa. European Commission. Retrieved 29 September 2020. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/rep_habitats/index_en.htm" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/rep_habitats/index_en.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora". Eur-Lex. Retrieved 9 March 2020. <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN" target="_blank">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Habitats Directive reporting". Europa. European Commission. Retrieved 29 September 2020. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/rep_habitats/index_en.htm" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/rep_habitats/index_en.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Douglas Evans; Marita Arvela (July 2011). Assessment and reporting under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive Explanatory Notes & Guidelines for the period 2007-2012 (PDF) (Report). European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity. p. 8, 9. Retrieved 29 September 2020. <a href="https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/2c12cea2-f827-4bdb-bb56-3731c9fd8b40/Art17%20-%20Guidelines-final.pdf" target="_blank">https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/2c12cea2-f827-4bdb-bb56-3731c9fd8b40/Art17%20-%20Guidelines-final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora". Eur-Lex. Retrieved 9 March 2020. <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN" target="_blank">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Suvi Borgström, Frederik H. Kistenkas, 'The Compatibility of the Habitats Directive with the Novel EU Green Infrastructure Policy' (2014) 23 European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Issue 2, pp. 36–44. http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/abstract.php?id=EELR2014004 <a href="http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/abstract.php?id=EELR2014004" target="_blank">http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/abstract.php?id=EELR2014004</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"EUR-Lex - 01992L0043-20130701 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 3 January 2021. <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A01992L0043-20130701" target="_blank">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A01992L0043-20130701</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora". Eur-Lex. 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Retrieved 9 March 2020. <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN" target="_blank">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora". Eur-Lex. Retrieved 9 March 2020. <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN" target="_blank">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora". Eur-Lex. 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