Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Indonesian Aerospace
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Pioneering</h3> <p>Though aircraft production in Indonesia existed before independence in 1945, the National Aviation Industry was pioneered in 1946 at <a href="/facts/Yogyakarta_(city)/AHe1fMdI">Yogyakarta</a> by the formation of <i>Planning and Construction Bureau</i> (<a href="/facts/Indonesian_language/J8Q78Ywb">Indonesian</a>: <i>Biro Rencana dan Konstruksi</i>) within the <a href="/facts/Military_of_Indonesia/7Vd2JuYv">Indonesian Air Force</a>. Wiweko Soepono, Nurtanio Pringgoadisurjo, and J. Sumarsono, opened a simple workshop at <a href="/facts/Magetan/YDnb3L69">Magetan</a>, near <a href="/facts/Madiun/r0KLGV7Q">Madiun</a>. With basic materials, gliders were designed and built – <a href="/facts/Zogling/CvElA6ay">Zogling</a>, NWG-1 (Nurtanio Wiweko Glider) among others. </p><p>In 1948, a motorised aircraft, WEL-X was built by Wiweko Soepono using a <a href="/facts/Harley_Davidson/sefsPLqR">Harley Davidson</a> engine. The small craft was registered as RI-X. This era marked the rise of several <a href="/facts/Model_aircraft/Lsnf5ABq">aeromodelling</a> clubs. </p><p>The war for independence, however, halted all progress until 1953. In that year, <i>The Experimental Section</i> (<a href="/facts/Indonesian_language/J8Q78Ywb">Indonesian</a>: <i>Seksi Percobaan</i>) was organised. Consisting of only 15 personnel, led by Nurtanio Pringgoadisurjo, The team built and tested three prototypes of a single-seat all metal aircraft at Andir Airport (Later renamed <a href="/facts/Husein_Sastranegara_International_Airport/dtfcbkuX">Husein Sastranegara International Airport</a>) in <a href="/facts/Bandung/pruqBqva">Bandung</a>. </p><p>On 24 April 1957, The <i>Experimental Section</i> graduated into The <i>Inspection, Trial, and Production Sub-Depot</i> (<a href="/facts/Indonesian_language/J8Q78Ywb">Indonesian</a>: <i>Sub Depot Penyelidikan, Percobaan dan Pembuatan</i>) based on Decision Letter of Indonesian Air Force Chief of Staff number 68. </p><p>In 1958, a light training aircraft prototype named <i><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Belalang/CkztU1Rk">Belalang 89</a></i>, or <i>Grasshopper 89</i>, was flown. The design was later produced as <i>Belalang 90</i>. Five <i>Belalang 90</i> were built and used for military training. Within the same year, a sport plane, "<a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Kunang/AAJ3z0Cl">Kunang 25</a>", was also built and flown. </p> <h3>Preparation</h3> <p>On 1 August 1960, by the order of the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force (order #488), The <i>Aviation Industry Preparation Agency</i> was to be formed to establish the Indonesian aviation industry as part of national strategies on national industrial production. By 16 December 1961, the new body, known as LAPIP (<i>Lembaga Persiapan Industri Penerbangan</i>), was actively negotiating for technological transfers and contracts. </p><p>LAPIP was able to secure a joint licensing and production contract with the <a href="/facts/Polish_People%27s_Republic/hypM0C8R">Polish People's Republic</a> (through the latter's foreign trade monopoly, the Complete Industrial Facilities Export Centre (CEKOP)). Within the same year, Indonesia was producing the <a href="/facts/PZL-104_Wilga/9mxGzMjg">PZL-104 Wilga</a>, locally named the <i>Gelatik</i>. 44 were manufactured for agriculture, transport, and aero club purposes. </p><p>In 1965, the <i>Aircraft Industry Project Implementation Command</i> (<i>Komando Pelaksana Proyek Industri Pesawat Terbang</i>; <i>KOPELAPIP</i>) and the Independent Aircraft Industry National Company (<i>PN. Industri Pesawat Terbang Berdikari</i>) were formed to expand and formulate specific uses of the young aviation industry. </p><p>Within the same timeline, Aviation Studies were promoted in the country's top universities. One of the first schools was founded within the machine department of the engineering faculty of the <a href="/facts/Bandung_Institute_of_Technology/HCPRN3BJ">Bandung Institute of Technology</a> by Oetarjo Diran and Liem Keng Kie. </p><p>In September 1974, <a href="/facts/Pertamina/ShlYV3oH">Pertamina</a>'s Advanced Technology Division signed a license contract with <a href="/facts/Messerschmitt/U6u0GK1m">MBB</a> and <a href="/facts/Construcciones_Aeron%C3%A1uticas_SA/z726esKI">CASA</a> for producing <a href="/facts/B%C3%B6lkow_Bo_105/60YUMWr4">Bölkow Bo 105</a> and <a href="/facts/CASA_C.212_Aviocar/aFrp0DPb">CASA C.212 Aviocar</a>. </p> <h3>Nurtanio Aircraft Industry</h3> <p>On 26 April 1976, mandated by Government Act No. 15, in <a href="/facts/Jakarta/HwQk9xHT">Jakarta</a>, PT Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio was officially established with <a href="/facts/Jusuf_Habibie/xCdmbETu">BJ. Habibie</a> as the President and CEO. The infrastructure was completed and inaugurated on 23 August 1976 by President <a href="/facts/Suharto/PASc013k">Suharto</a>. The new body was a merger between Nurtanio Aviation Industry Institution (<i>Lembaga Industri Penerbangan Nurtanio/LIPNUR</i>) and <a href="/facts/Pertamina/ShlYV3oH">Pertamina</a>'s Advanced Technology Division. </p><p>The name 'Nurtanio' is a tribute to Nurtanio Pringgoadisuryo, one of the first aviation pioneers in Indonesia, who designed the <a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Sikumbang/5ubKWGul">Sikumbang</a>, an indigenous all metal aircraft (maiden flight: 1 August 1954). As a result of his death caused by a flight training accident on 1 March 1966, the <i>Aviation Industry Preparation Agency</i> was then renamed <i>Nurtanio Aviation Industry Institution LLC</i> (<a href="/facts/Indonesian_language/J8Q78Ywb">Indonesian</a>: <i>Lembaga Industri Penerbangan Nurtanio (Abbreviated as LIPNUR)</i>). </p><p>Initially, IPTN manufactured the NBO 105 (<a href="/facts/MBB_Bo_105/60YUMWr4">MBB Bo 105</a>) under license from <a href="/facts/Messerschmitt-B%C3%B6lkow-Blohm/Gy1KlrMB">MBB</a>, followed by the NC 212 (<a href="/facts/CASA_C-212_Aviocar/aFrp0DPb">CASA C-212 Aviocar</a>), under license by <a href="/facts/CASA_(aircraft_manufacturer)/z726esKI">CASA</a>. </p> <h3>Nusantara Aircraft Industry</h3> <p>On 11 October 1985, the name <i>PT Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio</i> was changed to the <i>PT Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara</i> or IPTN. <a href="/facts/Nusantara_(archipelago)/4L3a3XPN">Nusantara</a> signifies the Indonesian 17,000 island <a href="/facts/Archipelago/50BeC9tl">archipelago</a>. </p><p>The exclusion of "Nurtanio" from IPTN was due to some highly questionable accusations. One of the allegations was a personal use of company's letterhead by Nurtanio's family to appropriate some IPTN stocks. None was proven true. </p> <h3>Dirgantara Indonesia / Indonesian Aerospace</h3> <p>Following the <a href="/facts/1997_Asian_financial_crisis/EfxsMxXQ">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, a major restructuring program was implemented. At its peak, in 2004, the Indonesian Aerospace reduced its payroll from 9670 to 3720. Furthermore, the 18 business divisions were reorganised into the following: </p> <ul><li>Aircraft</li> <li>Aircraft Services</li> <li>Aerostructure</li> <li>Defense</li> <li>Engineering Services</li></ul> <p>The restructuring focused on new business goals, downsizing and adaptation of man-power according to available workloads, and a pinpoint market targeting along with a concentrated business mission. </p><p>The IPTN was re-introduced as PT Dirgantara Indonesia (abbreviated DI) or Indonesian Aerospace (abbreviated IAe). IAe was officially inaugurated by the President of <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/facts/Abdurrahman_Wahid/S5EdMt8K">Abdurrahman Wahid</a>, in <a href="/facts/Bandung/pruqBqva">Bandung</a> on 24 August 2000. </p><p>On 4 July 2011, Indonesia's government said it will inject Rp.2 trillion ($234 million) to Indonesian Aerospace to keep the debt-ridden firm afloat with a view to making a joint venture with <a href="/facts/EADS/PSLf3cM8">EADS</a>. Before injection, the amount of unpaid debt to the government was Rp.1.1 trillion ($129 million).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="services">Services</h2> <ul><li>Engineering work packages; design, development, testing</li> <li>Manufacturing subcontracts</li> <li>Aircraft Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO)</li> <li>Engine Maintenance and Overhaul (MRO)</li></ul> <h2 id="facilities">Facilities</h2> <p>Indonesian Aerospace covers an area of 86.98 <a href="/facts/Hectare/DPz2HDGr">ha</a>. The backbone of the production is sustained by 232 high tech operations. Apart from these, there are other minor high-tech facilities spread over various assembly lines, laboratories, and service & maintenance units. They are located mainly in <a href="/facts/Bandung/pruqBqva">Bandung</a>. </p> <h2 id="products">Products</h2> <h3>Indonesian Aerospace and its precursors</h3> <p>(PT <i>Dirgantara Indonesia</i> (DI) – (IAe) Indonesian Aerospace) </p> <h4>AURI</h4> <p>(<i>Angkatan Udara Republik Indonesia, Depot Penjelidikan, Pertjobaan dan Pembuatan</i> – Indonesian Air Force Research, Development, and Production Depot) </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/NU-200_Sikumbang/5ubKWGul">NU-200 Sikumbang</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/NU-225_Sikumbang/5ubKWGul">NU-225 Sikumbang</a> (X-09)</li> <li><a href="/facts/NU-260_Sikumbang/5ubKWGul">NU-260 Sikumbang</a> (X-02)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Belalang_85/CkztU1Rk">Belalang 85</a> (X-03) – converted <a href="/facts/Piper_J-3_Cub/01lkTbco">Piper J-3 Cub</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Belalang_90/CkztU1Rk">Belalang 90</a> – converted <a href="/facts/Piper_J-3_Cub/01lkTbco">Piper J-3 Cub</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Kunang/AAJ3z0Cl">Kunang 25</a> (X-04)</li> <li><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Super_Kunang/VxRww0Ph">Super Kunang 35</a> (X-05 and X-07)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kindjeng_150/QS8awfoq">Kindjeng 150</a> (X-06)</li> <li><a href="/facts/B-8m_Kolentang/4zca1SRJ">B-8m Kolentang</a> – based on <a href="/facts/Bensen_B-8/vPtYYezW">Bensen B-8</a></li></ul> <h4>LIPNUR</h4> <p>(<i>Lembaga Industri Penerbangan Nurtanio</i> – Nurtanio Aviation Industry Institution) </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/PZL-104_Wilga/9mxGzMjg">LIPNUR Gelatik</a> (License-built <a href="/facts/PZL-104_Wilga/9mxGzMjg">PZL-104 Wilga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pazmany_PL-2/5wmrRtRH">LIPNUR LT-200 Angkatang</a> (License-built <a href="/facts/Pazmany_PL-2/5wmrRtRH">Pazmany PL-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Belalang/CkztU1Rk">LIPNUR Belalang</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Kindjeng/QS8awfoq">LIPNUR Kindjeng</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Kolentang/4zca1SRJ">LIPNUR Kolentang</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Kumbang/SczkN0AK">LIPNUR Kumbang</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Kunang/AAJ3z0Cl">LIPNUR Kunang</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Kunang-kunang/AAJ3z0Cl">LIPNUR Kunang-kunang</a></li> <li>LIPNUR Manyang</li> <li><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Sikumbang/5ubKWGul">LIPNUR Sikumbang</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Super_Kunang/VxRww0Ph">LIPNUR Super Kunang I</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LIPNUR_Super_Kunang/VxRww0Ph">LIPNUR Super Kunang II</a></li></ul> <h4>IAe Aircraft production</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/CASA/IPTN_CN-235/kpLhpHAI">CASA/IPTN CN-235</a> civil, military, and maritime version (Joint development with <a href="/facts/Construcciones_Aeron%C3%A1uticas_SA/z726esKI">CASA</a> under <i>Aircraft Technology (Airtech)</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/EADS_CASA_C-295/pbbG06sH">Indonesian Aerospace CN-295</a> (Variant of C-295 made by Indonesian Aerospace).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indonesian_Aerospace_N-219/H5Vp2gud">Indonesian Aerospace N-219</a> is a 19-seat commercial <a href="/facts/Turboprop/t7c8rkCx">turboprop</a> aircraft. First flew in August 2017, it was certified by <a href="/facts/Directorate_General_of_Civil_Aviation_(Indonesia)/S5GVtxGD">Indonesian Directorate General of Civil Aviation</a> in December 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> IAe (PT DI) has received 257 orders of N-219 from abroad and domestic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indonesian_Aerospace_N-245/Jwu7QcKF">Indonesian Aerospace N-245</a> is a planned 50-seat commercial <a href="/facts/Turboprop/t7c8rkCx">turboprop</a> aircraft. In mid 2018, IAe (PT DI) completed wind tunnel testing and finalized the design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>Indonesian Aerospace <a href="/facts/IPTN_N-250/EpUS7b98">IPTN N-250</a> is a 50-seat commercial turboprop aircraft.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Indonesian_Aerospace_Elang_Hitam/0ywRNHPm">space Elang Hitam</a> is a <a href="/facts/Medium-altitude_long-endurance_unmanned_aerial_vehicle/dkM27RsN">medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle</a> currently being developed.</li></ul> Joint Development & production aircraft <ul><li><a href="/facts/KAI_KF-X/JVFr4wyu">KAI KF-X</a>, Joint Development South Korea & Indonesia Government, with development cost sharing consisted of 20 percent Indonesian Government and 80 percent South Korea. KAI and IAe (PTDI) are appointed as System Integrator. <a href="/facts/KAI_KF-X/JVFr4wyu">KAI KF-X</a> is a <a href="/facts/Multirole_fighter/8l6FfCI9">multirole fighter</a>, more advanced than <a href="/facts/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon/0KRD0Gqy">F-16 E/F</a> but still below <a href="/facts/F-35_Lightning_II/x0NWsvfC">F-35</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Currently in prototype development phase.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li></ul> License-built aircraft <ul><li><a href="/facts/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Puma/4TwqPqkX">NAS 330J</a>, a licensed built <a href="/facts/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Puma/4TwqPqkX">Aérospatiale Puma</a> <a href="/facts/Helicopter/chQF7H55">helicopter</a>, first made in 1981.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eurocopter_Super_Puma/HqWR6LNk">NAS 332</a>, a licensed built <a href="/facts/Eurocopter_Super_Puma/HqWR6LNk">Eurocopter Super Puma</a> <a href="/facts/Helicopter/chQF7H55">helicopter</a>, first made in 1983.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eurocopter_EC725/GNlU7tLu">Eurocopter EC725</a>, 6 <a href="/facts/Helicopter/chQF7H55">helicopters</a> for <a href="/facts/Indonesian_Air_Force/Rd8CoMMS">Indonesian Air Force</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bell_412/H1uh3Is7">NB 412</a>, a licensed built <a href="/facts/Bell_412/H1uh3Is7">Bell 412</a> <a href="/facts/Helicopter/chQF7H55">helicopter</a> made since 1984.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/B%C3%B6lkow_Bo_105/60YUMWr4">NBO 105</a>, a licensed built <a href="/facts/B%C3%B6lkow_Bo_105/60YUMWr4">Bölkow Bo 105</a> <a href="/facts/Helicopter/chQF7H55">helicopter</a>, discontinued in July 2011 after 123 units production since 1976.</li> <li><a href="/facts/MBB/Kawasaki_BK_117/Nqgoehq5">NBK 117</a>, a licensed built <a href="/facts/MBB/Kawasaki_BK_117/Nqgoehq5">MBB/Kawasaki BK 117</a>, first produced in 1981.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eurocopter_Fennec/3E06Me5C">Eurocopter Fennec</a> as replacement of NBO 105 production line.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eurocopter_Ecureuil/o5qsXtnF">Eurocopter Ecureuil</a> as replacement of NBO 105 production line.</li> <li><a href="/facts/CASA_C-212_Aviocar/aFrp0DPb">NC-212</a>, a licensed built <a href="/facts/CASA_C-212_Aviocar/aFrp0DPb">CASA C-212 Aviocar</a> aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>IAe Armaments</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mk_4/Mk_40_Folding-Fin_Aerial_Rocket/KwLkAsUW">FFAR</a> 2.75 inch rocket under <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>'s license.</li> <li><a href="/facts/SUT_torpedo/xNjtM1GI">SUT torpedo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/NDL-40/gdnfWvRe">NDL-40</a> Ground-to-Ground Rocket Multi Launcher.</li> <li><a href="/facts/R-Han_122/8wmzvMqz">R-Han 122</a> rocket munition.</li> <li><a href="/facts/RN01-SS/rYfUjgT1">RN01-SS</a></li></ul> <h2 id="development-projects">Development projects</h2> <p>Indonesian Aerospace has plans to construct the <a href="/facts/Indonesian_Aerospace_N-245/Jwu7QcKF">N-245</a>, designed to carry 50 passengers for about 400 kilometres in remote areas or where passenger demand is low. The design is based primarily on that of the <a href="/facts/CASA/IPTN_CN-235/kpLhpHAI">CN-235</a>, with body shape and tail modifications. The development cost of the aircraft has thus far reached $150 million, with an expected <a href="/facts/Break_even_point/WnsHrK6c">break even point</a> of 50–70 aircraft sales. The aircraft is meant as a market competitor to the <a href="/facts/ATR_42/toclUxfo">ATR 42</a> and <a href="/facts/Bombardier_Dash_8/b3Wj54fK">Bombardier Dash 8 Q300.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aviation_in_Indonesia/d9Swk18H">Aviation in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia/ARuem8l6">Science and technology in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Philippine_Aerospace_Development_Corporation/vjh3esWm">Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aerospace_Industrial_Development_Corporation/fAEWFXGW">Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indonesian Aerospace. <ul><li><a href="https://www.indonesian-aerospace.com">Official website</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001119015200/http://www.dprin.go.id/links/pt_iptn/inbrief.htm">IPTN Profile from Industry Department</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207235347/http://www.angkasa-online.com/10/11/english/english4.htm">Nurtanio reminiscences</a>[usurped]</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060317163722/http://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/book/a.htm">History of Indonesian Aviation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"PT Indonesian Aerospace [ PT Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (IPTN)]". <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/indonesia/iptn.htm" target="_blank">http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/indonesia/iptn.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Voi.co.id". <a href="http://en.voi.co.id/voi-editorial/12211-indonesian-aircraft-industry-penetrates-foreign-markets" target="_blank">http://en.voi.co.id/voi-editorial/12211-indonesian-aircraft-industry-penetrates-foreign-markets</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Zend Framework Default Application". Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816111713/http://indonesian-aerospace.com/aboutus.php?m=aboutus&t=aboutus8" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170816111713/http://indonesian-aerospace.com/aboutus.php?m=aboutus&t=aboutus8</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"State Planemaker Dirgantara Indonesia Thrown Rp 2 trillion Lifeline". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927093159/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/state-planemaker-dirgantara-indonesia-thrown-rp-2-trillion-lifeline/450766" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120927093159/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/state-planemaker-dirgantara-indonesia-thrown-rp-2-trillion-lifeline/450766</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"CN235 Family". indonesian-aerospace.com. Retrieved 7 March 2021. <a href="https://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/aircraft/detail/1_cn235+family" target="_blank">https://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/aircraft/detail/1_cn235+family</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"PT. Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero)". www.indonesian-aerospace.com. Retrieved 22 September 2020. <a href="https://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/aircraft/detail/16_cn295" target="_blank">https://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/aircraft/detail/16_cn295</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Indonesia certifies N219 regional turboprop". flightglobal.com. 28 December 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2021. <a href="https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/indonesia-certifies-n219-regional-turboprop/141763.article" target="_blank">https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/indonesia-certifies-n219-regional-turboprop/141763.article</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Jennifer Meszaros - ainonline.com " Indonesia's N219 On Track for 2019 Certification " ainonline, March 29, 2019. <a href="https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-03-29/indonesias-n219-track-2019-certification" target="_blank">https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-03-29/indonesias-n219-track-2019-certification</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Laila Afifa - tempo.co " PT Dirgantara Indonesia to Produce First N219 Aircraft in 2020 " tempo.co, 24 August 2019. <a href="https://en.tempo.co/read/1239714/pt-dirgantara-indonesia-to-produce-first-n219-aircraft-in-2020" target="_blank">https://en.tempo.co/read/1239714/pt-dirgantara-indonesia-to-produce-first-n219-aircraft-in-2020</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Ilyas Istianur Praditya - liputan6.com " Apa Kabar Proyek Pesawat N245 PT DI? " liputan6.com, 07 Nov 2018. <a href="https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/3686373/apa-kabar-proyek-pesawat-n245-pt-di" target="_blank">https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/3686373/apa-kabar-proyek-pesawat-n245-pt-di</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Humas PTDI - indonesian-aerospace.com " PTDI Tandatangani NKB dengan Tim PINA Bappenas Terkait Fasilitasi Pembiayaan Investasi Non-Anggaran Pemerintah " indonesian-aerospace.com, Jakarta, 07 November 2018 – Humas PTDI. <a href="https://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/press/detail/123_ptdi+tandatangani+nkb+dengan+tim+pina+bappenas+terkait+fasilitasi+pembiayaan+investasi+non-anggaran+pemerintah" target="_blank">https://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/press/detail/123_ptdi+tandatangani+nkb+dengan+tim+pina+bappenas+terkait+fasilitasi+pembiayaan+investasi+non-anggaran+pemerintah</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"RI sending KFX jet-fighter production team to South Korea". 11 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2015. <a href="http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/73621/ri-sending-kfx-jet-fighter-production-team-to-south-korea" target="_blank">http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/73621/ri-sending-kfx-jet-fighter-production-team-to-south-korea</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Jon Grevatt, Bangkok - Jane's Defence Industry " KAI reaches early production milestone on KFX " Jane's 360, 18 February 2019. <a href="https://www.janes.com/article/86534/kai-reaches-early-production-milestone-on-kfx" target="_blank">https://www.janes.com/article/86534/kai-reaches-early-production-milestone-on-kfx</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>S. Korea Weighs Designs for KF-X - Defensenews.com, 10 February 2014 <a href="https://archive.today/20140215170713/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140210/DEFREG/302100034/S-Korea-Weighs-Designs-KF-X" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20140215170713/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140210/DEFREG/302100034/S-Korea-Weighs-Designs-KF-X</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>The Emerging Technological Trajectory of the Pacific Rim by Denis Fred Simon, page 193. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>The Emerging Technological Trajectory of the Pacific Rim by Denis Fred Simon, page 193. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"PTDI to supply six ec725 choppers to air force". 10 April 2012. <a href="http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/81256/ptdi-to-supply-six-ec725-choppers-to-air-force" target="_blank">http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/81256/ptdi-to-supply-six-ec725-choppers-to-air-force</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Eurocopter receives first main fuselage assembly from Indonesian Aerospace for EC725 & EC225". 27 November 2013. <a href="http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/2013-global-news-worldwide-world-international-air-force-aviation-/november-2013-global-news-worldwide-world-international-air-force-aviation-aerospace-/926-eurocopter-receives-first-main-fuselage-assembly-from-indonesian-aerospace-for-ec725-a-ec225.html" target="_blank">http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/2013-global-news-worldwide-world-international-air-force-aviation-/november-2013-global-news-worldwide-world-international-air-force-aviation-aerospace-/926-eurocopter-receives-first-main-fuselage-assembly-from-indonesian-aerospace-for-ec725-a-ec225.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Defence Helicopter - Shephard Media". <a href="https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/pt-dirgantara-and-bell-helicopter-textro/" target="_blank">https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/pt-dirgantara-and-bell-helicopter-textro/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"IPTN suspended from Bell 412 production". <a href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/iptn-suspended-from-bell-412-production-20728/" target="_blank">https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/iptn-suspended-from-bell-412-production-20728/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>The Emerging Technological Trajectory of the Pacific Rim by Denis Fred Simon, page 193. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"NC212 Family". indonesian-aerospace.com. Retrieved 7 March 2021. <a href="https://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/aircraft/detail/12_nc212%20family" target="_blank">https://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/aircraft/detail/12_nc212%20family</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Soegeng Haryadi (13 April 2015). "PT DI Bakal Bikin Pesawat Komersial untuk Rute Jarak Pendek". <a href="http://palembang.tribunnews.com/2015/04/13/pt-di-bakal-bikin-pesawat-komersial-untuk-rute-jarak-pendek" target="_blank">http://palembang.tribunnews.com/2015/04/13/pt-di-bakal-bikin-pesawat-komersial-untuk-rute-jarak-pendek</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>