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<h2 id="components">Components</h2> <p>Platforms may also include: </p> <ul><li>Hardware alone, in the case of small <a href="/facts/Embedded_system/a4muX1wU">embedded systems</a>. Embedded systems can access hardware directly, without an OS; this is referred to as running on "<a href="/facts/Bare_metal_(computing)/Dw9WCYhk">bare metal</a>".</li> <li><a href="/facts/Device_driver/rDYnHU1G">Device drivers</a> and <a href="/facts/Firmware/62UVKIUK">firmware</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Web_browser/2pfyymLs">browser</a> in the case of web-based software. The browser itself runs on a hardware+OS platform, but this is not relevant to software running within the browser.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>An application, such as a spreadsheet or word processor, which hosts software written in an application-specific <a href="/facts/Scripting_language/8pF4ajBL">scripting language</a>, such as an <a href="/facts/Excel_macro/Ezal6G75">Excel macro</a>. This can be extended to writing fully-fledged applications with the <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office/faD8vYG0">Microsoft Office</a> suite as a platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_framework/EWasA8sG">Software frameworks</a> that provide ready-made functionality.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cloud_computing/guhg0FGV">Cloud computing</a> and <a href="/facts/Platform_as_a_Service/EDX8mcw4">Platform as a Service</a>. Extending the idea of a software framework, these allow application developers to build software out of components that are hosted not by the developer, but by the provider, with internet communication linking them together.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The social networking sites <a href="/facts/Twitter/VWwDNGUm">Twitter</a> and <a href="/facts/Facebook/0IhXFR6u">Facebook</a> are also considered development platforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Application_virtual_machine/BLevU3sx">application virtual machine</a> (VM) such as the <a href="/facts/Java_virtual_machine/l9Nzrsun">Java virtual machine</a> or <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Runtime/4Y0cUdkd">.NET CLR</a>. Applications are compiled into a format similar to machine code, known as <a href="/facts/Bytecode/EPkMFR7M">bytecode</a>, which is then executed by the VM.</li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Virtualization/bEqH0Wtf">virtualized</a> version of a complete system, including virtualized hardware, OS, software, and storage. These allow, for instance, a typical Windows program to run on what is physically a Mac.</li></ul> <p>Some architectures have multiple layers, with each layer acting as a platform for the one above it. In general, a component only has to be adapted to the layer immediately beneath it. For instance, a Java program has to be written to use the Java virtual machine (JVM) and associated libraries as a platform but does not have to be adapted to run on the Windows, Linux or Macintosh OS platforms. However, the JVM, the layer beneath the application, does have to be built separately for each OS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="operating-system-examples">Operating system examples</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_operating_systems/4RXwc2Rf">List of operating systems</a></p> <h3>Desktop, laptop, server</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a> and <a href="/facts/Unix-like/YAKrAxzd">Unix-like</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Berkeley_Software_Distribution/XQKcURrh">BSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/SunOS/oWMcGLqc">SunOS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/NeXTSTEP/BtVf9f5t">NeXTSTEP</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Darwin_(operating_system)/DogI3ptd">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Darwin_(operating_system)/DogI3ptd">OpenDarwin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/386BSD/XpTXP1ca">386BSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD</a> <ul><li>OpenBTD6</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/UNIX_System_V/Epm6GEY4">System V</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/HP-UX/hIvLDdJF">HP-UX</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IBM_AIX/cRWERua2">IBM AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/A%2fUX/EzdufrHs">A/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/OpenSolaris/7q5ouhPa">OpenSolaris</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Illumos/helcbXv6">illumos</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/OpenIndiana/o2wuXlcm">OpenIndiana</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Minix/dzdlkN6g">MINIX</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/GNU_Hurd/LU1mHe5M">GNU Hurd</a></li> <li>PENGUIN <ul><li><a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ChromeOS/zH0B5Xtk">ChromeOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/OSF%2f1/mck5Bgyq">OSF/1</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Tru64_UNIX/J4tMy7uA">Tru64 UNIX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Z%2fOS/amLCAlgV">z/OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/VM_(operating_system)/Ymu9SRtX">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/OpenVMS/rAnHAgpD">OpenVMS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/DOS/6nkoK02J">DOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/MS-DOS/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS</a> / <a href="/facts/IBM_PC_DOS/ScsfqAwQ">IBM PC DOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Windows_9x/f1zwlghw">Windows 9x</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/FreeDOS/61fuGd0j">FreeDOS</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/QNX/gBsfJvcB">QNX</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Classic_Mac_OS/I5fQq44K">Classic Mac OS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/AmigaOS/1E2k1fuN">AmigaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/OS%2f2/uVBl6ItP">OS/2</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IBM_i/lsIRAUvn">IBM i</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Windows_NT/EtccWvxQ">Windows NT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/BeOS/tGYfe835">BeOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Haiku_(operating_system)/0urtHJxC">Haiku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/HarmonyOS/pgEBr657">HarmonyOS</a></li></ul> <h3>Mobile</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Newton_OS/3sopdP4Q">Newton OS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Palm_OS/nIaAPX4I">Palm OS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Symbian/gbRl35V9">Symbian</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/BlackBerry_OS/lqAPkYPT">BlackBerry OS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Windows_Mobile/YfskR7FS">Windows Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a> and <a href="/facts/Unix-like/YAKrAxzd">Unix-like</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/IPadOS/fClrmH7D">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/WatchOS/zH1fkn2R">watchOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Fire_OS/fAogmIrP">Fire OS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LineageOS/2EjbG71g">LineageOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/WebOS/lf3sPSeG">webOS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bada_(operating_system)/ABo74Jlz">Bada</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ubuntu_Touch/Wat4drUo">Ubuntu Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tizen/gNrC0mnG">Tizen</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Firefox_OS/pBLG4suy">Firefox OS</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/KaiOS/MofNxkt1">KaiOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sailfish_OS/YAfAbJEc">Sailfish OS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LuneOS/U6lqGxzY">LuneOS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/PostmarketOS/8l5V9M3C">postmarketOS</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Windows_Phone/khEg0rGT">Windows Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Windows_10_Mobile/JGjuL0fl">Windows 10 Mobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/BlackBerry_10/WCev9y98">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/HarmonyOS/pgEBr657">HarmonyOS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fuchsia_(operating_system)/R6rWLC2q">Fuchsia</a></li></ul> <h2 id="software-examples">Software examples</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Adobe_Shockwave/uqb1pr9x">Shockwave</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Binary_Runtime_Environment_for_Wireless/SMSgLsPI">Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless</a> (BREW)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cocoa_(API)/p10p5aFI">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cocoa_Touch/GUGI8gsU">Cocoa Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/.NET/PDMQdfFu">.NET</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mono_(software)/PlyeJxRS">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework/J6QDAUhP">.NET Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Silverlight/SYKe8yL1">Silverlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Adobe_Flash/3Lrp9JuH">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Adobe_AIR/oV2TPXJP">AIR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Java_(software_platform)/fpn6x8WL">Java</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Java_ME/wsJJf7lq">Java ME</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Java_SE/1HMPhdsv">Java SE</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Java_EE/7AAStd35">Java EE</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/JavaFX/hWrAAmny">JavaFX</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/JavaFX_Mobile/hWrAAmny">JavaFX Mobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/LiveCode/6Mx9S7Lj">LiveCode</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microsoft_XNA/s6FcgmV2">Microsoft XNA</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mozilla_Prism/gu1oletd">Mozilla Prism</a>, <a href="/facts/XUL/VoNXYx92">XUL</a> and <a href="/facts/XULRunner/w8B78csq">XULRunner</a></li> <li>Mozilla WebExtensions API is modeled after <a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Google Chrome</a>'s API.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Thus Firefox extensions are now largely compatible with their Chrome counterparts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Web_platform/EUhALFVg">Web platform</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oracle_Database/FHv5g732">Oracle Database</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Qt_(software)/gVhwlQnJ">Qt</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SAP_NetWeaver/WXHywJLN">SAP NetWeaver</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Smartface/edou3yUR">Smartface</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Universal_Windows_Platform/8mQ57pLM">Universal Windows Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Windows_Runtime/82L9965U">Windows Runtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Huawei_Mobile_Services/voasd6Eg">HMS Core</a></li> <li>Cangjie</li> <li><a href="/facts/ArkTS/kaYFmd47">ArkTS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ArkUI/NCmfpvXT">ArkUI</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ArkUI/NCmfpvXT">ArkUI-X</a></li></ul></li> <li>Huawei Phoenix Engine <ul><li>Phoenix Engine Ray Shop</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="hardware-examples">Hardware examples</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Lists_of_computers/6BKLIr45">Lists of computers</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ARM_architecture_family/SALsYA79">ARM architecture</a> based devices <ul><li><a href="/facts/Raspberry_Pi/Ie6Lx9n5">Raspberry Pi</a> or <a href="/facts/Gumstix/TDGMIebA">Gumstix</a> full function miniature computers</li> <li>ARM servers with <a href="/facts/Unix-like/YAKrAxzd">Unix-like</a> systems such as <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a> or <a href="/facts/Berkeley_Software_Distribution/XQKcURrh">BSD</a> variants</li> <li><a href="/facts/Chromebook/6aAkFzLV">ChromeBooks</a> from various manufacturers</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/IBM_PC_compatible/zGUpl7Sh">IBM PC compatible</a> systems</li> <li><a href="/facts/IBM_System_p/ycAeJell">IBM System p</a> and <a href="/facts/IBM_Power_Systems/8yTTWKgs">IBM Power Systems</a> computers</li> <li>IBM <a href="/facts/Z%2fArchitecture/FcKYkGn9">z/Architecture</a> mainframes</li> <li><a href="/facts/CP%2fM/n5rTgXdC">CP/M</a> computers based on the <a href="/facts/S-100_bus/3C5L4KSt">S-100 bus</a>, maybe the earliest <a href="/facts/Microcomputer/ETW22UTv">microcomputer</a> platform</li> <li><a href="/facts/Video_game_console/K72D1NSS">Video game consoles</a>, any variety (<a href="/facts/PlayStation/09r71TxV">PlayStation</a>, <a href="/facts/Xbox/c4vCQ0kC">Xbox</a>, <a href="/facts/Nintendo/dMrLpaHu">Nintendo</a>) <ul><li><a href="/facts/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer/1BdnshPJ">3DO Interactive Multiplayer</a>, that was licensed to manufacturers</li> <li><a href="/facts/Apple_Pippin/88v0hPvf">Apple Pippin</a>, a multimedia player platform for video game console development</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Supercomputer/HT9NwGAN">Supercomputer</a> architectures</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cross-platform_software/16zqdvNR">Cross-platform software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hardware_virtualization/6e2Bhhz2">Hardware virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Third_platform/N45d41nd">Third platform</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Platform_ecosystem/RqyjDqM6">Platform ecosystem</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <a href="/facts/Wikidata/5Myy74K5">Wikidata</a> has the property: <ul><li> <i>platform (P400)</i> (see <a href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP400%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P400%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li> Media related to Computing platforms at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="https://ryansarver.wordpress.com/2013/09/26/what-is-a-platform/">Ryan Sarver: What is a platform?</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"What I Talk About When I Talk About Platforms". martinfowler.com. Retrieved 2018-03-18. <a href="https://martinfowler.com/articles/talk-about-platforms.html" target="_blank">https://martinfowler.com/articles/talk-about-platforms.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"platform". <a href="https://foldoc.org/platform" target="_blank">https://foldoc.org/platform</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Andrew Binstock (July 2, 2012). "Google's Redefinition of the Browser As Platform". Dr. Dobbs. <a href="http://www.drdobbs.com/web-development/googles-redefinition-of-the-browser-as-p/240003086?itc=edit_stub" target="_blank">http://www.drdobbs.com/web-development/googles-redefinition-of-the-browser-as-p/240003086?itc=edit_stub</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Chip Wilson; Alan Josephson. "Microsoft Office as a Platform for Software + Services". Microsoft Developer Network. <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb906062.aspx" target="_blank">http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb906062.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"What Is PAAS?". Interoute. Archived from the original on 2015-10-22. Retrieved 2014-01-28. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022043235/http://www.interoute.com/what-paas" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151022043235/http://www.interoute.com/what-paas</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Twitter Development Platform - Twitter Developers". <a href="https://dev.twitter.com/" target="_blank">https://dev.twitter.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Facebook Development Platform Launches..." Facebook. August 15, 2006. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/2207512130" target="_blank">https://www.facebook.com/notes/2207512130</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Platform independence in Java's Byte Code". Stack Overflow. <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17101796/platform-independence-in-javas-byte-code" target="_blank">https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17101796/platform-independence-in-javas-byte-code</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"The Future of Developing Firefox Add-ons". Mozilla Add-ons Blog. Retrieved 2018-12-15. <a href="https://blog.mozilla.org/addons/2015/08/21/the-future-of-developing-firefox-add-ons/" target="_blank">https://blog.mozilla.org/addons/2015/08/21/the-future-of-developing-firefox-add-ons/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Upcoming Changes in Compatibility Features". Mozilla Add-ons Blog. Retrieved 2018-12-15. <a href="https://blog.mozilla.org/addons/2017/08/10/upcoming-changes-compatibility/" target="_blank">https://blog.mozilla.org/addons/2017/08/10/upcoming-changes-compatibility/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"How to enable legacy extensions in Firefox 57 - gHacks Tech News". www.ghacks.net. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 2018-12-14. <a href="https://www.ghacks.net/2017/08/12/how-to-enable-legacy-extensions-in-firefox-57/" target="_blank">https://www.ghacks.net/2017/08/12/how-to-enable-legacy-extensions-in-firefox-57/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Porting a Google Chrome extension". Mozilla. Retrieved 30 December 2018. <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Add-ons/WebExtensions/Porting_a_Google_Chrome_extension" target="_blank">https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Add-ons/WebExtensions/Porting_a_Google_Chrome_extension</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>