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Revanchism
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<h2 id="historical-and-current-examples">Historical and current examples</h2> <h3>Americas</h3> <h4>Argentina</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Falklands_War/k6cCaCnI">Falklands War</a> and <a href="/facts/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute/FynJ1PHN">Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute</a></p> <p>Argentina considers the British-controlled <a href="/facts/Falkland_Islands/a6FdpUEA">Falkland Islands</a> to be part of the <a href="/facts/Tierra_del_Fuego_Province_(Argentina)/HBfXPFRU">Tierra del Fuego Province</a>. In 1994, Argentina's claim to the territories was added to <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_Argentina/EKaPsJQT">its constitution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>During the <a href="/facts/Interwar_period/EWLuS41R">interwar period</a>, the Argentine fascist ideology <a href="/facts/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)/oCtzGDh6">Nacionalista</a> and organizations such as the <a href="/facts/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance/3WJ3NGKD">Alliance of Nationalist Youth</a> openly supported plans to annex <a href="/facts/Uruguay/X6V0apCb">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a> and some southern and eastern parts of <a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivia</a>, which they claimed belonged to Argentina via past territories of the <a href="/facts/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata/WYCKLlu7">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a>. </p> <h4>Mexico</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Reconquista_(Mexico)/48n8aoD7">Reconquista (Mexico)</a></p> <p>Some Mexican nationalists consider the <a href="/facts/Southwestern_United_States/LjLFs9fC">Southwestern United States</a> to be Mexican territory that must be returned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The territory belonged to Mexico until 1836 when Texas established itself as its own nation. Texas citizens then voted to join the United States in the <a href="/facts/Texas_annexation/fU8r8l6d">Texas annexation</a> (1845) leading to the 1846–48 <a href="/facts/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War/7ttRIwah">Mexican–American War</a> and, as a consequence of the war, the <a href="/facts/Mexican_Cession/CfRUs8oX">Mexican Cession</a> of further territory that now constitutes much of the western US. </p><p>In 1865, as the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a> ended, <a href="/facts/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico/9QbHGxQf">Maximilian</a> "was actively recruiting Confederate refugees to colonize northern Mexico and bring their slaves with them. <a href="/facts/Ulysses_S._Grant/htCzhMtb">Grant</a> foresaw that Maximilian was creating a base from which diehard rebels would carry on a revanchist war against the United States and create an obstacle protecting Maximilian's empire against invasion by U.S. forces".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h3>Asia</h3> <h4>China</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Century_of_humiliation/z4gRSIMC">Century of humiliation</a> and <a href="/facts/Political_status_of_Taiwan/TfltKgId">Political status of Taiwan</a></p> <p>The People's Republic of China (PRC) has used historical claims in the <a href="/facts/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea/wajP60HY">South China Sea</a> (SCS) as justification for island building activities and revised territorial claims. The "<a href="/facts/Nine-dash_line/4JljXCcE">nine-dash line</a>" map extends the area that the PRC identifies as within its sovereign territory disregarding several international laws of the sea. In addition to civil and military confrontations in the SCS, other territorial disputes have affected Japan,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> India,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a>. See also <a href="/facts/Chinese_irredentism/aCVasLUj">Chinese irredentism</a>. </p> <h4>Philippines</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/North_Borneo_dispute/7RQc6eKt">North Borneo dispute</a>, <a href="/facts/Greater_Philippines/Nz9x2mp5">Greater Philippines</a>, <a href="/facts/Brunei_Civil_War/Cq3oFyXJ">Brunei Civil War</a>, and <a href="/facts/Jabidah_Massacre/he9w2IG8">Jabidah Massacre</a></p> <p>The Philippines maintains a "dormant claim" on portions of <a href="/facts/North_Borneo/FYRcV6Ls">North Borneo</a> as part of its territory, which is currently administered as part of <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a>'s <a href="/facts/Sabah/bfYrmM2J">Sabah</a> state. The Philippines' territorial claim is based on the disputed territory being formerly administered by the <a href="/facts/Sultanate_of_Sulu/uwtA7AHX">Sultanate of Sulu</a> under the 1878 Lease Agreement signed between the Sultan of Sulu Jamalul Azam and <a href="/facts/Baron_de_Overbeck/IPosfFnc">Baron de Overbeck</a> of <a href="/facts/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company/ulBjhfjT">North Borneo Chartered Company</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>Europe</h3> <h4>France</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine/Aqy6PCKT">Alsace–Lorraine</a></p> <p>The instance of revanchism that gave these groundswells of opinion their modern name came in the 1870s. French revanchism was a deep sense of bitterness, hatred and demand for revenge against Germany, especially because of the loss of Alsace and Lorraine following defeat in the <a href="/facts/Franco-Prussian_War/DU9aBkVB">Franco-Prussian War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Paintings that emphasized the humiliation of the defeat came in high demand, such as those by <a href="/facts/Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe_de_Neuville/0jXJq7Ap">Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Georges_Clemenceau/rH9eG4ke">Georges Clemenceau</a>, of the <a href="/facts/Radical_Party_(France)/nMk9aFJu">Radical Republicans</a>, opposed participation in the <a href="/facts/Scramble_for_Africa/0o6YgRdp">scramble for Africa</a> and other adventures that would divert the Republic from objectives related to the "blue line of the <a href="/facts/Vosges/FUG7xABL">Vosges</a>" in <a href="/facts/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine/Aqy6PCKT">Alsace-Lorraine</a>. After the governments of <a href="/facts/Jules_Ferry/KN9XjA9M">Jules Ferry</a> had pursued a number of colonies in the early 1880s, Clemenceau lent his support to <a href="/facts/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger/FlMy0olz">Georges Ernest Boulanger</a>, a popular figure, nicknamed <i>Général Revanche</i>, who it was felt might overthrow the Republic in 1889. This <a href="/facts/Ultranationalism/7AXSnAsT">ultranationalist tradition</a> influenced French politics up to 1921 and was one of the major reasons France went to great pains to woo the <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a>, resulting in the <a href="/facts/Franco-Russian_Alliance/0y317lDV">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> of 1894 and, after more accords, the <a href="/facts/Triple_Entente/pyxyg1cA">Triple Entente</a> of the three great Allied powers of <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>: France, Great Britain, and Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>French revanchism influenced the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Versailles/BsNmjaqV">Treaty of Versailles</a> of 1919 following the end of World War I, which restored Alsace-Lorraine to France and extracted reparations from the defeated Germany. The conference was not only opened on the anniversary of the proclamation of the <a href="/facts/German_Empire/lwQutJyN">German Empire</a>; the treaty also had to be signed by the new German government in the same room, the <a href="/facts/Hall_of_Mirrors/R7v4ylws">Hall of Mirrors</a>. </p> <h4>Germany</h4> <p>A German revanchist movement developed in response to the losses of World War I. <a href="/facts/Pan-Germanism/LtgIjKCp">Pan-Germanists</a> within the <a href="/facts/Weimar_Republic/LYYS66ad">Weimar Republic</a> called for the reclamation of the property of a German state due to pre-war borders or because of the territory's historical relation to Germanic peoples. The movement called for the reincorporation of Alsace-Lorraine, the <a href="/facts/Polish_Corridor/HnGBlQmc">Polish Corridor</a> and the <a href="/facts/Sudetenland/r9pXRhIv">Sudetenland</a> (see <a href="/facts/Bohemia/Wbr8gt6l">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/facts/Moravia/35gbBhxa">Moravia</a>, <a href="/facts/Silesia/SHDHG2MD">Silesia</a>—parts of the <a href="/facts/Austrian_Empire/AnAU9bdG">Austrian Empire</a> and <a href="/facts/Austria-Hungary/9WPUPj0W">Austria-Hungary</a> until its dismemberment after World War I). Those claims, supported by <a href="/facts/Adolf_Hitler/3zyXG1L8">Adolf Hitler</a>, led to <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, with the <a href="/facts/Invasion_of_Poland/8kconR1e">invasion of Poland</a>. This irredentism had also been characteristic of the <a href="/facts/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement/zWorla66">Völkisch movement</a> in general and of the <a href="/facts/Pan-German_League/bfcYgmMS">Pan-German League</a> (<i>Alldeutscher Verband</i>). The <i>Verband</i> wanted to uphold German "<a href="/facts/Racial_hygiene/tyeupmY5">racial hygiene</a>" and were against breeding with, in their eyes, inferior races like the <a href="/facts/Jews/T9Y4wE6A">Jews</a> and <a href="/facts/Slavs/mphU6hzm">Slavs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h4>Greece</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Megali_Idea/atVYgFtG">Megali Idea</a></p> <p>Greek revanchism refers to the political sentiment or movement advocating for the restoration or reclaiming of territories historically or culturally once associated with <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a>, but currently under the control of other states. Stemming from unresolved territorial disputes, Greek revanchism often manifests in nationalist rhetoric, diplomatic tensions, and occasional military confrontations. Historical grievances, such as the <a href="/facts/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey/GAJIt1Bq">population exchanges between Greece and Turkey</a> following <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>, also fuel revanchist sentiments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> While Greek revanchism has influenced foreign policy decisions and public discourse, it remains a contentious and complex issue in the broader context of regional geopolitics and international relations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h4>Hungary</h4> <p>The idea of <a href="/facts/Hungarian_irredentism/zmjG9kxX">Greater Hungary</a> is associated with Hungarian revisionist aims at least to regain control over <a href="/facts/Hungarians/Aqot45Va">Hungarian</a>-populated areas in Hungary's neighbouring countries. The outcome of the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Trianon/AgvrWJ1I">Treaty of Trianon</a> of 1920 is to this day remembered in Hungary as the <a href="/facts/Trianon_syndrome/Lrl4uIbr">Trianon trauma</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> According to a study, two-thirds of Hungarians agreed in 2020 that parts of neighbouring countries should belong to them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h4>Poland</h4> <p>In the 1920s and 1930s, <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a> was trying to reclaim ethnic Polish lands that had been seized by German, Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires: </p> <p>Poland counted herself among the revisionist powers, with dreams of a southward advance, even a Polish presence on the <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a>. The victim of the revisionist claims of others, she did not see the Versailles frontiers as fixed either. In 1938 when the Czech state was dismembered at the <a href="/facts/Munich_Agreement/r4o68xnA">Munich conference</a>, Poland issued an ultimatum of her own to Prague, demanding the cession of the <a href="/facts/Trans-Olza/50GQFwrl">Teschen region</a>; the Czech government was powerless to resist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></p> <h4>Russia</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union/Fyn5jw3n">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/facts/Second_Cold_War/XFfgK8wK">Second Cold War</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation/8r8zGRyf">annexation of the Crimean peninsula</a> by the Russian Federation in April 2014, together with accusations by Western and Ukrainian leaders that Russia is supporting <a href="/facts/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)/h8WDdxa4">separatist actions</a> by ethnic Russians in the secessionist <a href="/facts/Donbas/R0SRLmoj">Donbas</a> region, has been cited by a number of prominent media outlets in the West as evidence of a revanchist policy on the part of the Kremlin and Russian President <a href="/facts/Vladimir_Putin/DcQdxqbj">Vladimir Putin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/TTeQCgSl">invasion</a> of <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> in 2022 has the same origins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>Some Russian nationalists consider <a href="/facts/Alaska/LlDNr2uR">Alaska</a> to be Russian territory that must be returned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Alaska was <a href="/facts/Alaska_Purchase/Acuv85W7">legally sold</a> to the United States by Russia in 1867. </p> <h4>Spain</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Status_of_Gibraltar/7751Re9f">Status of Gibraltar</a></p> <p>Spain ceded <a href="/facts/Gibraltar/ja2yukgq">Gibraltar</a> to Britain under the terms of the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Utrecht/N9WJDy1W">Treaty of Utrecht</a> of 1713. Spain's claim to Gibraltar became government policy under the regime of the dictator <a href="/facts/Francisco_Franco/uSnuj0gf">Francisco Franco</a> and has remained in place under successive governments following the Spanish transition to democracy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h4>Sweden</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a> lost <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a> to Russia at the conclusion of the <a href="/facts/Finnish_War/XIbtL3cN">Finnish War</a> (1808–09), ending nearly 600 years of Swedish rule. For most of the rest of the 1800s there was talk, but few practical plans and little political will, of reclaiming Finland from Russia. Since Sweden was never able to challenge Russia's military might on its own, no attempts were made. </p><p>During the <a href="/facts/Crimean_War/v163wdr8">Crimean War</a> in 1853 to 1856, the Allied nations initiated talks with Sweden to allow troop and fleet movements through Swedish ports to be used against Russia. In return, the Allies would help Sweden reclaim Finland with the help of an expeditionary force. In the end, the plans fell through and Sweden never became involved in the fighting. </p> <h4>Ukraine</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine/VEVwzA5o">Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine</a></p> <p>On 24 March 2021, Ukrainian President <a href="/facts/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy/XaAUoF3n">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> signed the <i>Decree No. 117/2021</i> approving the "strategy of de-occupation and reintegration of the <a href="/facts/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine/VEVwzA5o">temporarily occupied territory</a> of the <a href="/facts/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea/HDkxKjUg">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> and the city of <a href="/facts/Sevastopol/AChvxHLE">Sevastopol</a>", complementing the activities of the <a href="/facts/Crimea_Platform/Hs8I5tt7">Crimean Platform</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> On 10 May 2022, Ukrainian Foreign Minister <a href="/facts/Dmytro_Kuleba/Lsv2sQMv">Dmytro Kuleba</a> said that "In the first months" of the <a href="/facts/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/TTeQCgSl">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> "the victory for us looked like withdrawal of Russian forces to the positions they occupied before February 24 and payment for inflicted damage. Now if we are strong enough on the military front and we win the battle for Donbas, which will be crucial for the following dynamics of the war, of course the victory for us in this war will be the liberation of the rest of our territories", including <a href="/facts/Donbas/R0SRLmoj">Donbas</a> and <a href="/facts/Crimea/GkM1qNVC">Crimea</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>Middle East</h3> <h4>Iraq</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Ba%27athist_Iraq/lbHnSQBz">Saddam Hussein's government</a> sought to annex several territories. In the <a href="/facts/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War/DqD7W8vd">Iran–Iraq War</a> (1980–1988), Saddam claimed that <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a> had the right to hold sovereignty to the east bank of the <a href="/facts/Shatt_al-Arab/am31aKx0">Shatt al-Arab river</a> held by <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>The Iraqi government, echoing claims made by <a href="/facts/Iraqi_nationalism/M82JLYhx">Iraqi nationalists</a> for years, justified the <a href="/facts/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait/Gzhla9lE">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a> in 1990 by claiming that <a href="/facts/Kuwait/HJLFQ59s">Kuwait</a> had always been an integral part of Iraq and only became an independent nation due to the interference of the British government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>It has been suspected that <a href="/facts/Saddam_Hussein/nHnSodgy">Saddam Hussein</a> intended to invade and annex a portion of Saudi Arabia's <a href="/facts/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia/zCTEyUad">Eastern Province</a> on the justification that the Saudi region of <a href="/facts/Al-Ahsa_Oasis/tSpRDyNm">Al-Hasa</a> had been part of the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman</a> <a href="/facts/Basra_Vilayet/tvT9Ltyd">province of Basra</a> that the British had helped Saudi Arabia conquer in 1913.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h4>Turkey</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Neo-Ottomanism/vz0MEPzl">Neo-Ottomanism</a> and <a href="/facts/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria/ufgDj9fW">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></p> <p>The 21st century has seen a domestic trend in <a href="/facts/Turkish_politics/AoEmKnma">Turkish politics</a>, where the revival of Ottoman traditions and culture has been accompanied by the rise of the <a href="/facts/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)/KsEDCKeD">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP, founded in 2001) which came to power in 2002, along with claims to territory once held by the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a>. The use of the ideology by Justice and Development Party has mainly supported a greater influence of Ottoman culture in domestic social policy which has caused issues with the secular and republican credentials of modern Turkey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)/KsEDCKeD">AKP</a> have used slogans such as <i><i>Osmanlı torunu</i></i> ("descendant of the Ottomans") to refer to their supporters and also their former leader <a href="/facts/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan/7lFKaJH7">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> (who was <a href="/facts/2014_Turkish_presidential_election/uvsscxnF">elected President in 2014</a>) during their election campaigns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> These domestic ideals have also seen a revival of neo-Ottomanism in the AKP's foreign policy. Besides acting as a clear distinction between them and ardent supporters of <a href="/facts/Secularism/QEGcV0XI">secularism</a>, the social Ottomanism advocated by the AKP has served as a basis for their efforts to transform Turkey's existing <a href="/facts/Parliamentary_system/HAsnSsRz">parliamentary system</a> into a <a href="/facts/Presidential_system/lFFCrzpv">presidential system</a>, favouring a strong centralised leadership similar to that of the Ottoman era. Critics have thus accused Erdoğan of acting like an "Ottoman <a href="/facts/Sultan/4vdHlkdf">sultan</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>The rise in Ottomanism has also been accompanied by claims to territories held by <a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a>, with prominent examples including in 2015, a crowd of Turkish youth rallying in Armenian populated districts of Istanbul chanted "We must turn these districts into Armenian and Kurdish cemeteries."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> In September 2015, a 'Welcome' sign was installed in <a href="/facts/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r/wRstGWHd">Iğdır</a> and written in four languages, Turkish, Kurdish, English, and Armenian. The Armenian portion of the sign was protested by the "Fight against Armenian groundless allegations” alliance (ASIMDER) who demanded its removal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> In October 2015, the Armenian writing on the 'Welcome' sign was heavily vandalized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> The Armenian portion of the sign was ultimately removed in June 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> The Mayor of Igdir also claimed that the existence of the Armenian state was a "historical mistake", and that Armenia is actually Turkish territory, illegally occupied by Armenians, waiting to be re-integrated into Turkey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Conquest/lEQcdlkq">Conquest#Recapture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Decolonization/EkIM0zpj">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Expansionism/JvkIGCpg">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Franco-Prussian_War/DU9aBkVB">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/facts/French%E2%80%93German_enmity/odyJGPrc">French–German enmity</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/French_Third_Republic/I2nlEmcn">French Third Republic</a> (1870–1940)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany/QGlAbvyT">Former eastern territories of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Greater_Israel/uIMPqhD4">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Greater_Palestine/CJTlWu4b">Greater Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Historical_revisionism/208NF3ms">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico/cQC37IjJ">Independence movement in Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Irredentism/f2pPV9WG">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Irish_republicanism/r260ddGy">Irish republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Legal_status_of_Hawaii/EPabKouq">Legal status of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Legal_status_of_Texas/PnUGF6BV">Legal status of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements/G9VzyRLr">Lists of active separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Karelian_question/pIJWavSs">Karelian question</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mutilated_victory/SdA6XTYx">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ogaden_War/P2M4VA4P">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_border_conflicts/FAM9THVr">Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War/QSjVTx1o">Polish–Lithuanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War/qoavzmY9">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Quebec_sovereignty_movement/KSNKMdyD">Quebec sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Reconquista_(Mexico)/48n8aoD7">Reconquista (Mexico)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Recovered_Territories/1TJ5VQcF">Recovered Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Right_of_conquest/Jeod2gpG">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Self-defence_in_international_law/M39bF6zC">Right of self-defence</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rump_state/j965C8Kz">Rump state</a> (a geopolitical state of existence that revanchism may create, seek to correct, or both)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Status_quo_ante_bellum/dyh47DfW">Status quo ante bellum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Uti_possidetis/aoR0xmtP">Uti possidetis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Self-determination/bk7dhtju">Self-determination</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Alexander B. Murphy. 1990. “Historical Justifications for Territorial Claims.” <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i> 80(4):531–548.</li></ul> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li>Akçam, Taner (2007), <i>A Shameful Act</i>, London: Macmillan</li> <li>Akmeșe, Handan Nezir (2005), <i>The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to World War I</i>, London: IB Tauris</li> <li>Kieser, Hans-Lukas (26 June 2018), <i>Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide</i>, Princeton University Press (published 2018), <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-15762-7</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Jay, Robert (1984). "Alphonse de Neuville's 'The Spy' and the Legacy of the Franco-Prussian War". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 19–20: 151–162. doi:10.2307/1512817. JSTOR 1512817. S2CID 193058659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Margaret MacMillan, The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (2013), ch. 6. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" target="_blank">/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Constitución Nacional". Argentine Senate (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 June 2004. 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