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List of unsolved problems in astronomy
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<h2 id="planetary-astronomy">Planetary astronomy</h2> <h3>Our solar system</h3> <ul><li>Orbiting bodies and rotation: <ul><li>Are there any non-dwarf <a href="/facts/Planets_beyond_Neptune/whs44sNI">planets beyond Neptune</a>?</li> <li>Why do <a href="/facts/Extreme_trans-Neptunian_object/S7ad9I7X">extreme trans-Neptunian objects</a> have elongated orbits?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li>The rotation rate of <a href="/facts/Saturn/D54LcGJ9">Saturn</a>: <ul><li>Why does the <a href="/facts/Magnetosphere_of_Saturn/87EpJaGe">magnetosphere of Saturn</a> rotate at a rate close to that at which the planet's clouds rotate?</li> <li>What is the rotation rate of Saturn's deep interior?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Satellite <a href="/facts/Geomorphology/MDf2I2h5">geomorphology</a>: <ul><li>What is the origin of the <a href="/facts/Equatorial_ridge/yYovrmSr">chain of high mountains</a> that closely follows the equator of Saturn's moon, <a href="/facts/Iapetus_(moon)/W9PCus81">Iapetus</a>? <ul><li>Are the mountains the remnant of hot and fast-rotating young Iapetus?</li> <li>Are the mountains the result of material (either from the rings of Saturn or its ring) that over time collected upon the surface?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>Extra-solar</h3> <ul><li>How common are <a href="/facts/Solar_System/QIcLSazQ">Solar System</a>-like planetary systems? Some observed <a href="/facts/Planetary_systems/6mcVtrTC">planetary systems</a> contain <a href="/facts/Super-Earth/C8xrtn2w">Super-Earths</a> and <a href="/facts/Hot_Jupiter/9wSFCuxk">Hot Jupiters</a> that orbit very close to their stars. Systems with Jupiter-like planets in Jupiter-like orbits appear to be rare. There are several possibilities as to why Jupiter-like orbits are rare, including that data is lacking or the <a href="/facts/Grand_tack_hypothesis/5yLU4GEI">grand tack hypothesis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>How do <a href="/facts/Jupiter-mass_Binary_Object/wGbY1V2o">Jupiter-mass Binary Objects</a> form?</li></ul> <h2 id="stellar-astronomy-and-astrophysics">Stellar astronomy and astrophysics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Solar_cycle/QrP4Egea">Solar cycle</a>: <ul><li>How does the Sun generate its periodically reversing large-scale magnetic field?</li> <li>How do other <a href="/facts/Sun/CadPCVHh">Sol</a>-like stars generate their magnetic fields, and what are the similarities and differences between stellar activity cycles and that of the Sun?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>What caused the <a href="/facts/Maunder_Minimum/cllWfrIa">Maunder Minimum</a> and other grand minima, and how does the solar cycle recover from a minimum state?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Coronal_heating_problem/W4WNqV9u">Coronal heating problem</a>: <ul><li>Why is the Sun's <a href="/facts/Solar_corona/W4WNqV9u">corona</a> so much hotter than the Sun's surface?</li> <li>Why is the <a href="/facts/Magnetic_reconnection/0FeHqFkE">magnetic reconnection</a> effect many orders of magnitude faster than predicted by standard models?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Space_weather/FfwUCv2G">Space weather</a> prediction: <ul><li>How does the Sun produce strong southward-pointing magnetic fields in solar <a href="/facts/Coronal_mass_ejections/YxbMGrkS">coronal mass ejections</a> that lead to <a href="/facts/Geomagnetic_storms/4rD8DSlm">geomagnetic storms</a>? How can we predict <a href="/facts/Solar_storm/WaS5uLv4">solar</a> and <a href="/facts/Geomagnetic_storm/4rD8DSlm">geomagnetic super-storms</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>What is the origin of the stellar mass spectrum? That is, why do astronomers observe the same distribution of stellar masses—the <a href="/facts/Initial_mass_function/1qA6vtdY">initial mass function</a>—apparently regardless of the initial conditions?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Supernova/Pfo2J23l">Supernova</a>: What is the mechanism by which an implosion of a dying star becomes an explosion?</li> <li><a href="/facts/P-nuclei/LheR8EQW">p-nuclei</a>: What astrophysical process is responsible for the <a href="/facts/Nucleogenesis/F9MIeADF">nucleogenesis</a> of these rare isotopes?</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fast_radio_burst/ynz5gw2b">Fast radio bursts</a> (FRBs): What causes these transient radio pulses from distant galaxies, lasting a few milliseconds each? Why do some FRBs repeat at unpredictable intervals but many others do not? Several models have been proposed but no one theory has become widely accepted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Oh-My-God_particle/cmwAfH6U">Oh-My-God particle</a> and other <a href="/facts/Ultra-high-energy_cosmic_ray/DqeCybD9">ultra-high-energy cosmic rays</a>: What physical processes create cosmic rays whose energy exceeds the <a href="/facts/Greisen%E2%80%93Zatsepin%E2%80%93Kuzmin_limit/2haM9XP9">GZK cutoff</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>Nature of <a href="/facts/KIC_8462852/AgbWCgam">KIC 8462852</a>, commonly known as Tabby's Star: What is the origin of the unusual <a href="/facts/Luminosity/1tdhpk9l">luminosity</a> changes of this star?</li> <li>What are the source and origin of the IBEX ribbon?</li></ul> <h2 id="galactic-astronomy-and-astrophysics">Galactic astronomy and astrophysics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Galaxy_rotation_problem/YJyb1Jy3">Galaxy rotation problem</a>: Is <a href="/facts/Dark_matter/y5HgX55N">dark matter</a> (solely) responsible for differences in observed and theoretical speed of stars revolving around the center of galaxies?</li> <li><a href="/facts/Metallicity/nhhPqbYF">Age-metallicity</a> relation in the Galactic disk: Is there a universal age-metallicity relation (AMR) in the Galactic disk (both "thin" and "thick" parts of the disk)? In the local (primarily thin) disk of the <a href="/facts/Milky_Way/ulF6lccN">Milky Way</a>, there appears to be no evidence of a strong AMR.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> A sample of 229 nearby "thick" disk stars has been used to investigate the existence of an age-metallicity relation in the Galactic thick disk and indicates that there is an age-metallicity relation present in the thick disk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Stellar ages from <a href="/facts/Asteroseismology/nYUUBbQ3">asteroseismology</a> confirm the lack of any strong age-metallicity relation in the Galactic disc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ultraluminous_X-ray_source/wS0LPw6v">Ultraluminous X-ray sources</a> (ULXs): What powers X-ray sources that are not associated with <a href="/facts/Active_galactic_nuclei/qT1owvXz">active galactic nuclei</a> but exceed the <a href="/facts/Eddington_limit/RWeams0T">Eddington limit</a> of a <a href="/facts/Neutron_star/4enfoxBA">neutron star</a> or <a href="/facts/Stellar_black_hole/8cz1uzAe">stellar black hole</a>? Are they due to <a href="/facts/Intermediate-mass_black_hole/eAm6Hqe0">intermediate-mass black holes</a>? Some ULXs are periodic, suggesting non-isotropic emission from a neutron star. Does this apply to all ULXs? How could such a system form and remain stable?</li> <li>What is the origin of the <a href="/facts/Galactic_Center_GeV_excess/zV0VR6R9">Galactic Center GeV excess</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Is it due to the annihilation of dark matter particles or a new population of millisecond pulsars?</li> <li>The infrared/TeV crisis: Lack of attenuation of very energetic gamma rays from extragalactic sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="black-holes">Black holes</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gravitational_singularity/BptlItux">Gravitational singularities</a>: Does <a href="/facts/General_relativity/jVsoIg8X">general relativity</a> break down in the interior of a <a href="/facts/Black_hole/1r2lmkcF">black hole</a> due to <a href="/facts/Quantum_gravity/t7whBMNE">quantum effects</a>, <a href="/facts/Einstein%E2%80%93Cartan_theory/GPU36Nsu">torsion</a>, or other phenomena?</li> <li><a href="/facts/No-hair_theorem/JyW4TaM4">No-hair theorem</a>: <ul><li>Do black holes have an internal structure? If so, how might the internal structure be probed?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Supermassive_black_hole/BcuTx8Q5">Supermassive black holes</a>: <ul><li>What is the origin of the <a href="/facts/M%E2%80%93sigma_relation/CnU82b7D">M–sigma relation</a> between supermassive black hole mass and galaxy velocity dispersion?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>The formation of <a href="/facts/Redshift/Qfl4VjDF">high-redshift</a> <a href="/facts/Quasar/HS96328l">quasars</a>: <ul><li>How do the most distant <a href="/facts/Quasar/HS96328l">quasars</a> grow their <a href="/facts/Supermassive_black_hole/BcuTx8Q5">supermassive black holes</a> up to 1010 solar masses so early in the history of the universe (with redshift greater than 6 to 7)?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Black_hole_information_paradox/4FyhobyY">Black hole information paradox</a> and <a href="/facts/Black_hole_radiation/J6R7W2wL">black hole radiation</a>: <ul><li>Do black holes produce thermal radiation, <a href="/facts/Hawking_radiation/J6R7W2wL">as expected on theoretical grounds</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> <ul><li>If so—meaning black holes can evaporate away—what happens to the information stored in them? This appears to be an issue because the <a href="/facts/Unitarity_(physics)/x2gXDAsS">unitarity of quantum mechanics</a> does not allow for the <a href="/facts/Quantum_information/Bl9QIvHj">destruction of information</a>. Does the radiation stop at some point for black hole remnants?</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Firewall_(physics)/GuzRH5pg">Firewalls</a>: Do firewalls exist around black holes?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Final_parsec_problem/2BVQCy52">Final parsec problem</a>: Supermassive black holes appear to have merged, and what appears to be a pair in this intermediate range has been observed, in <a href="/facts/PKS_1302%E2%80%93102/MfBb37yy">PKS 1302–102</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> However, theory predicts that when supermassive black holes reach a separation of about one parsec, it may take billions of years to orbit closely enough to merge—greater than the age of the universe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Naked_singularity/ceVqnhN2">Naked singularity</a>: Is the <a href="/facts/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis/eIg16qKB">cosmic censorship hypothesis</a> correct? Does a <a href="/facts/Naked_singularity/ceVqnhN2">naked singularity</a> exist?</li></ul> <h2 id="cosmology">Cosmology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cosmological_principle/snaj0VNu">Cosmological principle</a>: <ul><li>Is the universe homogeneous and isotropic at sufficiently large scales, as claimed by the <a href="/facts/Cosmological_principle/snaj0VNu">cosmological principle</a> and assumed by all models that use the <a href="/facts/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric/b6cdgxyF">Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric</a>, including the current version of the <a href="/facts/Lambda-CDM_model/DmlhJHQU">ΛCDM model</a>, or is the universe <a href="/facts/Inhomogeneous_cosmology/0DdqEH7y">inhomogeneous</a> or <a href="/facts/Anisotropy/YMqTQWVB">anisotropic</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>Is the <a href="/facts/CMB_dipole/snaj0VNu">CMB dipole</a> purely kinematic, or does it signal <a href="/facts/Anisotropy/YMqTQWVB">anisotropy</a> of the universe, resulting in the breakdown of the <a href="/facts/FLRW_metric/b6cdgxyF">FLRW metric</a> and the cosmological principle?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>Is the <a href="/facts/Hubble_tension/FJYfELCP">Hubble tension</a> evidence that the cosmological principle is false?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>If the cosmological principle is correct, is the <a href="/facts/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric/b6cdgxyF">FLRW metric</a> the correct metric describing the universe?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>Are the observations interpreted as the <a href="/facts/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe/F7X1PAMq">accelerating expansion of the universe</a> correctly interpreted, or are they instead evidence that the <a href="/facts/Cosmological_principle/snaj0VNu">cosmological principle</a> is false?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Copernican_principle/9cvC9Wc7">Copernican principle</a>: Are cosmological observations made from Earth representative of observations from the other positions in the universe?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dark_matter/y5HgX55N">Dark matter</a>: <ul><li>What is the identity and composition of dark matter?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>Is dark matter a <a href="/facts/Elementary_particle/CTFDM97U">particle</a>? If so, is it a <a href="/facts/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle/EbWC6o3w">WIMP</a>, an <a href="/facts/Axion/ILG6maca">axion</a>, the lightest <a href="/facts/Superpartner/L7T76mve">superpartner</a> (LSP), or something else?</li> <li>Do the <a href="/facts/Galaxy_rotation_curve/YJyb1Jy3">phenomena attributed to dark matter</a> point to an <a href="/facts/Modified_models_of_gravity/E51N6lSg">extension of gravity</a> instead of some other type of matter?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dark_energy/6bWIYewA">Dark energy</a>: <ul><li>What causes the observed <a href="/facts/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe/F7X1PAMq">accelerating expansion of the universe</a> (the <a href="/facts/De_Sitter_universe/YovIg3ud">de Sitter phase</a>)?</li> <li>Are the observations showing the <a href="/facts/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe/F7X1PAMq">accelerating expansion of the universe</a> correctly interpreted, or are they evidence that the <a href="/facts/Cosmological_principle/snaj0VNu">cosmological principle</a> is false?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>Why is the energy density of the dark energy component of the same magnitude as the density of matter at present when the two evolve quite differently over time? Could this observation be a coincidence of <a href="/facts/Anthropic_principle/LrJDwfC9">timing</a>?</li> <li>Is dark energy a pure cosmological constant or are models of <a href="/facts/Quintessence_(physics)/8qk8IMut">quintessence</a> such as <a href="/facts/Phantom_energy/GxFHEoIA">phantom energy</a> applicable?</li> <li>Do early dark energy models resolve the <a href="/facts/Hubble_tension/FJYfELCP">Hubble tension</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Baryon_asymmetry/kfUEYG4F">Baryon asymmetry</a>: Why is there far more <a href="/facts/Matter/osyc04UN">matter</a> than <a href="/facts/Antimatter/NvpGDLof">antimatter</a> in the <a href="/facts/Observable_universe/CdTGMdsp">observable universe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cosmological_constant_problem/odjlvwLL">Cosmological constant problem</a>: <ul><li>Why does the <a href="/facts/Zero-point_energy/Kuusl57a">zero-point energy</a> of the <a href="/facts/Vacuum/BTk3goyV">vacuum</a> not cause a large <a href="/facts/Cosmological_constant/bjMksSA2">cosmological constant</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Universe/XbfpnDmM">Size</a> and <a href="/facts/Shape_of_the_universe/EJFEm9bw">shape of the universe</a>: <ul><li>The diameter of the <a href="/facts/Observable_universe/CdTGMdsp">observable universe</a> is approximately 93 billion light-years; what is the size of the whole universe? Is it infinite?</li> <li>What is the 3-<a href="/facts/Manifold/rXPERJtu">manifold</a> of <a href="/facts/Comoving_coordinates/55cYbfbY">comoving space</a>, i.e. of a comoving spatial section of the universe, informally called the "shape" of the universe? <ul><li>Neither the curvature nor the topology is presently known, though the curvature is known to be "close" to zero on observable scales. The <a href="/facts/Cosmic_inflation/SujXx3aD">cosmic inflation</a> hypothesis suggests that the shape of the universe may be unmeasurable. Since 2003, <a href="/facts/Jean-Pierre_Luminet/S5GepoPn">Jean-Pierre Luminet</a>, et al., and other groups have suggested that the shape of the universe may be the <a href="/facts/Homology_sphere/8XnrYQ1T">Poincaré dodecahedral space</a>. Is the shape unmeasurable, the Poincaré space, or another 3-manifold?</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cosmic_inflation/SujXx3aD">Cosmic inflation</a>: <ul><li>Is the theory of cosmic inflation in the very early universe correct? If so, what are the details of this epoch?</li> <li>What is the hypothetical <a href="/facts/Inflaton/U5CPqHpm">inflaton</a> <a href="/facts/Scalar_field/8MtPTGob">scalar field</a> that gave rise to this cosmic inflation?</li> <li>If inflation happened at a single point, is it <a href="/facts/Chaotic_inflation/Gt6yGIV7">self-sustaining through inflation of quantum-mechanical fluctuations</a> and thus ongoing in some extremely distant place?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Horizon_problem/xyuwd8UB">Horizon problem</a>: <ul><li>Why is the distant universe so homogeneous when the <a href="/facts/Big_Bang_theory/I5T1vTnv">Big Bang theory</a> seems to predict larger measurable <a href="/facts/Anisotropy/YMqTQWVB">anisotropies</a> of the night sky than those observed? <ul><li>Cosmological <a href="/facts/Inflation_(cosmology)/SujXx3aD">inflation</a> is generally accepted as the solution, but are other possible explanations such as a <a href="/facts/Variable_speed_of_light/5QjmJTfw">variable speed of light</a> more appropriate?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hubble_tension/FJYfELCP">Hubble tension</a>: If ΛCDM is correct, why are measurements of the Hubble constant failing to converge?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Axis_of_evil_(cosmology)/CuClrlDv">Axis of evil</a>: Some large features of the microwave sky at distances of over 13 billion light-years appear to be aligned with both the motion and orientation of the solar system. Is this due to systematic errors in processing, contamination of results by local effects, or an unexplained violation of the <a href="/facts/Copernican_principle/9cvC9Wc7">Copernican principle</a>?</li> <li><a href="/facts/Why_is_there_something_rather_than_nothing%3F/xWhfjXEK">Why is there something rather than nothing?</a> Origin and <a href="/facts/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe/syHHyRqd">fate of the universe</a>: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Big_Bang/I5T1vTnv">How did the conditions for anything to exist arise?</a></li> <li>Is there potentially an infinite amount of unknown astronomical phenomena throughout our entire universe?</li> <li>Is the universe heading toward a <a href="/facts/Big_Freeze/gRDfKxSE">Big Freeze</a>, a <a href="/facts/Big_Rip/oBkEE9Xg">Big Rip</a>, a <a href="/facts/Big_Crunch/bCewhu87">Big Crunch</a>, or a <a href="/facts/Big_Bounce/kGXNX90A">Big Bounce</a>, or is it part of an infinitely recurring <a href="/facts/Cyclic_model/Ro4BRnJI">cyclic model</a>?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Multiverse/GUCDxvPg">Multiverse</a>: <ul><li>Is there a <a href="/facts/Multiverse/GUCDxvPg">multiverse</a> and is such a concept relevant? Are such ideas <a href="/facts/Scientific_method/182j8RWE">scientifically-testable</a> or will they forever remain in the realm of <a href="/facts/Pseudoscience/kdNzoLeS">pseudoscience</a>? Are such <a href="/facts/Metaphysics/fSFt6SHe">metaphysical</a> questions interpretable in the fields of cosmology, astronomy, physics, or any other <a href="/facts/Science/IJoaD7rs">scientific</a> discipline?</li> <li>Are metaphysical approaches such as the <a href="/facts/Anthropic_principle/LrJDwfC9">anthropic principle</a> necessary to explain unsolved questions such as the <a href="/facts/Cosmological_constant_problem/odjlvwLL">cosmological constant problem</a>?</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="extraterrestrial-life">Extraterrestrial life</h2> <ul><li>Is there other <a href="/facts/Extraterrestrial_life/arxCPFTQ">life in the Universe</a>? Especially: <ul><li>Is there other intelligent life?</li> <li>Is there potentially an infinite amount of extraterrestrial genera throughout our universe? If so, what is the explanation for the <a href="/facts/Fermi_paradox/P85yfUo0">Fermi paradox</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>Nature of <a href="/facts/Wow!_signal/MNCRYGna">Wow! signal</a>: <ul><li>Was this singular event a result of any extraterrestrial phenomenon? If so, what was its origin?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Lists_of_unsolved_problems/u9bpE2Xa">Lists of unsolved problems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics/vJ3d1A83">List of unsolved problems in physics</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>See Planets beyond Neptune#Orbits of distant objects for details. <a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Orbits_of_distant_objects" target="_blank">/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Orbits_of_distant_objects</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Scientists Find That Saturn's Rotation Period is a Puzzle". NASA. June 28, 2004. 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