Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Alor Setar
open-in-new
<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The name came from the combination of two <a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a> words: <i>Alor</i> ("small stream") and <i>Setar</i> (<i><a href="/facts/Bouea_macrophylla/y28y0IPj">Bouea macrophylla</a></i> Griff.; known as the marian plum, gandaria, or plum mango), a tree which is related to <a href="/facts/Mango/JxM1qusg">mango</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The city's name was changed to <i>Alor Star</i> during a 21 December 2003 ceremony proclaiming it a city. The city's previous name was restored on 15 January 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Origin</h3> <p>Alor Setar was established on 30 December 1735 by Kedah's 19th Ruler, <a href="/facts/Sultan_Muhammad_Jiwa_Zainal_Adilin_II/eSe9vjIp">Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II</a> and was the state's eighth administrative centre since the establishment of the Kedah Sultanate in 1136.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The earlier administrative centres were located in Kota Bukit Meriam, Kota Sungai Emas, Kota Siputeh, Kota Naga, Kota Sena, Kota Indera Kayangan and Kota Bukit Pinang.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>The pre-existing settlement was originally a small village. However, the sultan found the area to be in a strategic location, he was drawn to the area as it was covered in a lush greenery and a center between the two estuaries of <a href="/facts/Kedah_River/lNkjxkQb">Kedah River</a> converged. Upon the agreement with fellow Kedahan ministers, they agreed to institute a new town known as "Kota Setar" (the "Town of Setar"). The name was derived from <a href="/facts/Bouea_macrophylla/y28y0IPj">Bouea macrophylla</a>, a type of tree that can be found in the area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>Period of turbulence</h3> <p>A new administration institution was constructed in the settlement, with the sultan resided in Istana Kota Setar. However, the capital suffered a major attack when the <a href="/facts/Bugis/NKllxk9Y">Bugis</a> armanda led by Raja Haji managed to destroy both the Istana Kota Setar (Royal Palace) and Balai Besar (Grand Hall) in 1770. In 1771, the British represented by Francis Light and Sultan Abdullah Mukaram Shah entered an agreement to halt the Bugis influence in Kedah.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>During the coronation ceremony of <a href="/facts/Ahmad_Tajuddin_Halim_Shah_II_of_Kedah/toCEkdC4">Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II of Kedah</a> on 17 March 1805, Siamese forces managed to <a href="/facts/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah/APq5nfnI">occupy the capital</a>. The sultan was forced to retreat to Penang and later Malacca. The settlement was put on a standstill for 20 years. He was restored to the crown in 1842 and the capital was temporary relocated to <a href="/facts/Kota_Kuala_Muda/GveA2Qz6">Kota Kuala Muda</a> before returning to Kota Setar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h3>Recovery and growth</h3> <p>In October 1883, James F. Agustin, an Englishmen arrived in Kuala Sungai Kedah (now known as <a href="/facts/Kuala_Kedah/EfoFmAbz">Kuala Kedah</a>) about 10 km from the capital. He and a few other English explorers embarked their journey towards inland areas of Kedah where he met several Malay settlement on the riverbanks of the Kedah river.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Upon his arrival in Kampung Kota Setar, he befriended several local Malays and they invited him to the sultan's palatial residence. Agustin remarked on the beauty of the palatial architecture and its landscape covered with the stalk trees. He was well received by the sultan and both parties exchanged goods between one another. </p><p>The visit by Agustin spurred a growth for a more active and direct <a href="/facts/Trade/S13U8JKr">trade relations</a> between the area and outside commercial powerhouse. The city attracted various cosmopolitan trading activities from the British, Indian, Chinese together with other local and regional merchants. The town prospered from a small settlement into a bustling town designated to accommodate further population growth, commerce and administration. The British especially, was quite drawn to the potential of Kota Setar (as it was then known). </p><p>Gradually, Kota Setar thrived and further evolved into a commercial, transportation and communication hub of Kedah. The name was then changed from Kota Setar into Alor Setar, a reflection of its geographical features located in a small stream (known as "Alor" in Malay) which was frequented by the Malay traders from the neighbouring states. However, the name Kota Setar was retained as sub-district under Alor Setar. </p> <h3>19th and 20th century</h3> <p>Other significant events during the turn of the 20th century includes the reunification of <a href="/facts/Perlis/3RU6nI4k">Perlis</a> and <a href="/facts/Setul_Kingdom/JAxn8vxV">Setul</a> (now <a href="/facts/Satun_Province/csmeeUn4">Satun</a>) to Kedah by the Siamese in May 1897 (both provinces had been separated from <a href="/facts/Kedah/bopDPHka">Kedah</a> in 1821) held in Balai Besar. The event was attended by the Crown Prince of Kedah, Tuanku Abdul Aziz as a representative of Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah. In 1904, the city witnessed the grand wedding of the five children of <a href="/facts/Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_Halim_Shah/fIuKCaJl">Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah</a>, lasting for 3 months and the cost estimated to be 3 million Ringgit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>On 25 July 1905, the Legislative Council of Kedah (Majlis Mesyuarat Negeri) was formed in Alor Setar, with the Crown Prince, Tuanku Abdul Aziz held as its president. Following the <a href="/facts/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909/Db4Xfhe3">Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909</a> on 7 July 1909, the transfer of power from the Siamese to British administration was held on 15 July 1909 Balai Besar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <p>Alor Setar fell to the <a href="/facts/Malayan_campaign/e2p0UHVQ">Japanese occupation</a> on 13 December 1945 and was <a href="/facts/Si_Rat_Malai/U4YvCuKv">annexed to the Siamese</a> until 1946. The handover ceremony from Siamese to the British was held in Padang Court, Alor Setar 18 October 1946.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>The town joined the <a href="/facts/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman/6mwUVTrR">protest against Malayan Union</a> during the post-war period. The mass protest was attended by 10,000 against the <a href="/facts/Malayan_Union/8EBvRfN7">British backed-proposal</a>. It was led by <a href="/facts/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman/6mwUVTrR">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> together with key leaders from <a href="/facts/UMNO/cjPdwUpe">UMNO</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The town also witnessed the 4th <a href="/facts/UMNO/cjPdwUpe">UMNO</a> General Assembly which lay the draft for the foundation of the present-day <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_Malaysia/UyLcgsMs">Constitution of Malaysia</a>. </p><p>The coronation ceremony of <a href="/facts/Abdul_Halim_of_Kedah/DcBRNYBG">Abdul Halim of Kedah</a>, the 28th Sultan of Kedah was held in Balai Besar on 20 February 1959. The city celebrates the <a href="/facts/Silver_jubilee/rjKMuGhf">silver jubilee</a> of Sultan Abdul Halim in 1983.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>The change of status of Alor Setar throughout the 20th century was also closely parallel by the rise of its urban development, demographic and population growth. The council was upgraded to Kota Setar Municipal Council on 1 February 1978, which traced its origin to Kota Setar District Council on 1 March 1976, Alor Star Municipal Board in 1958 and Alor Star Sanitary Board in 1905.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>The town celebrated its 250th birthday in 1985.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> A proposal to upgrade the town into a city status was proposed by the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Local_Government_(Malaysia)/dT2s3CcR">Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government</a> in 2000. </p> <h3>21st century</h3> <p>Alor Setar was proclaimed a city – the ninth in <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a> – on 21 December 2003. A ceremony was held at Dataran Tunku, Alor Setar, attended by the Kedah's Sultan <a href="/facts/Tuanku_Abdul_Halim/DcBRNYBG">Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah</a>, his consort Che' Puan Haminah Hamidun, the heir apparent, other royalty and politicians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>During the ceremony, the city was formally renamed as "Alor Star", the third time the city has changed its name, from Kota Setar to Alor Setar and Alor Star. On 15 January 2009, the historical spelling "Alor Setar" was returned to be its official designation. </p> <h2 id="governance">Governance</h2> <p>Alor Setar is being represented by three <a href="/facts/List_of_Malaysian_electoral_districts/vELQm8PN">Members of Parliament</a> and nine <a href="/facts/Kedah_State_Legislative_Assembly/BIyBJ6dB">State Legislative Assembly</a> seats. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Parliamentary Constituencies</th><th>State Constituencies</th></tr><tr><td>P.008 <a href="/facts/Pokok_Sena_(federal_constituency)/gvEGz7Vx">Pokok Sena</a></td><td>N.09 Bukit Lada, N.4 Pantai Damai, N.10 Bukit Pinang, N.11 Derga</td></tr><tr><td>P.009 <a href="/facts/Alor_Setar_(federal_constituency)/yU8FB4zj">Alor Setar</a></td><td>N.12 Suka Menanti, N.13 Kota Darul Aman, N.14 Alor Mengkudu</td></tr><tr><td>P.010 <a href="/facts/Kuala_Kedah_(federal_constituency)/bVU6G1JP">Kuala Kedah</a></td><td>N.15 Anak Bukit, N.16 Kubang Rotan, N.17 Pengkalan Kundor</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>State government</h3> <p>As the state capital, Alor Setar holds a pivotal role on maintaining the political and economic interest of Kedah. The city is the seat of the local government where all of the state ministries and agencies are primarily located. The Office of the Chief Minister and the <a href="/facts/Kedah_State_Legislative_Assembly/BIyBJ6dB">Kedah State Legislative Assembly</a> are both based in Wisma Darul Aman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The official residence of Sultan of Kedah, is located in <a href="/facts/Anak_Bukit/nwpjxwkI">Anak Bukit</a>. </p> <h3>Local government</h3> <p>Alor Setar has been governed by a town council form of government since 1905 following the establishment of Alor Star Sanitary Board.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> By 2013, it was elevated to be a city status by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government and being administered as <a href="/facts/Alor_Setar_City_Council/fREgAU9A">Majlis Bandaraya Alor Setar</a>. The current mayor of Alor Setar is Mohd Zohdi Saad. </p> <h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <p>Alor Setar is located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia, at the edge of the <a href="/facts/Malacca_Strait/gElukYIz">Malacca Strait</a> which separates <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a> from <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>. The <a href="/facts/Kota_Setar/B6etSzpv">Kota Setar</a> district includes Alor Setar, and borders the districts of Kubang Pasu, Pokok Sena and Pendang. </p><p>The city encompasses an area of 666 km2 (257 sq mi), including the neighbouring district of <a href="/facts/Pokok_Sena_District/P3GBjq5H">Pokok Sena</a> which falls under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/facts/Alor_Setar_City_Council/fREgAU9A">Alor Setar City Council</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Alor Setar is surrounded by important river systems such as the Kedah, Langgar, Tajar, Anak Bukit, Alor Malai and Alor Merah Rivers. Alor Setar's <i><a href="/facts/Hausberg/SI2L7zQR">Hausberg</a></i> is a 217.9m (715 feet) high <a href="/facts/Mogote/I26hk1dj">mogote</a>, Mount Keriang (Gunung Keriang), where there is a network of <a href="/facts/Limestone_cave/wbRr8MWK">limestone caves</a> located within it, as well as housing <a href="/facts/Geodes/u6c3Muvy">geodes</a> of <a href="/facts/Calcite/gKMHYQJo">calcite</a> crystals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h3>Climate</h3> <p>Alor Setar features a <a href="/facts/Tropical_monsoon_climate/x0HmIH4C">tropical monsoon climate</a> (Am) under the <a href="/facts/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification/VDcr86hF">Köppen climate classification</a>. ← [<i>circular reference</i>] Alor Setar has a very lengthy <a href="/facts/Wet_season/k3xU5RU4">wet season</a>. As is common in several regions with this climate, precipitation is seen even during the short dry season. Temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the course of the year, with average high temperatures around 32 degrees Celsius and average low temperatures around 23 degrees Celsius. Alor Setar has an average 2,300 mm (91 in) of annual <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a>. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="14">Climate data for Alor Setar (<a href="/facts/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Airport/QyDwywMa">Sultan Abdul Halim Airport</a>) (2007–2020 normals, extremes 2015–present)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month</th><th scope="col">Jan</th><th scope="col">Feb</th><th scope="col">Mar</th><th scope="col">Apr</th><th scope="col">May</th><th scope="col">Jun</th><th scope="col">Jul</th><th scope="col">Aug</th><th scope="col">Sep</th><th scope="col">Oct</th><th scope="col">Nov</th><th scope="col">Dec</th><th scope="col">Year</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record high °C (°F)</th><td>36.0(96.8)</td><td>37.2(99.0)</td><td>39.1(102.4)</td><td>38.0(100.4)</td><td>36.1(97.0)</td><td>35.1(95.2)</td><td>34.5(94.1)</td><td>34.3(93.7)</td><td>35.0(95.0)</td><td>35.0(95.0)</td><td>34.8(94.6)</td><td>34.6(94.3)</td><td>39.1(102.4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th><td>32.3(90.1)</td><td>33.8(92.8)</td><td>34.4(93.9)</td><td>33.6(92.5)</td><td>32.7(90.9)</td><td>32.0(89.6)</td><td>31.6(88.9)</td><td>31.7(89.1)</td><td>31.7(89.1)</td><td>31.8(89.2)</td><td>31.6(88.9)</td><td>31.3(88.3)</td><td>32.4(90.3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Daily mean °C (°F)</th><td>28.0(82.4)</td><td>28.7(83.7)</td><td>29.4(84.9)</td><td>29.4(84.9)</td><td>29.1(84.4)</td><td>28.7(83.7)</td><td>28.2(82.8)</td><td>28.1(82.6)</td><td>28.1(82.6)</td><td>28.1(82.6)</td><td>28.1(82.6)</td><td>27.8(82.0)</td><td>28.5(83.3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th><td>23.8(74.8)</td><td>23.7(74.7)</td><td>24.3(75.7)</td><td>25.2(77.4)</td><td>25.6(78.1)</td><td>25.3(77.5)</td><td>24.8(76.6)</td><td>24.6(76.3)</td><td>24.4(75.9)</td><td>24.4(75.9)</td><td>24.6(76.3)</td><td>24.3(75.7)</td><td>24.6(76.2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record low °C (°F)</th><td>20.2(68.4)</td><td>19.6(67.3)</td><td>20.2(68.4)</td><td>21.3(70.3)</td><td>22.5(72.5)</td><td>22.6(72.7)</td><td>22.2(72.0)</td><td>22.0(71.6)</td><td>21.7(71.1)</td><td>22.4(72.3)</td><td>22.9(73.2)</td><td>21.0(69.8)</td><td>19.6(67.3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th><td>80.7(3.18)</td><td>52.3(2.06)</td><td>97.4(3.83)</td><td>190.3(7.49)</td><td>285.6(11.24)</td><td>145.6(5.73)</td><td>219.1(8.63)</td><td>265.8(10.46)</td><td>276.0(10.87)</td><td>304.5(11.99)</td><td>233.3(9.19)</td><td>104.7(4.12)</td><td>2,255.3(88.79)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average precipitation days</th><td>6.5</td><td>3.9</td><td>7.0</td><td>13.0</td><td>16.8</td><td>11.5</td><td>13.1</td><td>14.1</td><td>17.2</td><td>18.4</td><td>14.8</td><td>9.4</td><td>145.7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Relative_humidity/Nwb28VlT">relative humidity</a> (%)</th><td>78.4</td><td>74.5</td><td>75.7</td><td>82.7</td><td>85.2</td><td>85.4</td><td>87.0</td><td>86.7</td><td>86.5</td><td>87.3</td><td>86.6</td><td>83.1</td><td>83.3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 1: IEM (humidity 2012–2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 2: <a href="/facts/World_Meteorological_Organization/NWrDcKbl">World Meteorological Organization</a> (precipitation 1971–2000)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Meteomanz (extremes)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2> <p>There is no well-known nor formal adjective or demonyms for the people from Alor Setar. A casual way to address a person from the city is "Orang Alor Setar"; the term derived from <a href="/facts/Bahasa_Melayu/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a> where people is being referred to "Orang". </p> <h3>Ethnicity and religion</h3> <p>The following is based on Department of Statistics Malaysia 2020 census.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th colspan="5">Ethnic composition of Alor Setar (2020 Malaysian Census</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Ethnicities / Nationality</td><td></td><td colspan="2">Percentage</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malaysian_Malays/2kKHyHyE">Malay</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">72.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malaysian_Chinese/rMqekxxE">Chinese</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">22.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malaysian_Indian/2MasCGt8">Indian</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">1.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Other <a href="/facts/Bumiputras/xv3MyU1w">Bumiputras</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">0.1%</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">Others</td><td> </td><td colspan="2">0.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Non-Malaysians</td><td> </td><td colspan="2">3.4%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city of Alor Setar recorded a population of 374,051, according to 2020 census data.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The 2010 Malaysian census reported that ethnic <a href="/facts/Malay_people/QK3bY6uT">Malays</a> formed the majority of the city with 269,317 (72.0%), predominantly of <a href="/facts/Kedahan_Malay/oTghdxKa">Kedahan Malay</a> origin, with smaller numbers of Malays from other territories. The Alor Setar-Chinese forming 83,413 (22.3%). The local Chinese community are mainly <a href="/facts/Hokkien/zUtFFsnL">Hokkien</a>-speaking together with other Chinese-dialect minorities. Other visible communities includes <a href="/facts/Malaysian_Indian/2MasCGt8">Indians</a> (mostly <a href="/facts/Tamils/qJsVPkeT">Tamils</a>) with 7,107 (1.9%) and other Bumiputeras with 374 (0.1%), as well as other ethnicities (mainly <a href="/facts/Malaysian_Siamese/0A9RfEUS">Siamese</a>) with 1,122 (0.3%). The Non-Malaysians constitute 12,718 (3.4%) of the local population. </p> <h3>Languages</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Kedah_Malay/qyPGmRg0">Kedah Malay</a></p> <p>The dominant Malay dialect spoken is the <a href="/facts/Kedah_Malay/qyPGmRg0">Kedah-Northern Malay dialect</a> and functioned as the <a href="/facts/Lingua_franca/dlGrD7ra">lingua franca</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> However, standard <a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a> (sometimes Johor-Riau Malay dialect), <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> and <a href="/facts/Manglish/v7nefDJy">Manglish</a> (the latter being a localised vernacular version of English) are still widely understood in the city. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Han_Chinese/gMl0sKy0">Han Chinese</a>, the second largest community in Alor Setar are primarily <a href="/facts/Penang_Hokkien/qr0MfsgW">Hokkien</a>-speaking. However, significant <a href="/facts/Mandarin_language/yxvDg67C">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/facts/Malaysian_Cantonese/Q2UH2vAX">Cantonese</a> are also well known amongst the local Chinese.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Additionally, there are also pockets of <a href="/facts/Hakka/sH1uFDej">Hakka</a>, <a href="/facts/Teochew_dialect/jG7sSH2z">Teochew</a> and other Chinese dialects. </p><p>Other languages spoken in Alor Setar includes <a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a>, among the Alor Setar Indian population and <a href="/facts/Southern_Thai_language/TeI5bqEm">Southern Thai</a> by the <a href="/facts/Malaysian_Siamese/0A9RfEUS">Kedah-Siamese</a> community. </p> <h3>Religion</h3> <p>A majority of the population adhered to the Islamic faith, which correlates to the strong <a href="/facts/Malayness/6uJl0LWL">Malay/Muslim ethnoreligious</a> identity. This is signified with the city's two main mosque - Masjid Zahir and Masjid Al Bukhary. <a href="/facts/Zahir_Mosque/J7TnCx3N">Zahir Mosque</a> is the state mosque of Kedah and enjoys a royal history and patronage. Built in 1912, its official opening ceremony was held on 15 October 1915 by the late <a href="/facts/Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_Halim_Shah/fIuKCaJl">Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The architecture of the mosque was inspired by the Azizi Mosque, the state mosque of <a href="/facts/Sultanate_of_Langkat/m3Fz0nlN">Langkat Sultanate</a> in Sumatera. Other major mosque in the city includes Masjid Al Bukhary, completed in 1999, its design draws inspiration from a fusion in the <a href="/facts/Islamic_World/n9vVGogr">Islamic World</a>, especially from <a href="/facts/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi/hGgFSt7m">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a>, <a href="/facts/Medina/nbDykVmK">Medina</a>; <a href="/facts/Mosque_of_Qaytbay_(Qal%27at_al-Kabsh)/QwfWG6Rw">Qaytbay Mosque</a>, <a href="/facts/Cairo/dXjj60ar">Cairo</a> and <a href="/facts/Muhammad_al-Bukhari/VRUqSepx">Imam al-Bukhari Complex</a>, <a href="/facts/Samarkand/Q6VnueRr">Samarkand</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> There is also a gallery located together with the mosque.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> The Muslim life in Alor Setar is centered on the 69 mosques and a large numbers of <a href="/facts/Surau/nYmtHXVQ">suraus</a> located around the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhism</a> also have a large number of followers in the city, mainly amongst the ethnic Chinese and Siamese communities. Among the main Buddhist shrine located in the city includes Wat Nikrodharam. Its architecture reflects strong Thai elements with minor Chinese motifs. It offers a quiet oasis in the city centre. Both Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist traditions are observed here.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> While the Tou Mu Kung Temple (Chinese: 斗母宫), is a Taoist temple situated on Jalan Gangsa. Worshipping the Empress Registrar of Birth or Dou Mu (斗母) and <a href="/facts/Nine_Emperor/9koQQvvY">Nine Emperor</a> (九皇大帝/九皇大帝) deities, the temple has both Taoist and Buddhist influences. </p><p>In addition to Islam and Buddhism, other religions and faiths are also practiced in the city, including <a href="/facts/Hinduism/oxV9YvQh">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christianity</a> and <a href="/facts/Sikhism/obh7aQIr">Sikhism</a>. There are many house of worship constructed to accommodate the religious observance of these communities. For Hindus, one of the main temples that can be visited is Sri Maha Mariamman Devasthanam Hindu Temple, located in Jalan Bakar Bata. For Christian adherents, almost all churches located in the city are from various Protestant churches such as Alor Setar Baptist Church located in Jalan Mahdali, just behind Alor Setar Tower and Alor Setar (Chinese & Tamil) Methodist Church located in Lebuhraya Darulaman. In addition, Church of St. Michael, located in Jalan Langgar is the only Roman Catholic Church that exist within the city. While for Sikh adherents, Gurdwara Sahib Alor Setar is the only worship place for Sikhs that can be founded in the same road, not far from the Church of St. Michael. </p> <h2 id="economy">Economy</h2> <p>Alor Setar is one of the important commercial and industrial centres in Kedah, alongside <a href="/facts/Sungai_Petani/gmeEE8fD">Sungai Petani</a> and <a href="/facts/Kulim/CGlC9QWq">Kulim</a>. There are many international and national-level commercial banks established their branches in the city, together with a few insurance companies. </p><p><a href="/facts/Agriculture/TGztqzJs">Agricultural industry</a>, especially <a href="/facts/Rice_production/wvL1hBCz">rice production</a> was traditionally the economic core of the community. However, by the 21st century the local economy is also equally driven by various forms of <a href="/facts/Primary_sector_of_industry/ghBwWtv5">primary-based industry</a> and <a href="/facts/Tertiary_sector_of_industry/IbtKqotL">tertiary sector</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Other significant economic activities in Alor Setar includes manufacturing, commerce and retail, hospitality and tourism, financial services, food processing and fishery. </p><p>The main industrial areas located in Alor Setar includes Mergong Barrage, Mergong 1 & 2, Tandop, Kristial Light Industrial Park and 2010 Industrial Park.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="transportation">Transportation</h2> <p>The capital of <a href="/facts/Kedah/bopDPHka">Kedah</a> is well connected to all parts of <a href="/facts/Peninsular_Malaysia/88WtYx31">Peninsular Malaysia</a> by all transport modes. </p> <h3>Land</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_(Malaysia)/4ojuz7rf">North–South Expressway</a>, which extends from <a href="/facts/Bukit_Kayu_Hitam/0KDN7wre">Bukit Kayu Hitam</a> (Malaysia–Thai border town) to Singapore, has made it easy to drive to Kedah. It is a 6–7-hour drive from <a href="/facts/Kuala_Lumpur/2dCzRWjL">Kuala Lumpur</a> and a 1.5-hour drive from <a href="/facts/Penang/IWJa6K33">Penang</a> via expressway. <a href="/facts/Songkhla_province/WfYUah94">Songkhla province</a> in Thailand is also about a 1-hour drive from Alor Setar via <a href="/facts/Padang_Besar%E2%80%93Sadao_Highway/nBF98xzr">Padang Besar–Sadao Highway</a>. </p><p>Alor Setar is approached from the east coast via <a href="/facts/East%E2%80%93West_Highway_(Malaysia)/LbwTVyDH">East–West Highway</a> (Lebuhraya Timur Barat). Towns such as <a href="/facts/Butterworth,_Penang/B3FEjhsW">Butterworth</a> and <a href="/facts/Kangar/ygCFtCKK">Kangar</a> etc., can also be accessed from Alor Setar. Car rental services are available. </p> <h3>Bus</h3> <p>Most of bus companies in Peninsular Malaysia provide air-conditioned express bus services. Tickets can be bought at bus terminals or ticket offices. All buses that arrive in Alor Setar stop at Shahab Perdana Terminal Bus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Those who wish to travel to other towns, including <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a>, can board their bus at this terminal. Local bus services are also available, serving almost all towns in <a href="/facts/Kedah/bopDPHka">Kedah</a>. </p> <h3>Rail</h3> <p>Train services are provided by <a href="/facts/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu/vQK0Aacl">Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad</a> (KTMB) through their <a href="/facts/KTM_ETS/uzrhoA3A">ETS</a> services.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Train are available between Alor Setar and Kuala Lumpur, Butterworth, Padang Besar, and Gemas. The city' two railway stations are <a href="/facts/Alor_Setar_railway_station/f9JQLrkj">Alor Setar railway station</a> and <a href="/facts/Anak_Bukit_railway_station/rrCyozvI">Anak Bukit railway station</a>. Tickets can be obtained from the train station or online booking. </p> <h3>Air</h3> <p>Built in 1929, the <a href="/facts/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Airport/QyDwywMa">Sultan Abdul Halim Airport</a> (Alor Setar Airport, <a href="/facts/IATA/nes88P7H">IATA</a> code: AOR) is the second oldest airport in Malaysia. It is located at Kepala Batas, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the city. It caters almost exclusively on domestic routes. <a href="/facts/Malaysia_Airlines/WztCIyN0">Malaysia Airlines</a>, <a href="/facts/Firefly_(airline)/JBGgXGNV">Firefly</a>, <a href="/facts/Malindo_Air/gwQt8AvU">Malindo Air</a>, and <a href="/facts/AirAsia/GNmXfAMn">AirAsia</a> provides multiple daily connections to and from Alor Setar and <a href="/facts/Kuala_Lumpur/2dCzRWjL">Kuala Lumpur</a>; the airport also served flights connecting Alor Setar to <a href="/facts/Johor_Bahru/2NmNtk9r">Johor Bahru</a> four times per-week from 1 October 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> Since 9 September 2013, Malaysian Airline System connects Alor Setar with a seasonal international direct flights to <a href="/facts/Madinah_Airport/gRWPo8XI">Madinah</a> and <a href="/facts/Jeddah_Airport/vQDrunU2">Jeddah</a> for the <a href="/facts/Hajj/eDC5AalN">Hajj</a> pilgrims.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sea</h3> <p>Passenger ferry services to and from <a href="/facts/Langkawi/khd1FWIw">Langkawi</a> to Kuah Ferry Service are provided at Jeti Kuala Kedah, Alor Setar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The jetty is located 15 km (9.3 mi) west of the city. Travellers can take bus, taxi or <a href="/facts/Ridesharing_company/BN2rYyYW">e-hailing</a> from the city centre to the jetty. </p> <h2 id="other-utilities">Other utilities</h2> <h3>Administration</h3> <p>According to the <a href="/facts/Ninth_Malaysia_Plan/Q3f4RnlW">Ninth Malaysia Plan</a>, by the year 2010, Bandar Muadzam Shah in <a href="/facts/Anak_Bukit/nwpjxwkI">Anak Bukit</a> will become the new <a href="/facts/Administrative_Centre/jyz1zfzk">Administrative Centre</a> after Alor Setar city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Bandar Muadzam Shah (<a href="/facts/Anak_Bukit/nwpjxwkI">Anak Bukit</a>) is going through major infrastructure development, including the new Anak Bukit police station, new National Registration Department (Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara) of Kedah and also new <a href="/facts/State_government/9DlLb42x">state government</a> buildings. </p><p><a href="/facts/Anak_Bukit_railway_station/rrCyozvI">Anak Bukit railway station</a> was established in 2015, to enhance the connectivity between the administrative centre to the Peninsula Malaysia's rail network. </p> <h3>Courts of law and legal enforcement</h3> <p>The Alor Setar Court Complex located in Jalan Suka Menanti.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> The complex houses High Court, Magistrates' court and the Sessions Court. For the Islamic family matters, the cases are mainly heard in <a href="/facts/Syariah_Court/RoeEKjYd">Syariah Court</a> in Bandar Muadzam Shah.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>The Kedah Police Contingent Headquarters is located in Jalan Stadium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> While the Kota Setar district headquarters in Jalan Raja. There are also several police stations located in Kuala Kedah, Anak Bukit, Kepala Batas and Alor Jaggus. </p> <h3>Sports venue</h3> <p>There are several large sports venue in the city. The largest of which would be the <a href="/facts/Darul_Aman_Stadium/p309nR5U">Darul Aman Stadium</a>, opened in 1962 it can accommodate 30,000 <a href="/facts/Seating_capacity/2AFjcG2l">seating capacity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The stadium also has hosted the <a href="/facts/2006_Sukma_Games/zNrolgBD">2006 Sukma Games</a>. It was one of the venues for the <a href="/facts/1997_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship/nJBfxEYn">1997 FIFA World Youth Championship</a>. </p><p>Other major sports venues in the city includes Sultan Abdul Halim Stadium, Kedah Aquatic Centre, Muadzam Shah Complex and MBAS Swimming Pool Complex. </p> <h3>Parks and recreation</h3> <p>There are several public parks maintained by the city council. Among the best known <a href="/facts/Urban_park/eXoHebeq">urban park</a> in Alor Setar is the Taman Jubli Perak (Silver Jubilee Park). The park contains two restored century old <a href="/facts/Rumah_Melayu/ABCVp2m0">traditional Malay Houses</a> (Rumah Seri Banai and Rumah Tok Su) in the Heritage Village (Kampung Warisan).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> The Heritage Village is located beside the Warrior Square (Dataran Pahlawan). </p><p>Other parks located in the city includes Taman Jubli Emas, known for its <a href="/facts/Tengkolok/BsIhXdWp">Tengkolok</a> monument constructed for <a href="/facts/Golden_jubilee/nYxHF0np">Golden jubilee</a> celebration of <a href="/facts/Abdul_Halim_of_Kedah/DcBRNYBG">Sultan Abdul Halim</a> named the Jubli Emas Monumental Tower in 2008; Dataran Tanjung Chali (Cape Chali Square) with Rumah Api Tanjung Cahli (Cape Chali Lighthouse); Taman Persisiran Sungai Kedah, where the annual <a href="/facts/List_of_water_sports/yCYepMEJ">water sports</a> events are usually held; Taman Rekreasi Medan Peremba and Taman Rekreasi Medan Merdeka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h3>Healthcare</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_hospitals_in_Malaysia/HPJBmNQP">List of hospitals in Malaysia</a></p> <p>The city is served by one public hospital, two private hospitals, three 1Malaysia clinics together with many public health and other type of health clinics. </p><p>Inaugurated in 2007, replacing the old Alor Setar Hospital, Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital is the largest and the main medical centre in the state, equipped with 1040 beds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> As one of the important and major medical facilities in the northern Kedah, Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital also served as the <a href="/facts/Tertiary_referral_hospital/DwtLdqPN">tertiary referral hospital</a> for twelve public health clinic in the Kota Setar/Pendang district, eight government hospitals and eleven private hospitals. </p> <h3>Education</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_schools_in_Kedah/4BxWrI9v">List of schools in Kedah</a></p> <p>There are many government schools available in the city, which are managed by Kota Setar District Education Office (Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Kota Setar).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> Among the well established schools in the city includes Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultanah Asma, Jalan Langgar, <a href="/facts/Kolej_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid/gRRPUoUf">Kolej Sultan Abdul Hamid</a>, <a href="/facts/Keat_Hwa_Secondary_School/ebKHNfYK">Keat Hwa Secondary School</a> and <a href="/facts/Sekolah_Menengah_Teknik_Alor_Setar/2XlyeUcJ">Sekolah Menengah Teknik Alor Setar</a>. </p><p>Alor Setar is home to several institute of higher learning. The city is the main campus for two universities, <a href="/facts/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Mu%27adzam_Shah_International_Islamic_University/wqP54VuE">Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah International Islamic University</a> (UniSHAMS)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> and Albukhary International University (AIU), which offers scholarships to international students.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> Other colleges and universities located in Alor Setar includes Kolej Poly-Tech MARA,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> Royal Air Force College,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Universiti_Tun_Abdul_Razak/FRpDukqz">Universiti Tun Abdul Razak</a>, Mara Industrial Institute,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> Medical Assistant College and Alor Setar Nursing College. </p><p>Alor Setar is home to Kedah State Library (<a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>: <i>Perpustakaan Negeri Kedah</i>), the main public library of the State of Kedah and the headquarters of the Kedah Public Library Corporation (<a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>: <i>Perbadanan Perpustakaan Awam Kedah</i>, abbreviated as PPAK).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p> <h3>Historical & Cultural sites</h3> <ul><li>Balai Besar -Initially the function of the building was as the Balai Rong Seri or Balai Penghadapan (grand audience hall), that was situated at the back of the Kota Setar Palace complex (Istana Kota Setar). The original building was built in 1735 by <a href="/facts/Sultan_Muhammad_Jiwa_Zainal_Adilin_II/eSe9vjIp">Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II</a>, the 19th Sultan of <a href="/facts/Kedah/bopDPHka">Kedah</a>. The pillars, roofs and floors were made of wood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Two Kedah sultans were officially installed at the Balai Besar: <a href="/facts/Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_Halim_Shah_II/toCEkdC4">Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II</a> in 1805, and <a href="/facts/Tuanku_Abdul_Halim/DcBRNYBG">Sultan Abdul Halim</a> in 1959.</li> <li>Balai Nobat - This 18-metre-tall (59 ft) three-tiered octagonal tower's sole purpose is to house the royal musical instruments including the <i>serunai</i> (wooden flute), <i>nafiri</i>, <i>gendang</i> (drum) and <i><a href="/facts/Nobat/pmlWvrUu">nobat</a></i> (gong). The original Balai Nobat, constructed of wood, was among the early buildings already completed when Alor Setar town was officially founded in 1735. It has been rebuilt twice, most recently in 1906 in concrete and metal with a dome representing the Islamic element.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li>Istana Anak Bukit - Anak Bukit is the birthplace and royal palace of Sultan <a href="/facts/Tuanku_Abdul_Halim_Muadzam_Shah/DcBRNYBG">Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah</a> and of the current ruler, <a href="/facts/Sallehuddin_of_Kedah/97z5Dcc7">Sultan Sallehuddin</a>. Sungai Anak Bukit which is situated behind the royal palace, flows through Alor Setar and is connected by the Kedah River to Kuala Kedah. Since 2008, it has been used in royal ceremonies, replacing the old Balai Besar, and is the very palace were Sultan Sallehuddin was officially enthroned and installed.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kedah_Royal_Mausoleum/yv2dTEhk">Kedah Royal Mausoleum</a> -The Kedah royal mausoleum is located in Langgar, near the city centre.</li></ul> <ul><li>Kota Kuala Kedah - Kota Kuala Kedah (a.k.a. Kota Kuala Bahang) is the remains of a fort on the bank of the Kedah River (Sungai Kedah), which for centuries protected the <a href="/facts/Kuala_Kedah/EfoFmAbz">Kuala Kedah</a> Kingdom from naval attacks. The fort was originally constructed to provide protection against the Portuguese, and also stood against attacks from the <a href="/facts/Acehnese_people/gPIna8mH">Achenese</a> from Sumatra and the <a href="/facts/Bugis_people/NKllxk9Y">Bugis</a>. The fort was rebuilt in 1771–1780.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> A museum and a lighthouse are also located inside the fort complex.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wan_Mat_Saman_Aqueduct/muMaEFC6">Wan Mat Saman Canal</a> - Wan Mat Saman Aqueduct is the longest aqueduct in Malaysia. It connects <a href="/facts/Kedah_River/lNkjxkQb">Kedah River</a> in Alor Setar to Gurun at the south, and was built to boost the state's rice production.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pekan_Rabu/3x3TnMHd">Pekan Rabu</a> - Pekan Rabu is located near the city's government offices. Although the name literally means "Wednesday Market", this market is open all week long. It sells a variety of handicrafts and is a popular spot for tourists and locals.</li> <li>Rumah Tok Su & Rumah Sri Banai - Two restored classical Kedahan Malay houses, located in the Heritage Village (Perkampungan Warisan), Taman Jubli Perak.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></li> <li>Pekan Cina & Pekan Melayu - lit. "Chinatown" and "Malaytown".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> The old town of Alor Setar where presevered old shophouses are still in use.</li> <li>Istana Sepachendera - The Sepachendera Palace, a palace constructed for Che Sepachendera in 1882, Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah's first consort.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> As Che Sepachendera is from <a href="/facts/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)/008IpyQN">Siam</a>, visible elements of <a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Thailand/r09IqfQH">Siamese architecture</a> style was incorporated throughout the building. The palace ground is currently abandoned, however there are plans to restore the complex into a museum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Museums and Galleries</h3> <ul><li>Kedah State Museum (<a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>: <i>Muzium Negeri Kedah</i>) houses a large collection of Kedah's historical, cultural, and royal heritage. The collection includes early Chinese porcelain, artefacts from the archaeological excavations in Bujang Valley, and a pokok bunga emas or 'gold tree' produced as a tribute to the Thais. The museum is also a research centre which specialises on Kedah's cultural history. Before the present premises were built in 1936, parts of the museum's collection were on display at the Balai Besar. The museum was officially opened on 3 February 1957.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></li> <li>National Science Centre Northern Region Branch (<a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>: <i>Pusat Sains Negara Cawangan Wilayah Utara</i>, abbreviated as PSNCWU) is located at Gunung Keriang next to the Alor Setar Aquatic Centre and Paddy Museum. It is the first science centre built in northern Malaysia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paddy_Museum/hxUvHuzH">Paddy Museum</a> (<a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>: <i>Muzium Padi</i>) is the first paddy museum in Malaysia, and the fourth in the world after Japan, Germany and the Philippines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> The museum showcases the rice cultivation process in Malaysia and the tools and equipment used. Murals feature the work of 60 artists from North Korea.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kedah_State_Art_Gallery/FGJdEGEz">Kedah State Art Gallery</a> (<a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>: <i>Balai Seni Negeri Kedah</i>) was set up with the objective of fostering interest in and an appreciation of art in the state. Its collection includes paintings, photographs, musical instruments and handicrafts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Mu%27adzam_Shah_Gallery/v6IGQvhc">Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Gallery</a> (<a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>: <i>Galeri Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah</i>) originally housed the Alor Setar High Court, before it was moved to Kompleks Mahkamah Alor Setar in Suka Menanti. This building is located at the junction of Jalan Putera, adjacent to the Balai Nobat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></li> <li>Kedah Royal Museum (<a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>: <i>Muzium Diraja Kedah</i>) had originally been part of the Kota Setar palace. It was rebuilt after attacks by the <a href="/facts/Bugis/NKllxk9Y">Bugis</a> (1770) and <a href="/facts/Siam/GCUnN4JK">Siamese</a> (1821). The current concrete building was completed during the reign of <a href="/facts/Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_Mukarram_Shah/vXlLTA3l">Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah</a>, who once stayed in this palace with his queen. This palace is also known as the "Pelamin Palace" after it was extended to include a pavilion and additional rooms, when <a href="/facts/Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_Halim_Shah/fIuKCaJl">Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah</a> arranged marriages for his five children. The grand wedding ceremony lasted for three months in 1904. After 1941, the palace was used as a school and an office for several organisations including the office for the St. John Ambulance and the <a href="/facts/Persekutuan_Pengakap_Malaysia/PlWM42Qs">Scout movements</a>. On 25 July 1983, the palace was declared the Kedah Royal Museum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alor_Setar_Tower/wAugRhmG">Alor Setar Tower</a> (<a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>: <i>Menara Alor Setar</i>) - Located in the heart of Alor Setar, this 165.5-metre-tall (543 ft) tower is a prominent modern landmark that signifies the rapid development in <a href="/facts/Kedah/bopDPHka">Kedah</a>. It serves as a telecommunications tower and tourist attraction, offering a panoramic view of the city and surroundings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li> <li>Mahathir Birth House (<a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>: <i>Rumah Kelahiran Mahathir</i>) - The birthplace of Tun Dr <a href="/facts/Mahathir_Mohamad/9tCfj47B">Mahathir</a>, the fourth and seventh <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia/AcaKmRcR">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a>, has been designated as a historic building. Located at No. 18 Lorong Kilang Ais, off Jalan Pegawai, it was restored by the National Archives in 1992.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></li> <li>Independence House (<a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>: <i>Rumah Merdeka</i>) is a designated historic building which houses the collection and memorial of <a href="/facts/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman/6mwUVTrR">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia/AcaKmRcR">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a>. It is owned by the national archives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="notable-people-from-alor-setar">Notable people from Alor Setar</h2> <h3>Arts</h3> <ul><li>Singers and Actors: <a href="/facts/Yuna_(singer)/0XBMgMA6">Yunalis Zarai</a>, <a href="/facts/Shanon_Shah/JKztHah2">Shanon Shah</a></li> <li>Actors: <a href="/facts/Azean_Irdawaty/RuCYJGqj">Azean Irdawaty</a>, <a href="/facts/Bront_Palarae/R4AspkQ3">Bront Palarae</a>, <a href="/facts/Angelica_Lee/QkHTe4s6">Angelica Lee</a>, <a href="/facts/Farid_Kamil/3rsfuY77">Farid Kamil</a>, <a href="/facts/Rozita_Che_Wan/ckIUoDX5">Rozita Che Wan</a>, <a href="/facts/Jit_Murad/r0Qv4h8n">Jit Murad</a></li> <li>Writers and Arts: Dato' <a href="/facts/Abdullah_Hussain/9eo07kfx">Abdullah Hussain</a>, Dato' <a href="/facts/Shahnon_Ahmad/s5NFbK66">Shahnon Ahmad</a></li></ul> <h3>Sports</h3> <ul><li>Badminton: <a href="/facts/Tan_Boon_Heong/30s0HPyx">Tan Boon Heong</a>, <a href="/facts/Lee_Zii_Jia/XbpM1TkK">Lee Zii Jia</a></li> <li>Football: <a href="/facts/Mohd_Helmi_Eliza_Elias/vn4vDKH1">Mohd Helmi Eliza Elias</a>, <a href="/facts/Mohd_Khyril_Muhymeen_Zambri/eTul0mB8">Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri</a></li> <li>Team manager: Dato' Paduka <a href="/facts/Ahmad_Basri_Akil/moItPzrH">Ahmad Basri Akil</a></li> <li>Football manager: <a href="/facts/Tan_Cheng_Hoe/TnYH1JY9">Tan Cheng Hoe</a></li></ul> <h3>Government and politics</h3> <ul><li>Politicians: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman/6mwUVTrR">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, first Prime Minister of Malaysia, 1957–70</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mahathir_Mohamad/9tCfj47B">Mahathir Mohamad</a>, fourth and seventh Prime Minister of Malaysia, 1981-2003 and 2018–2020</li> <li><a href="/facts/Daim_Zainuddin/Elf2mxJg">Daim Zainuddin</a>, Finance Minister 1984–91</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fadzil_Noor/yQh00GTn">Fadzil Noor</a>, <a href="/facts/Parti_Islam_Se-Malaysia/YWkey7u0">PAS</a> President 1989–2002,</li></ul></li> <li>Judiciary: <ul><li>Tan Sri <a href="/facts/Zaki_Tun_Azmi/FWKtyrzN">Zaki Tun Azmi</a></li> <li>Tun <a href="/facts/Ahmad_Fairuz_Abdul_Halim/dpSWJ1fa">Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim</a></li> <li>Tun <a href="/facts/Mohamed_Azmi_Mohamed/9c2qs5M6">Mohamed Azmi Mohamed</a></li> <li>Tun <a href="/facts/Syed_Sheh_Hassan_Barakbah/G4ef9MI9">Syed Sheh Hassan Barakbah</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>Businessmen</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Tan_Sri/Ptw3VJJI">Tan Sri</a> <a href="/facts/Syed_Mokhtar_Al-Bukhary/AUcQao0H">Syed Mokhtar Al-Bukhary</a></li></ul> <p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Alor Setar travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426070553/http://www.town.com.my/">Towns and Cities in Malaysia</a></li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><td>Preceded by<a href="/facts/Kulim_District/CGlC9QWq">Kulim</a></td><td>Capital of <a href="/facts/Kedah/bopDPHka">Kedah</a>(1901-present)</td><td>Succeeded bypresent</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Fact Sheets on the Federation of Malaya. 1957. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5nIAlHSMxgC&q=alor+setar+capital+kedah" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=L5nIAlHSMxgC&q=alor+setar+capital+kedah</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Atiyah, Jeremy (2002). Southeast Asia. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-893-2. <a href="978-1-85828-893-2" target="_blank">978-1-85828-893-2</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Message from Mayor". Official Portal of Alor Setar City Council (MBAS) (in Malay). 12 August 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2020. <a href="http://www.mbas.gov.my/en/mas/management/message-mayor" target="_blank">http://www.mbas.gov.my/en/mas/management/message-mayor</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj | Prime Minister of Malaysia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tunku-Abdul-Rahman-Putra-Alhaj" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tunku-Abdul-Rahman-Putra-Alhaj</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Mahathir bin Mohamad | Facts & Biography". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahathir-bin-Mohamad" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahathir-bin-Mohamad</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"15/01/2009, Alor Star kembali ke Alor Setar, © Utusan Melayu (M) Bhd". <a href="https://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2009&dt=0115&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_28.htm" target="_blank">https://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2009&dt=0115&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_28.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Majid, Embun (15 January 2009). "Archives | The Star Online". Thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417002201/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F1%2F15%2Fnation%2F3024815&sec=nation" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090417002201/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F1%2F15%2Fnation%2F3024815&sec=nation</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Background of Alor Setar". Alor Setar's Early History. Alor Setar City Council. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717100534/http://www.mbas.gov.my/latarbelakang" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110717100534/http://www.mbas.gov.my/latarbelakang</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Cayron, Jun G. (2006). Stringing the Past: An Archaeological Understanding of Early Southeast Asian Glass Bead Trade. UP Press. ISBN 978-971-542-506-3. <a href="978-971-542-506-3" target="_blank">978-971-542-506-3</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Ketahui Asal-Usul Alor Setar & Sejarah Unik Disebalik Ibu Negeri Tertua di Malaysia". Hasrul Hassan. <a href="https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html" target="_blank">https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Ketahui Asal-Usul Alor Setar & Sejarah Unik Disebalik Ibu Negeri Tertua di Malaysia". Hasrul Hassan. <a href="https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html" target="_blank">https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Ketahui Asal-Usul Alor Setar & Sejarah Unik Disebalik Ibu Negeri Tertua di Malaysia". Hasrul Hassan. <a href="https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html" target="_blank">https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Alor Setar : Ibu Negeri Tertua di Malaysia/The Oldest State Capital". Universiti Utara Malaysia. <a href="https://library.uum.edu.my/blog-post/alor-setar-ibu-negeri-tertua-di-malaysia-the-oldest-state-capital/" target="_blank">https://library.uum.edu.my/blog-post/alor-setar-ibu-negeri-tertua-di-malaysia-the-oldest-state-capital/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Sams, Laurie (31 July 2016). "Hat Yai, Thailand to Alor Setar, Malaysia". The Long Ride Home. Retrieved 23 December 2020. <a href="http://www.thelongridehome.com.au/hat_yai_thailand_to_alor_setar_malaysia" target="_blank">http://www.thelongridehome.com.au/hat_yai_thailand_to_alor_setar_malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Ketahui Asal-Usul Alor Setar & Sejarah Unik Disebalik Ibu Negeri Tertua di Malaysia". Hasrul Hassan. <a href="https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html" target="_blank">https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Ketahui Asal-Usul Alor Setar & Sejarah Unik Disebalik Ibu Negeri Tertua di Malaysia". Hasrul Hassan. <a href="https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html" target="_blank">https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Ketahui Asal-Usul Alor Setar & Sejarah Unik Disebalik Ibu Negeri Tertua di Malaysia". Hasrul Hassan. <a href="https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html" target="_blank">https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Ketahui Asal-Usul Alor Setar & Sejarah Unik Disebalik Ibu Negeri Tertua di Malaysia". Hasrul Hassan. <a href="https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html" target="_blank">https://www.hasrulhassan.com/2020/03/asal-usul-alor-setar-sejarah-unik.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Sejarah Penubuhan MBAS". Scribd. <a href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/56918767/SEJARAH-PENUBUHAN-MBAS" target="_blank">https://www.scribd.com/doc/56918767/SEJARAH-PENUBUHAN-MBAS</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Alor Setar - 250 tahun" (PDF). Filebase. <a href="https://p-library2.s3.filebase.com/singapore-malaysia/Kerajaan%20Negeri%20Kedah%20Darulaman/Alor%20Setar%20250%20Tahun%20%28543%29/Alor%20Setar%20250%20Tahun%20-%20Kerajaan%20Negeri%20Kedah%20Darulaman.pdf" target="_blank">https://p-library2.s3.filebase.com/singapore-malaysia/Kerajaan%20Negeri%20Kedah%20Darulaman/Alor%20Setar%20250%20Tahun%20%28543%29/Alor%20Setar%20250%20Tahun%20-%20Kerajaan%20Negeri%20Kedah%20Darulaman.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Queen with a common touch". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 23 December 2020. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/04/11/queen-with-a-common-touch" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/04/11/queen-with-a-common-touch</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Pejabat Menteri Besar dan Setiausaha Kerajaan Negeri Kedah". Kedah.gov.my. <a href="https://www.kedah.gov.my/hubungi/" target="_blank">https://www.kedah.gov.my/hubungi/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Hubungi Kami". Pejabat Rasmi Dewan Undangan Negeri dan Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri Kedah. <a href="https://mmk.kedah.gov.my/hubungi-kami" target="_blank">https://mmk.kedah.gov.my/hubungi-kami</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Alor Setar Dulu dan Sekarang". Memori Kedah. <a href="http://www.memori-kedah.com/page_pengenalan.php?pageNum_Recordset1=6&totalRows_Recordset1=11&p=2&idstopic=42&idskandungan=185&mtopic=5" target="_blank">http://www.memori-kedah.com/page_pengenalan.php?pageNum_Recordset1=6&totalRows_Recordset1=11&p=2&idstopic=42&idskandungan=185&mtopic=5</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Info Alor Setar". Portal Rasmi Majlis Bandaraya Alor Setar (MBAS) (in Malay). 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811225026/http://www.mbas.gov.my/ms/pelawat/info-alor-setar" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180811225026/http://www.mbas.gov.my/ms/pelawat/info-alor-setar</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Chow, Melissa Darlyne (13 October 2015). "Alor Star a rising star". New Straits Times. <a href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/10/alor-star-rising-star" target="_blank">https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/10/alor-star-rising-star</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"Gunung Keriang Recreational Park". Malaysia Traveller. <a href="https://www.malaysia-traveller.com/gunung-keriang.html" target="_blank">https://www.malaysia-traveller.com/gunung-keriang.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"[WMKA] Alor Setar [2000-] Monthly Summaries". The Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Retrieved 24 December 2024. <a href="https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/monthlysum.php?station=WMKA&network=MY__ASOS" target="_blank">https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/monthlysum.php?station=WMKA&network=MY__ASOS</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"World Weather Information Service". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 3 July 2023. <a href="https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=75" target="_blank">https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=75</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"SYNOP/BUFR observations. Data by months". Meteomanz. Retrieved 22 March 2024. <a href="http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=5010&ind=48603&y1=2015&m1=01&y2=2024&m2=12&so=000&fm=00" target="_blank">http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=5010&ind=48603&y1=2015&m1=01&y2=2024&m2=12&so=000&fm=00</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"Key Summary Statistics For Local Authority Areas, Malaysia 2010" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205090002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/03ringkasan_kawasan_PBT_Jadual1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150205090002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/03ringkasan_kawasan_PBT_Jadual1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"Total population by ethnic group, Local Authority area and state, Malaysia, 2010" (PDF). Statistics.gov.my. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114160228/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/04Jadual_PBT_negeri/PBT_Kedah.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121114160228/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/04Jadual_PBT_negeri/PBT_Kedah.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"Perbezaan Loghat Kedah Mengikut Kawasan". Patriots. 23 November 2018. <a href="https://www.thepatriots.asia/perbezaan-loghat-kedah-mengikut-kawasan/" target="_blank">https://www.thepatriots.asia/perbezaan-loghat-kedah-mengikut-kawasan/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"Alor Setar – A city that's often overlooked". tunjukjalan.his.com.my. <a href="https://tunjukjalan.his.com.my/what-to-do-in-alor-setar-by-a-local/" target="_blank">https://tunjukjalan.his.com.my/what-to-do-in-alor-setar-by-a-local/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"10 Most Beautiful Mosques in the World". wonderslist.com. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2014. <a href="http://www.wonderslist.com/10-most-beautiful-mosques-in-the-world/" target="_blank">http://www.wonderslist.com/10-most-beautiful-mosques-in-the-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>"MASJID ALBUKHARY ALOR MALAIALOR SETAR KEDAH". masjidalbukhary.weebly. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022. <a href="https://masjidalbukhary.weebly.com/" target="_blank">https://masjidalbukhary.weebly.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"Masjid Albukhary buka galeri masjid pertama di Kedah". Utusan Malaysia. 24 December 2020. <a href="https://www.utusan.com.my/nasional/2020/12/masjid-albukhary-buka-galeri-masjid-pertama-di-kedah/" target="_blank">https://www.utusan.com.my/nasional/2020/12/masjid-albukhary-buka-galeri-masjid-pertama-di-kedah/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>"Direktori Masjid Malaysia". www.mymasjid.net.my. <a href="https://www.mymasjid.net.my/masjid/location/2/kedah/9/kota-setar/" target="_blank">https://www.mymasjid.net.my/masjid/location/2/kedah/9/kota-setar/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>"soleilian.com". soleilian.com. Retrieved 10 December 2013. <a href="http://soleilian.com/" target="_blank">http://soleilian.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"Urbanisation and Impact on Development in Malaysia" (PDF). REKAYASA. <a href="http://jgd.uum.edu.my/images/vol3_2007/2.rekayasa-2007-siew%20nooi-ed%20pz-1.pdf" target="_blank">http://jgd.uum.edu.my/images/vol3_2007/2.rekayasa-2007-siew%20nooi-ed%20pz-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>"KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN MERGONG BARRAGE". Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Kedah. <a href="https://www.pknk.gov.my/index.php/ms/maklumat-korporat1/csr/9-uncategorised/96-kawasan-perindustrian-mergong-barrage" target="_blank">https://www.pknk.gov.my/index.php/ms/maklumat-korporat1/csr/9-uncategorised/96-kawasan-perindustrian-mergong-barrage</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>"Terminal Bas Shahab Perdana, Alor Setar, Kedah". Landasan. <a href="https://www.landasan.info/stesen/terminal-bas-shahab-perdana-alor-setar-kedah/" target="_blank">https://www.landasan.info/stesen/terminal-bas-shahab-perdana-alor-setar-kedah/</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>"Stesen Keretapi Alor Setar". MyJadual. 16 January 2016. <a href="https://www.myjadual.com/ms/tren-ktm-ets-ktm-intercity/stesen-keretapi-alor-setar/" target="_blank">https://www.myjadual.com/ms/tren-ktm-ets-ktm-intercity/stesen-keretapi-alor-setar/</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>"AirAsia further expands Johor Bahru hub with two new cities". AirAsia. <a href="https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/2018/7/18/airasia-further-expands-johor-bahru-hub-with-two-new-cities" target="_blank">https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/2018/7/18/airasia-further-expands-johor-bahru-hub-with-two-new-cities</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>"Buat Pertama Kali Penerbangan Haji Terus Dari Alor Setar Ke Madinah". MStar. 20 August 2013. <a href="https://www.mstar.com.my/lokal/semasa/2013/08/20/buat-pertama-kali-penerbangan-haji-terus-dari-alor-setar-ke-madinah" target="_blank">https://www.mstar.com.my/lokal/semasa/2013/08/20/buat-pertama-kali-penerbangan-haji-terus-dari-alor-setar-ke-madinah</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>"About Us". Langkawi Ferry Line. <a href="https://www.langkawiferryline.com/" target="_blank">https://www.langkawiferryline.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"Kompleks Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan Bandar Muadzam Shah, Kedah". Centralised Information Maintenance Management System. <a href="http://cimms.kkr.gov.my/Portal/PBangunanDetail1.php?buildid=24" target="_blank">http://cimms.kkr.gov.my/Portal/PBangunanDetail1.php?buildid=24</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>"Alamat Mahkamah Negeri Kedah". MAHKAMAH NEGERI KEDAH. <a href="https://kedah.kehakiman.gov.my/ms/hubungi-kami/alamat-mahkamah-negeri" target="_blank">https://kedah.kehakiman.gov.my/ms/hubungi-kami/alamat-mahkamah-negeri</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>"Alamat & Talian". Laman Web Rasmi - Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Negeri Kedah. <a href="https://syariah.kedah.gov.my/ms/Page?type=zByNQuF9FYw=&pid=BzdX/h8r2xw=" target="_blank">https://syariah.kedah.gov.my/ms/Page?type=zByNQuF9FYw=&pid=BzdX/h8r2xw=</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>"Direktori PDRM". The Official Portal of Royal Malaysian Police. <a href="https://www.rmp.gov.my/direktori/direktori-pdrm/kedah" target="_blank">https://www.rmp.gov.my/direktori/direktori-pdrm/kedah</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>"Stadium Darul Aman". Stadium Kedah. <a href="https://www.stadiumkedah.gov.my/portfolio/stadium-darul-aman/" target="_blank">https://www.stadiumkedah.gov.my/portfolio/stadium-darul-aman/</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>"Rumah Warisan". Portal Rasmi Lembaga Muzium Negeri Kedah Darul Aman. <a href="https://www.muziumkedah.gov.my/index.php/muzium/rumah-warisan" target="_blank">https://www.muziumkedah.gov.my/index.php/muzium/rumah-warisan</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>"Taman Jubli Emas". Trip Advisor. <a href="https://www.tripadvisor.com.my/Attraction_Review-g298282-d11953190-Reviews-Taman_Jubli_Emas-Alor_Setar_Kota_Setar_District_Kedah.html" target="_blank">https://www.tripadvisor.com.my/Attraction_Review-g298282-d11953190-Reviews-Taman_Jubli_Emas-Alor_Setar_Kota_Setar_District_Kedah.html</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>"Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah" (PDF). Hsbas.moh.gov.my. <a href="https://hsbas.moh.gov.my/images/borang/penerbitan_bahan_rujukan/LT2019.pdf" target="_blank">https://hsbas.moh.gov.my/images/borang/penerbitan_bahan_rujukan/LT2019.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>"PEJABAT PENDIDIKAN DAERAH (PPD) KEDAH". Pendidikan Malaysia. <a href="http://www.pendidikanmalaysia.com/2018/08/pejabat-pendidikan-daerah-ppd-kedah.html" target="_blank">http://www.pendidikanmalaysia.com/2018/08/pejabat-pendidikan-daerah-ppd-kedah.html</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>"UniSHAMS Highlight". UniSHAMS. <a href="http://unishams.edu.my/portal/en" target="_blank">http://unishams.edu.my/portal/en</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>"About AIU". Albukhary International University. <a href="https://www.aiu.edu.my/" target="_blank">https://www.aiu.edu.my/</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>"Kolej Politik Mara Alor Setar". KPTM ASTAR. <a href="https://astar.kptm.edu.my/" target="_blank">https://astar.kptm.edu.my/</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>"KOLEJ TENTERA UDARA". KOLEJ TENTERA UDARA. <a href="http://airforce.mil.my/index.php/bm/allcategories-ms-my/uncategorised/kolej-tentera-udara" target="_blank">http://airforce.mil.my/index.php/bm/allcategories-ms-my/uncategorised/kolej-tentera-udara</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>"Senarai Kursus dan Lokasi Giatmara Kedah". Permohonan MY. 24 August 2017. <a href="https://www.permohonan.my/senarai-kursus-dan-lokasi-giatmara-di-kedah/" target="_blank">https://www.permohonan.my/senarai-kursus-dan-lokasi-giatmara-di-kedah/</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>"Kedah Public Library Corporation Website". <a href="https://kedahlib.gov.my/" target="_blank">https://kedahlib.gov.my/</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>"Balai Besar, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia". Asiaexplorers.com. 20 February 1959. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001120117/http://www.asiaexplorers.com/malaysia/balai_besar.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131001120117/http://www.asiaexplorers.com/malaysia/balai_besar.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>"Alor Setar - Attractions". www.wonderfulmalaysia.com. Retrieved 24 December 2020. <a href="http://www.wonderfulmalaysia.com/attractions/alor-setar.htm" target="_blank">http://www.wonderfulmalaysia.com/attractions/alor-setar.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Ying, Teoh Pei (26 May 2019). "'Kuala Kedah re-energises my soul'". NST Online. Retrieved 24 December 2020. <a href="https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/05/491546/kuala-kedah-re-energises-my-soul" target="_blank">https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/05/491546/kuala-kedah-re-energises-my-soul</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>"10 amazing reasons to visit Alor Setar". Culture Trip. 9 August 2018. <a href="https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/10-amazing-reasons-to-visit-alor-setar-malaysia/" target="_blank">https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/10-amazing-reasons-to-visit-alor-setar-malaysia/</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>"Rumah Warisan". Portal Rasmi Lembaga Muzium Negeri Kedah Darul Aman. <a href="https://www.muziumkedah.gov.my/index.php/muzium/rumah-warisan" target="_blank">https://www.muziumkedah.gov.my/index.php/muzium/rumah-warisan</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>"Alor Setar – A city that's often overlooked". Tunjuk Jalan. <a href="https://tunjukjalan.his.com.my/what-to-do-in-alor-setar-by-a-local/" target="_blank">https://tunjukjalan.his.com.my/what-to-do-in-alor-setar-by-a-local/</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>"The Relationship Between The Socio-culture of Royalty and the Architecture of Istana Sepahchendera" (PDF). UMK. <a href="http://umkeprints.umk.edu.my/300/1/Paper%201.pdf" target="_blank">http://umkeprints.umk.edu.my/300/1/Paper%201.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>"Facelift for abandoned palace mooted". New Straits Times. <a href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/facelift-abandoned-palace-mooted" target="_blank">https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/facelift-abandoned-palace-mooted</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>"Muzium Negeri Kedah". Portal Rasmi Lembaga Muzium Negeri Kedah Darul Aman. <a href="https://www.muziumkedah.gov.my/index.php/muzium/kedah" target="_blank">https://www.muziumkedah.gov.my/index.php/muzium/kedah</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>"Pusat Sains Negara Cawangan Wilayah Utara (PSNCWU)". Pusat Sains Negara Cawangan Wilayah Utara (PSNCWU). <a href="https://pusat-sains-negara-cawangan-wilayah-utara-psncwu.business.site/" target="_blank">https://pusat-sains-negara-cawangan-wilayah-utara-psncwu.business.site/</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>"Kedah Paddy Museum – Muzium Padi". Malaysia-traveller.com. Retrieved 27 September 2013. <a href="http://www.malaysia-traveller.com/kedah-paddy-museum.html" target="_blank">http://www.malaysia-traveller.com/kedah-paddy-museum.html</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>"The Paddy Museum". Tourism Malaysia. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527213618/http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/kedah/the-paddy-museum?page=%2F6" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140527213618/http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/kedah/the-paddy-museum?page=%2F6</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>"Kedah State Art Gallery". Gokayu. <a href="https://gokayu.com/malaysia/kedah/alor-setar/attraction/kedah-state-art-gallery" target="_blank">https://gokayu.com/malaysia/kedah/alor-setar/attraction/kedah-state-art-gallery</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>"Galeri Sultan Abdul Halim". Lonely Planet. <a href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/alor-setar/attractions/galeri-sultan-abdul-halim/a/poi-sig/1327866/1317190" target="_blank">https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/alor-setar/attractions/galeri-sultan-abdul-halim/a/poi-sig/1327866/1317190</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>"Muzium Diraja". Muzium Diraja Kedah. <a href="https://www.muziumkedah.gov.my/index.php/muzium/diraja" target="_blank">https://www.muziumkedah.gov.my/index.php/muzium/diraja</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>"Tower Info". Menara Alor Setar. <a href="https://www.menaraalorsetar.com.my/en/the-tower/tower-info" target="_blank">https://www.menaraalorsetar.com.my/en/the-tower/tower-info</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>"Mahathir's Birthplace or 'Rumah Kelahiran Mahathir'". Tourism Malaysia. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220248/http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/kedah/mahathirs-birthplace-or-rumah-kelahiran-mahathir?page=%2F5" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220248/http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/kedah/mahathirs-birthplace-or-rumah-kelahiran-mahathir?page=%2F5</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>"Mahathir's Birth Place | Malaysia Destination". Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20130205223136/http://www.virtualmalaysia.com/destination/view.cfm?id=651D847D-5622-4BA1-B7B2F87AEDA22EBC" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130205223136/http://www.virtualmalaysia.com/destination/view.cfm?id=651D847D-5622-4BA1-B7B2F87AEDA22EBC</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>"Independence House – Arkib Negara Malaysia". Arkib.gov.my. 7 June 1966. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224083112/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/rumah-merdeka" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131224083112/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/rumah-merdeka</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>"Alor Star a rising star | New Straits Times". 13 October 2015. <a href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/10/alor-star-rising-star" target="_blank">https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/10/alor-star-rising-star</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>