Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
1995 in science
open-in-new
<h2 id="astronomy-and-space-exploration">Astronomy and space exploration</h2> <ul><li>February – <a href="/facts/Project_Phoenix_(SETI)/TXgCJ8vd">Project Phoenix</a> begins looking for extraterrestrial transmissions using the <a href="/facts/Parkes_Observatory/K6RWokxV">Parkes Observatory</a> <a href="/facts/Radio_telescope/SxIXUowL">radio telescope</a> in <a href="/facts/New_South_Wales/aW7eJXSS">New South Wales</a>, Australia, the largest telescope in the <a href="/facts/Southern_Hemisphere/QfJ4z9L5">Southern Hemisphere</a>.</li> <li>February 8 – <a href="/facts/Asteroid/g7Ulr1VB">Asteroid</a> <a href="/facts/6349_Acapulco/IrwYaDxK">6349 Acapulco</a> is discovered by <a href="/facts/Masahiro_Koishikawa/YFBYGmzQ">Masahiro Koishikawa</a>.</li> <li>March 22 – Cosmonaut <a href="/facts/Valeri_Polyakov/lw2MNoFj">Valeri Polyakov</a> returns after setting a record for 438 days in <a href="/facts/Outer_space/R3LRKyFs">space</a>.</li> <li>July 23 – <a href="/facts/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp/4BCn6rvu">Comet Hale–Bopp</a> is discovered by <a href="/facts/Alan_Hale_(astronomer)/ouHCTBkK">Alan Hale</a> and <a href="/facts/Thomas_Bopp/wxUaRQ90">Thomas Bopp</a> independently.</li> <li>October 6 – <a href="/facts/51_Pegasi_b/G76U3qdY">51 Pegasi b</a>: <a href="/facts/Didier_Queloz/dwNnejKf">Didier Queloz</a> and <a href="/facts/Michel_Mayor/l5GPzngL">Michel Mayor</a> of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Geneva/qXnRaoK5">University of Geneva</a> at the <a href="/facts/Observatoire_de_Haute-Provence/LLPwrLFY">Observatoire de Haute-Provence</a> announce the first definitive detection of an <a href="/facts/Extrasolar_planet/zjfmqfUf">extrasolar planet</a> orbiting an ordinary <a href="/facts/Main_sequence/DJ3Wq8kd">main sequence</a> star (<a href="/facts/51_Pegasi/8S6XgMo1">51 Pegasi</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> and the first "<a href="/facts/Hot_Jupiter/9wSFCuxk">hot Jupiter</a>".</li> <li>December 7 – NASA's <i><a href="/facts/Galileo_(spacecraft)/H57agAgz">Galileo Probe</a></i> enters <a href="/facts/Jupiter/95m7XjMT">Jupiter</a>'s atmosphere.</li> <li>December 18 - 28 Hubble observes its first deep field</li> <li>The "Big Ear" at the <a href="/facts/Ohio_State_University_Radio_Observatory/DmB1W97R">Ohio State University Radio Observatory</a> ends its full-time <a href="/facts/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence/dh8h2HNn">search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a> radio survey, having run continuously for 22 years, beginning in <a href="/facts/1973_in_science/KrcgsIvn">1973</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_P._Binzel/mcqEdFdg">Richard P. Binzel</a> devises the original of what will become the <a href="/facts/Torino_Scale/PwuJqLSP">Torino Scale</a> for categorizing the impact hazard associated with <a href="/facts/Near-Earth_object/UwnPRnSN">near-Earth objects</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>The first <a href="/facts/Brown_dwarf/fa7kr9lH">brown dwarf</a> – <a href="/facts/Teide_1/4wByTUg7">Teide 1</a> – is discovered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>March 24 – <a href="/facts/Patrick_Callaerts/UP5IU3FH">Patrick Callaerts</a> and colleagues publish the first classic demonstration of the role of the <a href="/facts/PAX6/31LAKRqo">PAX6</a> gene in the development of eyes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>The genome of <i><a href="/facts/Haemophilus_influenzae/wqIpoDI1">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i> is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sudden_oak_death/SSe0BNlE">Sudden oak death</a>, the tree disease caused by the <a href="/facts/Plant_pathogen/h6DTufWF">plant pathogen</a> <i><a href="/facts/Phytophthora_ramorum/SSe0BNlE">Phytophthora ramorum</a></i>, is first observed, in <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>, United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="computer-science">Computer science</h2> <ul><li>January 27 – <a href="/facts/Prodigy_(online_service)/Udxc4zkR">Prodigy (online service)</a> offers access to the <a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web/wvnTrWFq">World Wide Web</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>March 1 – The first <a href="/facts/Yahoo!_Search/vpTvHcV1">Yahoo! Search</a> interface is founded.</li> <li>March 25 – <a href="/facts/Ward_Cunningham/8SuK946v">Ward Cunningham</a> loads the first <a href="/facts/Wiki/uCKCEzqb">wiki</a> software, <a href="/facts/WikiWikiWeb/K13WVqo1">WikiWikiWeb</a>, in <a href="/facts/Oregon/4Uq446Ko">Oregon</a>.</li> <li>April 30 – The United States government stops funding the <a href="/facts/NSFNET/b95QF5hR">NSFNET</a>, making the <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">Internet</a> a wholly privatized system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>May 23 – The <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java programming language</a> is announced to the world.</li> <li>June 8 – <a href="/facts/Danish_people/rukzp11N">Danish</a>/<a href="/facts/Greenland/aagXRTB7">Greenlandic</a>/<a href="/facts/Canadians/9y5ceYgk">Canadian</a> <a href="/facts/Programmer/WGTS1Jv9">programmer</a> <a href="/facts/Rasmus_Lerdorf/kIA4GNwF">Rasmus Lerdorf</a> releases the first version of the <a href="/facts/Scripting_language/8pF4ajBL">scripting language</a> <a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a>, which in 15 years will be used as the <a href="/facts/Server-side/JqukWyaA">server-side</a> language on 75% of all <a href="/facts/Web_server/A4GS6thA">Web servers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>July 16 – <a href="/facts/Amazon.com/YzUTUVE8">Amazon.com</a>, incorporated a year earlier by <a href="/facts/Jeff_Bezos/VV9IzSa3">Jeff Bezos</a> in <a href="/facts/Washington_(state)/7tCrTFnN">Washington (state)</a> as an online <a href="/facts/Bookstore/Vu46AJSS">bookstore</a>, sells its first book, <a href="/facts/Douglas_Hofstadter/LxUaf01J">Douglas Hofstadter</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Fluid_Concepts_and_Creative_Analogies/Xkeu62gY">Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>November 22 – <i><a href="/facts/Toy_Story/DoyMSJPT">Toy Story</a></i>, the first feature film created using only <a href="/facts/Computer-generated_imagery/ThJ2gh1X">computer-generated imagery</a>, is released in theaters in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Andy_Harter/DUjUKwB3">Andy Harter</a> and colleagues devise <a href="/facts/Virtual_Network_Computing/xTmWVgV4">Virtual Network Computing</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="earth-sciences">Earth sciences</h2> <ul><li>Bruce Luyendyk first proposes the name <a href="/facts/Zealandia/sMl4zeGA">Zealandia</a> for a southern continent.</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li>May – <a href="/facts/Wiles%27s_proof_of_Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem/Xgr6wAf2">Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem</a> is published in <i><a href="/facts/Annals_of_Mathematics/CUYktUqD">Annals of Mathematics</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li>January 30 – Workers from the <a href="/facts/National_Institutes_of_Health/G3Eytfcc">National Institutes of Health</a> announce the success of clinical trials testing the first preventive treatment for <a href="/facts/Sickle-cell_disease/93LT7ATq">sickle cell anaemia</a>.</li> <li>December 6 – The United States <a href="/facts/Food_and_Drug_Administration/rCEnh9WB">Food and Drug Administration</a> approves <a href="/facts/Saquinavir/0v9eGp2l">Saquinavir</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology)/DUVasWmT">protease inhibitor</a> to treat <a href="/facts/HIV/AIDS/RqLIEMuJ">HIV/AIDS</a>. Within 2 years of its approval, annual deaths from AIDS in the United States fall from over 50,000 to approximately 18,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="neuroscience">Neuroscience</h2> <ul><li>The RELN gene and <a href="/facts/Reelin/PzkFDjn2">Reelin</a> protein are discovered by Gabriella D'Arcangelo and colleagues, solving the mystery behind the formation of "inverted cortical layers" in the brain of <a href="/facts/Reeler/L8r3ar71">reeler</a> mutant mice, and sparking an avalanche of research into the Reelin's role in <a href="/facts/Neural_development/hSjrUxCn">neurodevelopment</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>March 2 – <a href="/facts/Top_quark/82qd7NPI">Top quark</a> discovery announced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>Spring – <a href="/facts/M-theory/5KJgrr9P">M-theory</a> is conjectured by <a href="/facts/Edward_Witten/lPUylPmj">Edward Witten</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="psychology">Psychology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Loftus/TqhMCdUX">Elizabeth Loftus</a> describes the "<a href="/facts/Lost_in_the_mall_technique/B3y2W5ap">Lost in the mall technique</a>" as a demonstration that <a href="/facts/Confabulation/5Kf04L4Y">confabulations</a> can be created through suggestions to experimental subjects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="organisations">Organisations</h2> <ul><li>The first <a href="/facts/SampTA/nyvvazHJ">SampTA</a> conference for mathematicians, engineers and applied scientists is held in <a href="/facts/Riga/PCWbJn2h">Riga</a>, <a href="/facts/Latvia/y2PSa8lx">Latvia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prizes</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Martin_L._Perl/g1BeBJ5z">Martin L. Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/Frederick_Reines/sdWH4hNg">Frederick Reines</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Paul_J._Crutzen/p2P2pndC">Paul J. Crutzen</a>, <a href="/facts/Mario_J._Molina/g7yn5anq">Mario J. Molina</a>, <a href="/facts/F._Sherwood_Rowland/0nvVKuuk">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – <a href="/facts/Edward_B._Lewis/JNSYarwh">Edward B. Lewis</a>, <a href="/facts/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard/Nq8WBuNk">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, <a href="/facts/Eric_F._Wieschaus/Jg6aydc2">Eric Wieschaus</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Peace_Prize/2wVhmLrX">Peace</a> – <a href="/facts/Joseph_Rotblat/j4KwqL69">Joseph Rotblat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Turing_Award/HbEEp0GF">Turing Award</a> – <a href="/facts/Manuel_Blum/fl3GKhvh">Manuel Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wollaston_Medal/uVkuXBYJ">Wollaston Medal for Geology</a> – <a href="/facts/George_P._L._Walker/TfkSkBQU">George P. L. Walker</a></li> <li>Enshrinement in the <a href="/facts/Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris/4vSqDnaS">Panthéon, Paris</a> – <a href="/facts/Pierre_Curie/Sbtlw2xj">Pierre</a> and <a href="/facts/Marie_Curie/EGjeuJ14">Marie Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Spinoza_Prize/PxkDAL29">Spinoza Prize</a> first awarded in the Netherlands.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>January 30 – <a href="/facts/Gerald_Durrell/1l2PRhPA">Gerald Durrell</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1925_in_science/l6SsxtXD">1925</a>), <a href="/facts/British_people/xn7cqlzV">British</a> <a href="/facts/Wildlife_conservation/XzdYfcEz">wildlife conservationist</a>.</li> <li>March 24 – <a href="/facts/Joseph_Needham/lC1qJAuI">Joseph Needham</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1900_in_science/tY9grWXa">1900</a>), <a href="/facts/English_people/IeI9c7BK">English</a> <a href="/facts/Biochemist/gAWNAY5v">biochemist</a> and writer on the <a href="/facts/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China/JlA3afbj">history of science and technology in China</a>.</li> <li>April 2 – <a href="/facts/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n/Nh7SvJNG">Hannes Alfvén</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1908_in_science/zY4oD4uc">1908</a>), <a href="/facts/Swedes/gAeGfw2N">Swedish</a> astrophysicist.</li> <li>June 23 – <a href="/facts/Jonas_Salk/1dkedaHa">Jonas Salk</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1914_in_science/syUzlX5D">1914</a>), <a href="/facts/Americans/srd9GJ5U">American</a> medical researcher.</li> <li>August 11 – <a href="/facts/Alonzo_Church/b7D52Itv">Alonzo Church</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1903_in_science/vzmumpjg">1903</a>), American <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>September 13 – <a href="/facts/A._E._Wilder-Smith/AW9qFXFj">A. E. Wilder-Smith</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1915_in_science/NMYGub5y">1915</a>), British <a href="/facts/Organic_chemist/djxhxaNg">organic chemist</a>.</li> <li>December 2 – <a href="/facts/M%C3%A1ria_Telkes/41bk7B4X">Mária Telkes</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1900_in_science/tY9grWXa">1900</a>), Hungarian-American scientist and inventor</li> <li>December 14 – <a href="/facts/Constance_Tipper/sbgGlh6H">Constance Tipper</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1894_in_science/butQ5Utu">1894</a>), English <a href="/facts/Metallurgist/1SANyxX4">metallurgist</a>.</li> <li>December 18 – <a href="/facts/Nathan_Rosen/0ks08uEe">Nathan Rosen</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1909_in_science/9XtDzVts">1909</a>), American-born Israeli physicist.</li></ul> <ul> <li>1990s portal</li><li>Science portal</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Mayor, Michael; Queloz, Didier (1995). "A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star". Nature. 378 (6555): 355–359. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..355M. doi:10.1038/378355a0. S2CID 4339201. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/Nature_(journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"A Near-Earth Object Hazard Index" presented at a United Nations conference and published in its proceedings, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 822 (1997). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" target="_blank">/wiki/United_Nations</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Spitzer Telescope Observes Baby Brown Dwarf". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2009-174" target="_blank">https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2009-174</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Halder, G.; Callaerts, P.; Gehring, W. J. (1995). "Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila". Science. 267 (5205): 1788–1792. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1788H. doi:10.1126/science.7892602. PMID 7892602.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Hansard, Carolyn. "Introduced Species Summary Project Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum)". Columbia University. <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Phytophthora_ramorum.htm" target="_blank">http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Phytophthora_ramorum.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Lewis, Peter H. (31 January 1995). "COMPANY NEWS; Prodigy Sees Quick Growth from Internet Web Service". The New York Times. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/31/business/company-news-prodigy-sees-quick-growth-from-internet-web-service.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/31/business/company-news-prodigy-sees-quick-growth-from-internet-web-service.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Cybertelecom :: NSFNET". cybertelecom.org. <a href="http://www.cybertelecom.org/notes/nsfnet.htm" target="_blank">http://www.cybertelecom.org/notes/nsfnet.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Lerdorf, Rasmus (1995-06-08). "Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)". Newsgroup: comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi. Retrieved 2012-06-08. <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi/msg/cc7d43454d64d133" target="_blank">https://groups.google.com/group/comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi/msg/cc7d43454d64d133</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"History & Timeline". Retrieved 2012-07-02. <a href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-corporateTimeline" target="_blank">http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-corporateTimeline</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Byers, Ann (2006). Jeff Bezos: the founder of Amazon.com. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9781404207172. <a href="9781404207172" target="_blank">9781404207172</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Wiles, Andrew (1995). "Modular elliptic curves and Fermat's Last Theorem" (PDF). Annals of Mathematics. 141 (3): 443–551. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.169.9076. doi:10.2307/2118559. ISSN 0003-486X. JSTOR 2118559. OCLC 37032255. Zbl 0823.11029. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2013-05-15.; Taylor, Richard; Wiles, Andrew (1995). "Ring-theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras" (PDF). Annals of Mathematics. 141 (3): 553–572. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.128.531. doi:10.2307/2118560. JSTOR 2118560. OCLC 37032255. Zbl 0823.11030. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-09. Retrieved 2013-05-15. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" target="_blank">/wiki/Andrew_Wiles</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"HIV Surveillance --- United States, 1981--2008". Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6021a2.htm" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6021a2.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Abe, F. et al (CDF Collaboration) (1995). "Observation of Top Quark Production in pp Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab". Physical Review Letters. 74 (14): 2626–2631. arXiv:hep-ex/9503002. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.2626A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2626. PMID 10057978. S2CID 119451328. <a href="/wiki/CDF_Collaboration" target="_blank">/wiki/CDF_Collaboration</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Abachi, S. et al (DØ Collaboration) (1995). "Search for High Mass Top Quark Production in pp Collisions at √s = 1.8 TeV". Physical Review Letters. 74 (13): 2422–2426. arXiv:hep-ex/9411001. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.2422A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2422. PMID 10057924. S2CID 119392677. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%98_Collaboration" target="_blank">/wiki/D%C3%98_Collaboration</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Liss, T. M.; Tipton, P. L. (1997). "The Discovery of the Top Quark" (PDF). Scientific American. 277 (3): 54–59. Bibcode:1997SciAm.277c..54L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0997-54. <a href="http://www.hep.uiuc.edu/home/tml/SciAmTop.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.hep.uiuc.edu/home/tml/SciAmTop.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Loftus, E. F.; Pickrell, J. E. (1995). "The formation of false memories" (PDF). Psychiatric Annals. 25 (12): 720–725. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-07. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2011-02-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203033217/http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Papers/Py104/loftusmem1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081203033217/http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Papers/Py104/loftusmem1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>SampTA1995 Sampta95 link <a href="http://www.ciel.pl/projects/BENEFIT/Sampta95-Latvia.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ciel.pl/projects/BENEFIT/Sampta95-Latvia.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>