Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Contemporary anarchism
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Anarchism was influential in the <a href="/facts/Counterculture_of_the_1960s/BjyVc83W">counterculture of the 1960s</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> and anarchists actively participated in the <a href="/facts/Protests_of_1968/gEccXNor">protests of 1968</a> involving students and workers revolts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> In 1968, the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference held in <a href="/facts/Carrara/9RexL8Ts">Carrara</a> by the three existing European federations, namely the <a href="/facts/Anarchist_Federation_(France)/f1w9KTuC">French Anarchist Federation</a>, the <a href="/facts/Iberian_Anarchist_Federation/SYUzqckB">Iberian Anarchist Federation</a> and the <a href="/facts/Italian_Anarchist_Federation/AI7fVxqC">Italian Anarchist Federation</a> as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> In the United Kingdom during the 1970s, this was associated with the <a href="/facts/Punk_rock/voBjpcpS">punk rock</a> movement as exemplified by bands such as <a href="/facts/Crass/6e0j7ut2">Crass</a> (pioneers of the <a href="/facts/Anarcho-punk/blAFjuAR">anarcho-punk</a> subgenre).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to the formation of <a href="/facts/Intentional_community/EepJQdrm">communes</a>, <a href="/facts/Intentional_communities/EepJQdrm">intentional communities</a> and <a href="/facts/Squatter/fo0AvI9I">squatter</a> movements like that of Barcelona. In Denmark, <a href="/facts/Squatter/fo0AvI9I">squatters</a> occupied a disused military base and declared the <a href="/facts/Freetown_Christiania/JshcFCmN">Freetown Christiania</a>, an autonomous haven in central Copenhagen. The relationship between anarchism and punk as well as squatting has carried on into the 21st century. In <i>Infinitely Demanding</i>, <a href="/facts/Simon_Critchley/RBf1ejNb">Simon Critchley</a> wrote: "There is no doubt that 60s anarchism was libertarian and linked to the sexual revolution, liberation of the erotic instincts and what <a href="/facts/Herbert_Marcuse/KNTX9fkF">Herbert Marcuse</a> called 'nonrepressive sublimation'. Yet, contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary <a href="/facts/Neo-liberalism/UfqKadhe">neo-liberalism</a>, where the sexual revolution has turned the culture industry into the sex industry – ask yourself, is there today anything less transgressive and more normalizing than pornography? One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>Since the revival of anarchism in the mid-20th century,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> a number of new movements and schools of thought emerged, well documented in <a href="/facts/Robert_Graham_(historian)/LXrtXGB3">Robert Graham</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Anarchism:_A_Documentary_History_of_Libertarian_Ideas/bgMmrywh">Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas</a>, Volume Two: The Emergence of the New Anarchism (1939–1977)</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Although feminist tendencies have always been a part of the anarchist movement in the form of <a href="/facts/Anarcha-feminism/9TWmANNM">anarcha-feminism</a>, they returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism in the 1960s. The American <a href="/facts/Civil_rights_movement/llwscvvR">civil rights movement</a> and the movement in <a href="/facts/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War/Cu2MJhrr">opposition to the Vietnam War</a> also contributed to the revival of North American anarchism. European anarchism of the late 20th century drew much of its strength from the <a href="/facts/Labour_movement/Pr9EVwlx">labour movement</a> and both have incorporated <a href="/facts/Animal_rights/0MzosRCV">animal rights</a> activism. Anarchist anthropologist <a href="/facts/David_Graeber/jVGTmlNk">David Graeber</a> and anarchist historian <a href="/facts/Andrej_Gruba%C4%8Di%C4%87/KstNBfR4">Andrej Grubačić</a> have posited a rupture between generations of anarchism, with those "who often still have not shaken the sectarian habits" of the 19th century contrasted with the younger activists who are "much more informed, among other elements, by <a href="/facts/Traditional_knowledge/1Y2McCnK">indigenous</a>, <a href="/facts/Feminist/RRqUvGmk">feminist</a>, <a href="/facts/Ecological/YE8upuJU">ecological</a> and <a href="/facts/Counterculture/8vyVeL92">cultural-critical</a> ideas" and who by the turn of the 21st century formed "by far the majority" of anarchists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <p>Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence as part of the <a href="/facts/Anti-war/Vokrkzdo">anti-war</a>, <a href="/facts/Anti-capitalist/UWDht7eJ">anti-capitalist</a> and <a href="/facts/Anti-globalisation/lbnRcsoq">anti-globalisation</a> movements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the <a href="/facts/World_Trade_Organization/p7hgb1lP">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), the <a href="/facts/Group_of_Eight/dPszB9oo">Group of Eight</a> and the <a href="/facts/World_Economic_Forum/91KlC7Cb">World Economic Forum</a>. Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by <i>ad hoc</i>, leaderless and anonymous cadres known as <a href="/facts/Black_bloc/1YT5CNga">black blocs</a>, although other peaceful organisational tactics pioneered in this time include <a href="/facts/Affinity_groups/zQrbYA0b">affinity groups</a>, <a href="/facts/Security_culture/xI5pUQkE">security culture</a> and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> A significant event of this period was the <a href="/facts/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests/WejVRlew">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Many commentators have stated that the <a href="/facts/Occupy_Wall_Street/tLzF5G12">Occupy Wall Street</a> movement has roots in anarchist philosophy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>International anarchist federations in existence include the International of Anarchist Federations and the <a href="/facts/IWA%E2%80%93AIT/zudapy3c">International Workers' Association</a>. The largest organised anarchist movement today is in Spain in the form of the <a href="/facts/General_Confederation_of_Labor_(Spain)/4D85rUxp">CGT</a> and the <a href="/facts/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo/hJ0RRL2T">CNT</a>, with the CGT membership being estimated at around 100,000 for 2003.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Other active <a href="/facts/Anarcho-syndicalist/sTfTm62r">anarcho-syndicalist</a> movements include the <a href="/facts/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_nationale_du_travail/YCnBWDJ7">CNT–AIT</a> in France, the <a href="/facts/Unione_Sindacale_Italiana/DaD9RttL">Union Sindicale Italiana</a> in Italy, the <a href="/facts/Central_Organisation_of_the_Workers_of_Sweden/eP3yf5WX">Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden</a> and the <a href="/facts/Swedish_Anarcho-syndicalist_Youth_Federation/F0GvyFXP">Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation</a> in Sweden, the <a href="/facts/Workers_Solidarity_Alliance/0HXhGfGt">Workers Solidarity Alliance</a> in the United States and the <a href="/facts/Solidarity_Federation/mVIK9c3p">Solidarity Federation</a> in the United Kingdom. The revolutionary <a href="/facts/Industrial_unionist/axhoq1e8">industrial unionist</a> <a href="/facts/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World/5Pyhrypn">Industrial Workers of the World</a> claiming 10,000 paying members and the <a href="/facts/IWA%E2%80%93AIT/zudapy3c">International Workers' Association</a>, an anarcho-syndicalist successor to the First International, also remain active. The International of Anarchist Federations was founded in 1968 during an international anarchist conference in Carrara by the three existing European anarchist federations of France, Italy and Spain as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile. These organizations were also inspired on <a href="/facts/Synthesis_anarchist/YQjrYpNC">synthesis anarchist</a> principles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> Currently alongside the previously mentioned federations, the International of Anarchist Federations includes the <a href="/facts/Argentine_Libertarian_Federation/H9vXwBQe">Argentine Libertarian Federation</a>, the Anarchist Federation of Belarus, the Czech-Slovak Anarchist Federation, the Federation of German speaking Anarchists in Germany and Switzerland and the <a href="/facts/Anarchist_Federation_(Britain_and_Ireland)/MXGx76BV">Anarchist Federation</a> in the United Kingdom and Ireland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Platformism/hmY0Egeq">Platformism</a> is an important current in international anarchism. Around thirty platformist and <a href="/facts/Especifismo/ttkdr1Du">specifist</a> organizations are linked together in the <i>Anarkismo</i> project, including groups from Africa, Europe, Latin America and North America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> At least in terms of the number of affiliated organisations, the <i>Anarkismo</i> network is larger than other anarchist international bodies such as the International of Anarchist Federations and the International Workers' Association. However, it is not a formal international and has no intention of competing with these other formations. Today, there are organisations inspired by <a href="/facts/Dielo_Truda/mgR3hdIL">Dielo Truda</a>'s <i>Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft)</i> in many countries, including <i><a href="/facts/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarco-Comunista_de_Argentina/9axGnW24">Federación Anarco-Comunista de Argentina</a></i> and <i>Línea Anarco-Comunista</i> in Argentina, the Melbourne Anarchist Communist Group and Sydney Anarchist Communist Trajectory in Australia, <i>Fórum do Anarquismo Organizado</i> in Brazil, Common Cause (Ontario) and <i>Union Communiste Libertaire</i> (Quebec) in Canada, <i>Federación Comunista Libertaria</i> and <i>Organización Comunista Libertaria</i> (OCL) in Chile,<i><a href="/facts/Alternative_Libertaire/eP3jkEEe">Alternative Libertaire</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Libertarian_Communist_Organization_(France)/DejWJaNR">Organisation Communiste Libertaire</a></i> in France, <i>Federazione dei Comunisti Anarchici</i> in Italy, <i>Alianza de los Comunistas Libertarios</i> in Mexico, <i>Motmakt</i> in Norway, <i>Unión Socialista Libertaria</i> in Peru, the <a href="/facts/Zabalaza_Anarchist_Communist_Front/Pv0DWeSo">Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front</a> in South Africa, Collective Action in the United Kingdom, Common Struggle/<i>Lucha Común</i> in the United States and the Revolutionary Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists by the name of N. I. Makhno which is an international anarcho-syndicalist and platformist confederation with sections and individual members in Bulgaria, Georgia, Germany, Israel, Latvia, Russia and Ukraine. Organisations inspired by platformism were also among the founders of the now-defunct International Libertarian Solidarity network and its successor <i>Anarkismo</i> network which is run collaboratively by roughly thirty platformist and specifists organisations around the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <p>Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as <a href="/facts/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria/YEoQU4YH">Rojava</a>, a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/facts/Permanent_autonomous_zone/YUojXSCB">autonomous region</a> in northern Syria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Abdullah_%C3%96calan/uxbhMGIg">Abdullah Öcalan</a>, a founding member of the <a href="/facts/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party/LbQqy4Ft">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> who is currently imprisoned in Turkey, is an iconic and popular figure in Rojava and whose ideas shaped the region's society and politics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>While in prison, Öcalan corresponded with and was influenced by <a href="/facts/Murray_Bookchin/2DQjJNIz">Murray Bookchin</a>, a <a href="/facts/Social_anarchist/yR1hqyfc">social anarchist</a> theorist and philosopher who developed <a href="/facts/Communalism_(Bookchin)/2DQjJNIz">communalism</a> and <a href="/facts/Libertarian_municipalism/RdwJp8sP">libertarian municipalism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Modelled after Bookchin's ideas, Öcalan developed the theory of <a href="/facts/Democratic_confederalism/sNbI6Ba8">democratic confederalism</a>. In March 2005, Öcalan issued his "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", calling upon citizens "to stop attacking the government and instead create municipal assemblies, which he called 'democracy without the state'".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Noam_Chomsky/3rtpzlER">Noam Chomsky</a> stated that <a href="/facts/Anarcho-syndicalism/sTfTm62r">anarcho-syndicalism</a>, a <a href="/facts/Classical_anarchist/0n1LXQz0">classical anarchist</a> school of thought that remains popular and relevant to contemporary anarchism, is "highly relevant to advanced industrial societies".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> Anarchism continues to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and syncretic, combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="currents">Currents</h2> <h3>New anarchism</h3> <p>Self-avowed anarchist scholars such as <a href="/facts/David_Graeber/jVGTmlNk">David Graeber</a> and <a href="/facts/Andrej_Gruba%C4%8Di%C4%87/KstNBfR4">Andrej Grubačić</a> have written on trends within contemporary anarchism both individually and in collaboration. Writing together, their emphasis is upon a "global revolutionary movement" finding roots in anarchism as opposed to Marxism, and a new generation "much more interested in developing new forms of practice than arguing about the finer points of ideology."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Using the phrase "the new anarchists", Graeber elaborates upon practice with regard to globalization, "a 'new language' of civil disobedience", direct democracy, and prefigurative politics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Using the phrase <i>another anarchism</i>, Grubačić situates contemporary anarchism in terms of its historical roots, and emphasizes its "anti-sectarian" nature, rejection of vanguardism, internationalism, decentralization, and direct democracy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Using the phrase <i>new anarchism</i>, political scientist Leonard Williams seeks out an "anarchist metaphysic" of contemporary anarchism and emphasizes its anti-authoritarianism, pluralism, and its "theory of practice."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> While stipulating a use of the phrase <i>new anarchism</i> that does "not specifically refer to David Graeber's use of the term here in his <i><a href="/facts/New_Left_Review/rc993uyL">New Left Review</a></i> article 'The New Anarchists'", Teoman Gee decries the associations of the phrase with anarchist practices that are anti-historical, polemical, or associated with superficial <a href="/facts/Lifestyle_anarchism/VeoLIkuN">lifestyle anarchism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p> <h3>Post-anarchism</h3> <p>Post-anarchism is a revision of <a href="/facts/Classical_anarchism/faV5hwHh">classical anarchism</a> sometimes through the influence of <a href="/facts/Post-structuralists/N1GPxB42">post-structuralists</a> such as <a href="/facts/Jean_Baudrillard/zJKeaxEy">Jean Baudrillard</a>, <a href="/facts/Gilles_Deleuze/cnkduWTX">Gilles Deleuze</a>, <a href="/facts/Michel_Foucault/rWu19rjx">Michel Foucault</a>, and <a href="/facts/Jacques_Lacan/TbUhdvAJ">Jacques Lacan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Post-anarchism is a contested term, with its prefix "post-" referring to post-structuralism and/or <a href="/facts/Postmodernism/aBgbw8QJ">postmodernism</a>, which themselves are contested terms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> Many post-anarchist theorists (e.g., Jason Adams, <a href="/facts/Todd_May_(philosopher)/FdbvuXnY">Todd May</a>, and <a href="/facts/Saul_Newman/92huJUj3">Saul Newman</a>) invoke post-structuralist writings. The postmodern aspect of post-anarchism involves rejection of universal values and grand theories in favor of plurality and hybridity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Philosopher Benjamin Franks identified three types of post-anarchism: (1) <a href="/facts/Lyotardian/C6XMfD6t">Lyotardian</a> <i>post</i>anarchism, which proposes replacing <a href="/facts/Classical_anarchist/0n1LXQz0">classical anarchist</a> (revolutionary) tactics with those of post-structuralists; (2) redemptive <i>post</i>anarchism, to incorporate post-structural theory into existing anarchist practices; and (3) postmodern anarchism, which applies anarchist approaches to globalized oppressions of the late 21st century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> Critics of post-anarchism argue that it ignores principles of <a href="/facts/Class_warfare/HUQIUXTj">class warfare</a> and <a href="/facts/Economic_exploitation/YUmAXsEg">economic exploitation</a>, not producing political action.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Duane_Rousselle/H6gcomxb">Duane Rousselle</a> and <a href="/facts/Saul_Newman/92huJUj3">Saul Newman</a> have advanced a psychoanalytic post-anarchism inspired by the writings of Jacques Lacan. Duane Rousselle's work brings together thinking from the <a href="/facts/Lacanianism/3yUwPuz5">Lacanianism</a> of <a href="/facts/Jacques_Lacan/TbUhdvAJ">Jacques Lacan</a> and <a href="/facts/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek/HsmlUoCy">Slavoj Žižek</a> to outline a distinctive approach that takes seriously the political challenges of enjoyment or <a href="/facts/Jouissance/NS21DCAe">jouissance</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h3>Post-left anarchism</h3> <p>Post-left anarchist thought critiques anarchism's relationship to traditional <a href="/facts/Left-wing_politics/JUcz1kvS">left-wing politics</a>, such as its emphasis on <a href="/facts/Class_struggle/HUQIUXTj">class struggle</a>, <a href="/facts/Social_revolution/NjFCDlg3">social revolution</a>, <a href="/facts/Labor_unions/PjeN2WKu">labor unions</a>, the <a href="/facts/Working_class/vX7fPNBo">working class</a>, and <a href="/facts/Identity_politics/VrWYN0SD">identity politics</a>. Influenced by <a href="/facts/Anti-authoritarian/6kwb9yQA">anti-authoritarian</a> <a href="/facts/Postmodern_philosophy/pCoGwvxP">postmodern philosophy</a>, post-leftists reject <a href="/facts/Age_of_Enlightenment/Uj2Fa8Mk">Enlightenment</a> <a href="/facts/Rationalism/MNk171TG">rationalism</a> and <a href="/facts/Modernism/AfPDL45X">modernism</a> and <a href="/facts/Deconstruction/t3JuoHqn">deconstruct</a> topics such as gender. While a few advocate for armed <a href="/facts/Insurrection/bUs5ESDx">insurrection</a>, most advocate for creating spaces and <a href="/facts/Affinity_group/zQrbYA0b">affinity groups</a> to act freely within current society rather than fighting for a utopian ideal. In the United States, <a href="/facts/CrimethInc./x0dqSzB7">CrimethInc.</a>, <i><a href="/facts/Anarchy:_A_Journal_of_Desire_Armed/NyY8LtMe">Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/List_of_anarchist_periodicals/NyY8LtMe">Green Anarchy</a></i> are associated with post-leftism, as are many <a href="/facts/Primitivists/7j6sIazb">primitivists</a>. CrimethInc, which is influenced by <a href="/facts/Situationism/fYNjPtKB">situationism</a>, <a href="/facts/Anarcho-punk/blAFjuAR">anarcho-punk</a>, and <a href="/facts/Green_anarchy/IKV9gldV">green anarchy</a>, argues for a <a href="/facts/DIY/C2Gf8VJW">DIY</a> folk approach to everyday life, including <a href="/facts/Refusal_of_work/mqTcz2GG">refusal of work</a>, escaping <a href="/facts/Gender_role/pt2sQYD2">gender roles</a>, and <a href="/facts/Straight_edge/fEd0HDsS">straight edge</a> lifestyle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h3>Postcolonial anarchism</h3> <p>Postcolonial anarchism critiques mainstream anarchism for minimizing race and the role of anticolonial liberation struggle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> It connects anarchism and other anti-authoritarian movements, such as that of indigneous and landless peoples.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> The theoretical framework emerged from North American anarchists of color in the 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> In the work of Roger White, it is associated with opposing universal generalizations about the role of nationalism, class, and feminism in anarchism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="writing">Writing</h2> <p>Prominent anarchist presses include <a href="/facts/AK_Press/s3AL0haR">AK Press</a> and <a href="/facts/Freedom_Press/nAUDy6FH">Freedom Press</a>. AK Press, founded in 1990, is a collective based in <a href="/facts/San_Francisco/cb9l7hbC">San Francisco</a> that publishes new and out-of-print works. Freedom Press, founded in 1886, is based in <a href="/facts/East_London/YU7RGzy4">East London</a> and operates a bookshop and online news in addition to publishing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p><p>Contemporary anarchist periodicals include <i><a href="/facts/Fifth_Estate/BG2JgwC1">Fifth Estate</a></i>, <i>Perspectives on Anarchist Theory</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> and <i>Green Anarchy</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p><p>The Institute for Anarchist Studies offers grants for writing and translating works related to anarchism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Anarchism_and_the_Occupy_movement/tLzF5G12">Anarchism and the Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Anarchist_schools_of_thought/0n1LXQz0">Anarchist schools of thought</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Finnell, Joshua; Marcantel, Jerome (2010). <a href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.71.3.8341">"Understanding resistance: An introduction to anarchism"</a>. <i>College & Research Libraries News</i>. 71 (3): 156–159. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.71.3.8341">10.5860/crln.71.3.8341</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2150-6698">2150-6698</a>.</li> <li>Franks, Benjamin (June 2007). <a href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/4472/1/4472.pdf">"Postanarchism: A critical assessment"</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of Political Ideologies</i>. 12 (2). <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>: 127–145. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569310701284985">10.1080/13569310701284985</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-9317">1356-9317</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144787193">144787193</a>.</li> <li>Kinna, Ruth, ed. (2012). <i>The Continuum Companion to Anarchism</i>. Continuum Companions. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4411-7212-9.</li> <li>Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S., eds. (2018). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-319-75619-6.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><i>The Individualist Anarchism of Early Interwar Germany</i> (2018). Constantin Parvulescu. <a href="/facts/Babe%C5%9F-Bolyai_University/uHysovff">Babeş-Bolyai University</a>, Department of Cinematography and Media, Doctor of Philosophy</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>Amster, Randall; <i>et al.</i>, eds. (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OhXi8bWmXsAC"><i>Contemporary Anarchist Studies</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780415474016. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via Google Books.</li> <li>Graham, Robert, ed. (2012). <a href="http://robertgraham.wordpress.com/anarchism-a-documentary-history-of-libertarian-ideas-volume-three-the-new-anarchism-1974-2010/"><i>Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume Three: The New Anarchism (1974–2012)</i></a>. Montreal: Black Rose Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781551643366. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via Robert Graham's Anarchism Weblog.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Jun, Nathan (September 2009). "Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle: A Brief History and Commentary". WorkingUSA. 12 (3): 505–519. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00251.x. ISSN 1089-7011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Williams, Dana M. (2018). "Contemporary Anarchist and Anarchistic Movements". Sociology Compass. 12 (6). Wiley: 4. doi:10.1111/soc4.12582. ISSN 1751-9020. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" target="_blank">/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Evren, Süreyyya (2011). "How New Anarchism Changed the World (of Opposition) after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post-Anarchism". In Rousselle, Duane; Evren, Süreyyya (eds.). Post-Anarchism: A Reader. London: Pluto Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7453-3086-0. <a href="978-0-7453-3086-0" target="_blank">978-0-7453-3086-0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Evren, Süreyyya (2011). "How New Anarchism Changed the World (of Opposition) after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post-Anarchism". In Rousselle, Duane; Evren, Süreyyya (eds.). Post-Anarchism: A Reader. London: Pluto Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7453-3086-0. <a href="978-0-7453-3086-0" target="_blank">978-0-7453-3086-0</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Evren, Süreyyya (2011). "How New Anarchism Changed the World (of Opposition) after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post-Anarchism". In Rousselle, Duane; Evren, Süreyyya (eds.). Post-Anarchism: A Reader. London: Pluto Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7453-3086-0. <a href="978-0-7453-3086-0" target="_blank">978-0-7453-3086-0</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Franks, Benjamin (August 2013). "Anarchism". In Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 385–386. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Franks, Benjamin (August 2013). "Anarchism". In Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 386. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Graeber, David; Grubačić, Andrej (January 6, 2004). "Anarchism, Or The Revolutionary Movement Of The Twenty-first Century". ZNet. Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2020.. Republished as PDF at Punks in Science. Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Graeber</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Graeber, David (2004). "New Anarchists". In Mertes, Tom (ed.). A Movement of Movements: Is Another World Really Possible? (1st ed.). London: Verso Books. ISBN 9781859844687. <a href="9781859844687" target="_blank">9781859844687</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Williams, Leonard (31 August 2006). "The New Anarchists" (Paper). Philadelphia: American Political Science Association. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via the All Academic website. <a href="http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p152623_index.html" target="_blank">http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p152623_index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Grubačić, Andrej (2007). "Towards Another Anarchism". In Sen, Jai; Waterman, Peter (eds.). World Social Forum: Challenging Empires (revised 2nd ed.). Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 9781551643090. <a href="9781551643090" target="_blank">9781551643090</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Gee, Teoman (2003). "'New Anarchism': Some Thoughts". Alpine Anarchist Productions. Retrieved September 24, 2020. <a href="http://www.alpineanarchist.org/r_new_anarchism.html" target="_blank">http://www.alpineanarchist.org/r_new_anarchism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Jun, Nathan (September 2009). "Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle: A Brief History and Commentary". WorkingUSA. 12 (3): 507–508. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00251.x. ISSN 1089-7011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Jun, Nathan (September 2009). "Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle: A Brief History and Commentary". WorkingUSA. 12 (3): 507. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00251.x. ISSN 1089-7011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Egoumenides, Magda (2014). Philosophical Anarchism and Political Obligation. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 91. ISBN 9781441124456. <a href="9781441124456" target="_blank">9781441124456</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Evren, Süreyyya (2011). "How New Anarchism Changed the World (of Opposition) after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post-Anarchism". In Rousselle, Duane; Evren, Süreyyya (eds.). Post-Anarchism: A Reader. London: Pluto Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7453-3086-0. <a href="978-0-7453-3086-0" target="_blank">978-0-7453-3086-0</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Williams, Leonard (2010). "Hakim Bey and Ontological Anarchism". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 4 (2). East Lansing: Michigan State University Press: 110. doi:10.1353/jsr.2010.0009. JSTOR 41887660. S2CID 143304524. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Shively, Charley (1990). "Anarchism" (PDF). In Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (PDF). Vol. 2. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 0824065441. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 20, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2020 – via the William A. Percy website and The Concise Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. While not always formally recognized, much of the protest of the sixties was anarchist. Within the nascent women's movement, anarchist principles became so widespread that a political science professor denounced what she saw as 'The Tyranny of Structurelessness.' Several groups have called themselves 'Amazon Anarchists.' After the Stonewall Rebellion, the New York Gay Liberation Front based their organization in part on a reading of Murray Bookchin's anarchist writings. <a href="0824065441" target="_blank">0824065441</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Chorbajian, Levon (1998). "Book Review: The Spirit of the Sixties: The Making of Postwar Radicalism by James J. Farrell". Social Anarchism. 26. Retrieved September 24, 2020 – via The Library at Nothingness website. Farrell provides a detailed history of the Catholic Workers and their founders Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin. He explains that their pacifism, anarchism, and commitment to the downtrodden were one of the important models and inspirations for the 60s. As Farrell puts it, 'Catholic Workers identified the issues of the sixties before the Sixties began, and they offered models of protest long before the protest decade. <a href="/wiki/Levon_Chorbajian" target="_blank">/wiki/Levon_Chorbajian</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Patten, John (2003). Islands of Anarchy: Simian, Cienfuegos and Refract 1969-1987 - An Annotated Bibliography (revised ed.). London: Kate Sharpley Library. ISBN 9781873605233. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2020 – via the Kate Sharpley Library website. These groups had their roots in the anarchist resurgence of the nineteen sixties. Young militants finding their way to anarchism, often from the anti-bomb and anti-Vietnam war movements, linked up with an earlier generation of activists, largely outside the ossified structures of 'official' anarchism. Anarchist tactics embraced demonstrations, direct action such as industrial militancy and squatting, protest bombings like those of the First of May Group and Angry Brigade – and a spree of publishing activity. <a href="9781873605233" target="_blank">9781873605233</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Epstein, Barbara (September 1, 2001). "Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement". Monthly Review. 53 (4): 1. doi:10.14452/MR-053-04-2001-08_1. Retrieved September 24, 2020. Within the movements of the sixties there was much more receptivity to anarchism-in-fact than had existed in the movements of the thirties. [...] But the movements of the sixties were driven by concerns that were more compatible with an expressive style of politics, with hostility to authority in general and state power in particular. [...] By the late sixties, political protest was intertwined with cultural radicalism based on a critique of all authority and all hierarchies of power. Anarchism circulated within the movement along with other radical ideologies. The influence of anarchism was strongest among radical feminists, in the commune movement, and probably in the Weather Underground and elsewhere in the violent fringe of the anti-war movement. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Epstein" target="_blank">/wiki/Barbara_Epstein</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"London Federation of Anarchists involvement in Carrara conference, 1968 Amsterdam". International Institute of Social History. December 19, 2005. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119000946/http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/l/10760196.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120119000946/http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/l/10760196.php</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 10. ISBN 9780754661962. <a href="9780754661962" target="_blank">9780754661962</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Critchley, Simon (2007). Infinitely Demanding. London: Verso Books. p. 125. ISBN 9781781680179. <a href="9781781680179" target="_blank">9781781680179</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Williams, Leonard (September 2007). "Anarchism Revived". New Political Science. 29 (3): 297–312. doi:10.1080/07393140701510160. S2CID 220354272. <a href="/wiki/New_Political_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/New_Political_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Graham, Robert, ed. (2008). Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume Two: The Emergence of the New Anarchism (1939–1977) (PDF). Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 9781551643113. Retrieved September 24, 2020. <a href="9781551643113" target="_blank">9781551643113</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Graeber, David; Grubačić, Andrej (January 6, 2004). "Anarchism, Or The Revolutionary Movement Of The Twenty-first Century". ZNet. Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2020.. Republished as PDF at Punks in Science. Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Graeber</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Rupert, Mark (2006). Globalization and International Political Economy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 9780742529434. Retrieved September 24, 2020 – via Internet Archive. <a href="9780742529434" target="_blank">9780742529434</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Rupert, Mark (2006). Globalization and International Political Economy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 9780742529434. Retrieved September 24, 2020 – via Internet Archive. <a href="9780742529434" target="_blank">9780742529434</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Rupert, Mark (2006). Globalization and International Political Economy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 9780742529434. Retrieved September 24, 2020 – via Internet Archive. <a href="9780742529434" target="_blank">9780742529434</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Graeber, David. "Occupy Wall Street's anarchist roots". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2012. <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/2011112872835904508.html" target="_blank">http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/2011112872835904508.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Berrett, Dan (October 16, 2011). "Intellectual Roots of Wall Street Protest Lie in Academe". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2012. <a href="http://chronicle.com/article/Intellectual-Roots-of-Wall/129428/" target="_blank">http://chronicle.com/article/Intellectual-Roots-of-Wall/129428/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Schneider, Nathan (December 20, 2011). "Thank You, Anarchists". The Nation. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019. <a href="http://www.thenation.com/article/thank-you-anarchists/" target="_blank">http://www.thenation.com/article/thank-you-anarchists/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Kazin, Michael (November 7, 2011). "Michael Kazin: Anarchy Now: Occupy Wall Street Revives An Ideology". The New Republic. Archived from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2012. <a href="http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/97114/anarchy-occupy-wall-street-throwback" target="_blank">http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/97114/anarchy-occupy-wall-street-throwback</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Gibson, Morgan Rodgers (2013). "The 'Anarchism' of the Occupy Movement". Australian Journal of Political Science. 48 (3): 335–348. doi:10.1080/10361146.2013.820687. S2CID 144776094. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Carley, Mark (20 May 2004). "Trade Union Membership 1993–2003" Archived 2022-04-07 at the Wayback Machine. SPIRE Associates. Retrieved 24 September – via Eurofond. See also Carley, Mark (21 September 2009). "Trade Union Membership 2003–2008". SPIRE Associates. Retrieved 24 September – via Eurofond. <a href="https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2004/trade-union-membership-1993-2003" target="_blank">https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2004/trade-union-membership-1993-2003</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>The Anarchist FAQ Collective; McKay, Iain, ed. (2008). "J.3.2 What are 'synthesis' federations?". An Anarchist FAQ. I. Oakland: AK Press. ISBN 9781849351225. Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via Infoshop. <a href="http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionJ3" target="_blank">http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionJ3</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>"IFA-IAF pagina oficial" [IFA-IAF official page] (in Spanish). International of Anarchist Federations. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2013 – via the International of Anarchist Federations website. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808211742/http://i-f-a.org/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160808211742/http://i-f-a.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>"About Us". Anarkismo (in Italian). Retrieved September 24, 2020.. PDF version. <a href="http://www.anarkismo.net/about_us" target="_blank">http://www.anarkismo.net/about_us</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"About Us". Anarkismo (in Italian). Retrieved September 24, 2020.. PDF version. <a href="http://www.anarkismo.net/about_us" target="_blank">http://www.anarkismo.net/about_us</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Bufe, Chaz; Hedges, Chris; McHenry, Keith (2015). Anarchist Cookbook. Tucson: See Sharp Press. p. 85. ISBN 9781937276782. Retrieved September 24, 2020 – via Google Books. <a href="9781937276782" target="_blank">9781937276782</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Enzinna, Wes (November 24, 2015). "A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Enzinna, Wes (November 24, 2015). "A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Enzinna, Wes (November 24, 2015). "A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Chomsky, Noam; Jay, Peter (25 July 1976). "The Relevance of Anarcho-Syndicalism". The Jay Interview. Retrieved 24 September 2020. <a href="https://chomsky.info/19760725/" target="_blank">https://chomsky.info/19760725/</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Perlin, Terry M. (1979). Contemporary Anarchism. New Brunswick: Transaction Books. ISBN 9781412820332. Retrieved September 24, 2020 – via Google Books. <a href="9781412820332" target="_blank">9781412820332</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Graeber, David; Grubačić, Andrej (January 6, 2004). "Anarchism, Or The Revolutionary Movement Of The Twenty-first Century". ZNet. Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2020.. Republished as PDF at Punks in Science. Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Graeber</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Graeber, David (2004). "New Anarchists". In Mertes, Tom (ed.). A Movement of Movements: Is Another World Really Possible? (1st ed.). London: Verso Books. ISBN 9781859844687. <a href="9781859844687" target="_blank">9781859844687</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Grubačić, Andrej (2007). "Towards Another Anarchism". In Sen, Jai; Waterman, Peter (eds.). World Social Forum: Challenging Empires (revised 2nd ed.). Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 9781551643090. <a href="9781551643090" target="_blank">9781551643090</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>"Leonard Williams". Manchester University. Retrieved August 11, 2021. <a href="https://users.manchester.edu/Facstaff/LAWilliams/index.htm" target="_blank">https://users.manchester.edu/Facstaff/LAWilliams/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Gee, Teoman (2003). "'New Anarchism': Some Thoughts". Alpine Anarchist Productions. Retrieved September 24, 2020. <a href="http://www.alpineanarchist.org/r_new_anarchism.html" target="_blank">http://www.alpineanarchist.org/r_new_anarchism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Kinna, Ruth (2010). "Anarchy". In Bevir, Mark (ed.). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 37. ISBN 9781506332727. Retrieved September 24, 2020 – via Google Books. <a href="9781506332727" target="_blank">9781506332727</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Franks 2007, p. 129. - Franks, Benjamin (June 2007). "Postanarchism: A critical assessment" (PDF). Journal of Political Ideologies. 12 (2). Routledge: 127–145. doi:10.1080/13569310701284985. ISSN 1356-9317. S2CID 144787193. <a href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/4472/1/4472.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/4472/1/4472.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Franks 2007, p. 130. - Franks, Benjamin (June 2007). "Postanarchism: A critical assessment" (PDF). Journal of Political Ideologies. 12 (2). Routledge: 127–145. doi:10.1080/13569310701284985. ISSN 1356-9317. S2CID 144787193. <a href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/4472/1/4472.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/4472/1/4472.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Franks 2007, pp. 131–132. - Franks, Benjamin (June 2007). "Postanarchism: A critical assessment" (PDF). Journal of Political Ideologies. 12 (2). Routledge: 127–145. doi:10.1080/13569310701284985. ISSN 1356-9317. S2CID 144787193. <a href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/4472/1/4472.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/4472/1/4472.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Kinna, Ruth (2010). "Anarchy". In Bevir, Mark (ed.). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 37. ISBN 9781506332727. Retrieved September 24, 2020 – via Google Books. <a href="9781506332727" target="_blank">9781506332727</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Rousselle, Duane (2023). Post-anarchism and Psychoanalysis: Seminars on Politics and Society. Independently Published. ISBN 9798377450665. <a href="9798377450665" target="_blank">9798377450665</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Marshall, Peter (1992). "Post-left Anarchy". Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: HarperCollins. pp. 679–680. ISBN 978-0-00-217855-6. <a href="978-0-00-217855-6" target="_blank">978-0-00-217855-6</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Kinna 2012, pp. 345–346. - Kinna, Ruth, ed. (2012). The Continuum Companion to Anarchism. Continuum Companions. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4411-7212-9. <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Levy & Adams 2018, p. 679. - Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S., eds. (2018). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6. <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Kinna 2012, p. 346. - Kinna, Ruth, ed. (2012). The Continuum Companion to Anarchism. Continuum Companions. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4411-7212-9. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Levy & Adams 2018, p. 679. - Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S., eds. (2018). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6. <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Kinna 2012, pp. 345–346. - Kinna, Ruth, ed. (2012). The Continuum Companion to Anarchism. Continuum Companions. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4411-7212-9. <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Finnell & Marcantel 2010. - Finnell, Joshua; Marcantel, Jerome (2010). "Understanding resistance: An introduction to anarchism". College & Research Libraries News. 71 (3): 156–159. doi:10.5860/crln.71.3.8341. ISSN 2150-6698. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.71.3.8341" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.71.3.8341</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Ackelsberg, Martha (2005). Free Women of Spain. Stirling: AK Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-902593-96-8. ... anarchist publications such as Fifth Estate, Perspectives on Anarchist Theory, Social Anarchism and others continue to offer important commentary on and critique of contemporary politics and culture. <a href="978-1-902593-96-8" target="_blank">978-1-902593-96-8</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Finnell & Marcantel 2010. - Finnell, Joshua; Marcantel, Jerome (2010). "Understanding resistance: An introduction to anarchism". College & Research Libraries News. 71 (3): 156–159. doi:10.5860/crln.71.3.8341. ISSN 2150-6698. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.71.3.8341" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.71.3.8341</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Finnell & Marcantel 2010. - Finnell, Joshua; Marcantel, Jerome (2010). "Understanding resistance: An introduction to anarchism". College & Research Libraries News. 71 (3): 156–159. doi:10.5860/crln.71.3.8341. ISSN 2150-6698. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.71.3.8341" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.71.3.8341</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>