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Proboscidea
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<h2 id="evolution">Evolution</h2> <p>Over 180 extinct members of Proboscidea have been described.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The earliest members of Proboscidea like <i><a href="/facts/Eritherium/clM78fcK">Eritherium</a></i> are known from the <a href="/facts/Paleocene/IWWoh8D9">Paleocene</a> of Africa, around 60 million years ago, the earliest proboscideans were much smaller than living elephants, with <i>Eritherium</i> having a body mass of around 3–8 kilograms (6.6–17.6 lb).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> By the late <a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a>, some members of Proboscidea like <i><a href="/facts/Barytherium/MCFR0WWq">Barytherium</a></i> had reached considerable size, with an estimated mass of around 2 tonnes,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> while others like <i><a href="/facts/Moeritherium/bNoUotyP">Moeritherium</a></i> are suggested to have been semi-aquatic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>A major event in proboscidean evolution was the collision of Afro-Arabia with Eurasia, during the Early <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a>, around 18-19 million years ago allowing proboscideans to disperse from their African homeland across Eurasia, and later, around 16-15 million years ago into North America across the Bering Land Bridge. Proboscidean groups prominent during the Miocene include the <a href="/facts/Deinothere/dj1TMDUg">deinotheres</a>, along with the more advanced <a href="/facts/Elephantimorpha/YKhYACB2">elephantimorphs</a>, including <a href="/facts/Mammutidae/SSjEwXNq">mammutids</a> (mastodons), <a href="/facts/Gomphothere/kqjTTu6m">gomphotheres</a>, <a href="/facts/Amebelodontidae/oIEPL8NF">amebelodontids</a> (which includes the "shovel tuskers" like <i><a href="/facts/Platybelodon/UP3tk41v">Platybelodon</a></i>), <a href="/facts/Choerolophodontidae/BexlnWHV">choerolophodontids</a> and <a href="/facts/Stegodontidae/Ibbtdd5U">stegodontids</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Around 10 million years ago, the earliest members of the family <a href="/facts/Elephantidae/pE2dqhAB">Elephantidae</a> emerged in Africa, having originated from gomphotheres.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The Late Miocene saw major climatic changes, which resulted in the decline and extinction of many proboscidean groups such as amebelodontids and choerolophodontids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The earliest members of modern genera of Elephantidae appeared during the latest Miocene-early Pliocene around 6-5 million years ago. The elephantid genera <i><a href="/facts/Elephas/9Ih2qDvM">Elephas</a></i> (which includes the living Asian elephant) and <i><a href="/facts/Mammuthus/k9MnxS2k">Mammuthus</a></i> (mammoths) migrated out of Africa during the late Pliocene, around 3.6 to 3.2 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Over the course of the <a href="/facts/Early_Pleistocene/jPp2Cn7a">Early Pleistocene</a>, all non-elephantid probobscideans outside of the Americas became extinct (including mammutids, gomphotheres and deinotheres), with the exception of <i><a href="/facts/Stegodon/pl979dVL">Stegodon</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Gomphotheres dispersed into South America during this era as part of the <a href="/facts/Great_American_interchange/e8uuzTok">Great American interchange</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and mammoths migrating into North America around 1.5 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> At the end of the Early Pleistocene, around 800,000 years ago the elephantid genus <i><a href="/facts/Palaeoloxodon/RHvASknA">Palaeoloxodon</a></i> dispersed outside of Africa, becoming widely distributed in Eurasia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> By the beginning of the <a href="/facts/Late_Pleistocene/jKVh7yXL">Late Pleistocene</a>, proboscideans were represented by around 23 species. Proboscideans underwent a dramatic decline during the Late Pleistocene as part of the <a href="/facts/Late_Pleistocene_extinctions/pMcgaUHC">Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions</a>, with all remaining non-elephantid proboscideans (including <i>Stegodon</i>, <a href="/facts/Mastodon/vUAJuegY">mastodons</a>, and the American gomphotheres <i><a href="/facts/Cuvieronius/hFbRgkIh">Cuvieronius</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Notiomastodon/rMYfGfsQ">Notiomastodon</a></i>) and <i><a href="/facts/Palaeoloxodon/RHvASknA">Palaeoloxodon</a></i> becoming extinct, with mammoths only surviving in <a href="/facts/Relict_(biology)/eH1gkAg3">relict</a> populations on islands around the <a href="/facts/Bering_Strait/cnoNLuYE">Bering Strait</a> into the Holocene, with their latest survival being on <a href="/facts/Wrangel_Island/WKpRYcl1">Wrangel Island</a> around 4,000 years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>The following cladogram is based on endocasts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Proboscidea</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Phosphatherium_esculliei/kp3e5FjJ">Phosphatherium esculliei</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Numidotherium_koholense/bcu7tJM9">Numidotherium koholense</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Moeritherium_lyonsi/bNoUotyP">Moeritherium lyonsi</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Deinotheriidae/dj1TMDUg">Deinotheriidae</a> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Elephantiformes/wyhvr4Kv">Elephantiformes</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Palaeomastodon_beadnelli/2RceHL7m">Palaeomastodon beadnelli</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Elephantimorpha/YKhYACB2">Elephantimorpha</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mammutida/SSjEwXNq">Mammutida</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Mammut_americanum/vUAJuegY">Mammut americanum</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Zygolophodon_borsoni/XzvyMmAm">Zygolophodon borsoni</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Choerolophodon_pentelici/B3jrd695">Choerolophodon pentelici</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Gomphotherium_augustidens/Cgxn2Ek2">Gomphotherium augustidens</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Cuvieronius_andium/hFbRgkIh">Cuvieronius andium</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Stegomastodon_humboldti/ohNVC0xB">Stegomastodon humboldti</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Elephantoidea/1DwQPcAV">Elephantoidea</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Stegodon_insignis/pl979dVL">Stegodon insignis</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Elephantidae/pE2dqhAB">Elephantidae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Mammuthus_meridionalis/sDTDvE6B">Mammuthus meridionalis</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Mammuthus_primigenius/6TtmERSs">Mammuthus primigenius</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Mammuthus_columbi/p0BHJAUT">Mammuthus columbi</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Elephas_maximus/KE152Fa8">Elephas maximus</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Loxodonta_africana/ochFm1XU">Loxodonta africana</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Palaeoloxodon/RHvASknA">Palaeoloxodon</a></i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Palaeoloxodon_antiquus/hSMRKd2m">Palaeoloxodon antiquus</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Palaeoloxodon_falconeri/W2AFC1AU">Palaeoloxodon falconeri</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td rowspan="2">"plesielephantiforms""mastodonts"</td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="morphology">Morphology</h2> Gallery of Proboscidean skeletons <p>Over the course of their evolution, proboscideans experienced a significant increase in body size. Some members of the families <a href="/facts/Deinotheriidae/dj1TMDUg">Deinotheriidae</a>, <a href="/facts/Mammutidae/SSjEwXNq">Mammutidae</a>, <a href="/facts/Stegodontidae/Ibbtdd5U">Stegodontidae</a> and <a href="/facts/Elephantidae/pE2dqhAB">Elephantidae</a> are thought to have exceeded modern elephants in size, with shoulder heights over 4 metres (13 ft) and masses over 10 tonnes (22,000 lb), with average fully grown males of the mammutid <i><a href="/facts/%22Mammut%22_borsoni/XzvyMmAm">"Mammut" borsoni</a></i> having an estimated body mass of 16 tonnes (35,000 lb), making it one the largest and perhaps the largest land mammal ever, with a fragmentary specimen of the Indian elephant species <i><a href="/facts/Palaeoloxodon_namadicus/F0hA9en3">Palaeoloxodon namadicus</a></i> only known from a partial femur being speculatively estimated in the same study to have possibly reached a body mass of 22 tonnes (49,000 lb).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> As with other <a href="/facts/Megaherbivore/8PukHC5A">megaherbivores</a>, including the extinct <a href="/facts/Sauropoda/8Iqh2yEJ">sauropod</a> dinosaurs, the large size of proboscideans likely developed to allow them to survive on vegetation with low nutritional value.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Their limbs grew longer and the feet shorter and broader.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The feet were originally <a href="/facts/Plantigrade/rRNkVnSo">plantigrade</a> and developed into a <a href="/facts/Digitigrade/EJgX8202">digitigrade</a> stance with cushion pads and the <a href="/facts/Sesamoid_bone/q9uWpHKS">sesamoid bone</a> providing support, with this change developing around the common ancestor of <a href="/facts/Deinotheriidae/dj1TMDUg">Deinotheriidae</a> and <a href="/facts/Elephantiformes/wyhvr4Kv">Elephantiformes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Members of <a href="/facts/Elephantiformes/wyhvr4Kv">Elephantiformes</a> and Deinotheriidae have retracted nasal regions of the skull indicating the development of a trunk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>The skull grew larger, especially the cranium, while the neck shortened to provide better support for the skull. The increase in size led to the development and elongation of the mobile trunk to provide reach. The number of <a href="/facts/Premolar/hSpMTu7a">premolars</a>, incisors and <a href="/facts/Canine_tooth/p3mRABtg">canines</a> decreased. The cheek teeth (molars and premolars) became larger and more specialised.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> In Elephantiformes, the second upper incisor and lower incisor were transformed into ever growing <a href="/facts/Tusk/FovweWbM">tusks</a> on the upper and lower jaws,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> while in Deinotheriidae there are only tusks on the lower jaw.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> The tusks are proportionally heavy for their size, being primarily composed of <a href="/facts/Dentine/UMpkJ3UV">dentine</a>. In primitive proboscideans, a band of enamel covers part of the tusk surface, though in many later groups including modern elephants the band is lost, with elephants only having enamel on the tusk tips of juveniles. The upper tusks were initially modest in size, but from the Late Miocene onwards proboscideans developed increasingly large tusks, with the longest ever recorded tusk being 5.02 metres (16.5 ft) long belonging to the mammutid <i><a href="/facts/%22Mammut%22_borsoni/XzvyMmAm">"Mammut" borsoni</a></i> found in Greece, with some mammoth tusks likely weighing over 200 kilograms (440 lb). The lower tusks are generally smaller than the upper tusks, but could grow to large sizes in some species, like in <i><a href="/facts/Deinotherium/J7ICHFlV">Deinotherium</a></i> (which lacks upper tusks), where they could grow over 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long, the <a href="/facts/Amebelodontidae/oIEPL8NF">amebelodontid</a> <i><a href="/facts/Konobelodon/goDKco4p">Konobelodon</a></i> has lower tusks 1.61 metres (5.3 ft) long, with the longest lower tusks ever recorded being from the primitive elephantid <i><a href="/facts/Stegotetrabelodon/DxJuvJoz">Stegotetrabelodon</a></i> which are around 2.2 metres (7.2 ft) long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>The molar teeth changed from being replaced vertically as in other mammals to being replaced horizontally in the clade <a href="/facts/Elephantimorpha/YKhYACB2">Elephantimorpha</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> While early Elephantimorpha generally had lower jaws with an elongated <a href="/facts/Mandibular_symphysis/Ia0g0hwn">mandibular symphysis</a> at the front of the jaw with well developed lower tusks/incisors, from the Late Miocene onwards, many groups convergently developed brevirostrine (shortened) lower jaws with vestigial or no lower tusks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Elephantids are distinguished from other proboscideans by a major shift in the molar morphology to parallel lophs rather than the cusps of earlier proboscideans, allowing them to become higher crowned (hypsodont) and more efficient in consuming grass.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>Dwarfism</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Dwarf_elephant/h015PWbt">Dwarf elephant</a></p> <p>Several species of proboscideans lived on islands and experienced <a href="/facts/Insular_dwarfism/zS4UJkam">insular dwarfism</a>. This occurred primarily during the Pleistocene, when some elephant populations became isolated by fluctuating sea levels, although dwarf elephants did exist earlier in the Pliocene. These elephants likely grew smaller on islands due to a lack of large or viable predator populations and limited resources. By contrast, small mammals such as rodents develop <a href="/facts/Island_gigantism/hgvKEJUy">gigantism</a> in these conditions. Dwarf proboscideans are known to have lived in <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/facts/Channel_Islands_of_California/UtyqHNJy">Channel Islands of California</a>, and several islands of the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Sea/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p><i><a href="/facts/Elephas_celebensis/0xkvPmsR">Elephas celebensis</a></i> of <a href="/facts/Sulawesi/BKg2WNej">Sulawesi</a> is believed to have descended from <i><a href="/facts/Elephas_planifrons/sDTDvE6B">Elephas planifrons</a></i>. <i><a href="/facts/Palaeoloxodon_falconeri/W2AFC1AU">Elephas falconeri</a></i> of <a href="/facts/Malta/FsqM3M37">Malta</a> and <a href="/facts/Sicily/E6fug03z">Sicily</a> was only 1 m (3 ft), and had probably evolved from the <a href="/facts/Straight-tusked_elephant/hSMRKd2m">straight-tusked elephant</a>. Other descendants of the straight-tusked elephant existed in <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a>. Dwarf elephants of uncertain descent lived in <a href="/facts/Crete/VSqxTU9u">Crete</a>, <a href="/facts/Cyclades/gmfV8jh9">Cyclades</a> and <a href="/facts/Dodecanese/Hnzj5H4o">Dodecanese</a>, while dwarf mammoths are known to have lived in <a href="/facts/Sardinia/7GGJNHCx">Sardinia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Columbian_mammoth/p0BHJAUT">Columbian mammoth</a> colonised the <a href="/facts/Channel_Islands_of_California/UtyqHNJy">Channel Islands</a> and evolved into the <a href="/facts/Pygmy_mammoth/Wj85u1M6">pygmy mammoth</a>. This species reached a height of 1.2–1.8 m (4–6 ft) and weighed 200–2,000 kg (440–4,410 lb). A population of small woolly mammoths survived on <a href="/facts/Wrangel_Island/WKpRYcl1">Wrangel Island</a> as recently as 4,000 years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> After their discovery in 1993, they were considered dwarf mammoths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> This classification has been re-evaluated and since the Second International Mammoth Conference in 1999, these animals are no longer considered to be true "dwarf mammoths".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p>It has been suggested that members of Elephantimorpha, including mammutids,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> gomphotheres,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> and stegodontids,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> lived in herds like modern elephants. Analysis of remains of the American mastodon (<i>Mammut americanum</i>) suggest that like modern elephants, that herds consisted of females and juveniles and that adult males lived solitarily or in small groups, and that adult males periodically engaged in fights with other males during periods similar to <a href="/facts/Musth/Tpmcz2pt">musth</a> found in living elephants. These traits are suggested to be inherited from the last common ancestor of elephantimorphs,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> with musth-like behaviour also suggested to have occurred in gomphotheres.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> All elephantimorphs are suggested to have been capable of communication via <a href="/facts/Infrasound/yCUJSSe3">infrasound</a>, as found in living elephants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> Deinotheres may have also lived in herds, based on tracks found in the Late Miocene of Romania.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> Over the course of the Neogene and Pleistocene, various members of <a href="/facts/Elephantida/CsTucySF">Elephantida</a> shifted from a browse-dominated diet towards mixed feeding or grazing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="classification">Classification</h2> <p>Below is a taxonomy of proboscidean genera as of 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Order Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Eritherium/clM78fcK">Eritherium</a></i> Gheerbrant, 2009</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Moeritherium/bNoUotyP">Moeritherium</a></i> Andrews, 1901</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Saloumia/6zat06So">Saloumia</a></i> Tabuce <i>et al.</i>, 2019</li> <li>†Family <a href="/facts/Numidotheriidae/Lv9jRRzg">Numidotheriidae</a> Shoshani & Tassy, 1992 <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Phosphatherium/kp3e5FjJ">Phosphatherium</a></i> Gheerbrant <i>et al.</i>, 1996</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Arcanotherium/nElJfYnG">Arcanotherium</a></i> Delmer, 2009</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Daouitherium/Efbhr0d3">Daouitherium</a></i> Gheerbrant & Sudre, 2002</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Numidotherium/bcu7tJM9">Numidotherium</a></i> Mahboubi <i>et al.</i>, 1986</li></ul></li> <li>†Family <a href="/facts/Barytheriidae/8CEcxuvY">Barytheriidae</a> Andrews, 1906 <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Omanitherium/B5CebRk0">Omanitherium</a></i> Seiffert <i>et al.</i>, 2012</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Barytherium/MCFR0WWq">Barytherium</a></i> Andrews, 1901</li></ul></li> <li>†Family <a href="/facts/Deinotheriidae/dj1TMDUg">Deinotheriidae</a> Bonaparte, 1845 <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Chilgatherium/URfBDPsf">Chilgatherium</a></i> Sanders <i>et al.</i>, 2004</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Prodeinotherium/wP7IyG8Q">Prodeinotherium</a></i> Ehik, 1930</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Deinotherium/J7ICHFlV">Deinotherium</a></i> Kaup, 1829</li></ul></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/facts/Elephantiformes/wyhvr4Kv">Elephantiformes</a> Tassy, 1988 <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Eritreum/cLzPoS8M">Eritreum</a></i> Shoshani <i>et al.</i>, 2006</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Hemimastodon/CMvsGp5G">Hemimastodon</a></i> Pilgrim, 1912</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Palaeomastodon/2RceHL7m">Palaeomastodon</a></i> Andrews, 1901</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Phiomia/aoB5eLYS">Phiomia</a></i> Andrews & Beadnell, 1902</li> <li>Infraorder <a href="/facts/Elephantimorpha/YKhYACB2">Elephantimorpha</a> Tassy & Shoshani, 1997 <ul><li>†Family <a href="/facts/Mammutidae/SSjEwXNq">Mammutidae</a> Hay, 1922 <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Losodokodon/EQsTnEQr">Losodokodon</a></i> Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Eozygodon/WXTCsRox">Eozygodon</a></i> Tassy & Pickford, 1983</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Zygolophodon/adRkASh3">Zygolophodon</a></i> Vacek, 1877</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Sinomammut/nYu3nsCF">Sinomammut</a></i> Mothé <i>et al.</i>, 2016</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Mammut/vUAJuegY">Mammut</a></i> Blumenbach, 1799</li></ul></li> <li>Parvorder <a href="/facts/Elephantida/CsTucySF">Elephantida</a> Tassy & Shoshani, 1997 <ul><li>†Family <a href="/facts/Choerolophodontidae/BexlnWHV">Choerolophodontidae</a> Gaziry, 1976 <ul><li>†<i>Afrochoerodon</i> Pickford, 2001</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Choerolophodon/B3jrd695">Choerolophodon</a></i> Schlesinger, 1917</li></ul></li> <li>†Family <a href="/facts/Amebelodontidae/oIEPL8NF">Amebelodontidae</a> Barbour, 1927 <ul><li>†<i>Afromastodon</i> Pickford, 2003</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Progomphotherium/LUnsq18N">Progomphotherium</a></i> Pickford, 2003</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Eurybelodon/XN8RBxfm">Eurybelodon</a></i> Lambert, 2016</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Serbelodon/PJYVVcWd">Serbelodon</a></i> Frick, 1933</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Archaeobelodon/soCNrXSf">Archaeobelodon</a></i> Tassy, 1984</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Protanancus/lVpx9ESG">Protanancus</a></i> Arambourg, 1945</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Amebelodon/HqJskAxI">Amebelodon</a></i> Barbour, 1927</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Konobelodon/goDKco4p">Konobelodon</a></i> Lambert, 1990</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Torynobelodon/RdYaPrws">Torynobelodon</a></i> Barbour, 1929</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Aphanobelodon/0QHR4pxB">Aphanobelodon</a></i> Wang <i>et al.</i>, 2016</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Platybelodon/UP3tk41v">Platybelodon</a></i> Borissiak, 1928</li></ul></li> <li>†Family <a href="/facts/Gomphotheriidae/kqjTTu6m">Gomphotheriidae</a> Hay, 1922 (<a href="/facts/Paraphyletic/tmTWjACz">paraphyletic</a>) <ul><li>"trilophodont gomphotheres" <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Gomphotherium/Cgxn2Ek2">Gomphotherium</a></i> Burmeister, 1837</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Blancotherium/yetk1FqF">Blancotherium</a></i> May, 2019</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Gnathabelodon/mvaX9Nc5">Gnathabelodon</a></i> Barbour & Sternberg, 1935</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Eubelodon/MX9f9KSf">Eubelodon</a></i> Barbour, 1914</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Stegomastodon/ohNVC0xB">Stegomastodon</a></i> Pohlig, 1912</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Sinomastodon/f5nk6rMG">Sinomastodon</a></i> Tobien <i>et al.</i>, 1986</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Notiomastodon/rMYfGfsQ">Notiomastodon</a></i> Cabrera, 1929</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Rhynchotherium/lx2gxjfj">Rhynchotherium</a></i> Falconer, 1868</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Cuvieronius/hFbRgkIh">Cuvieronius</a></i> Osborn, 1923</li></ul></li> <li>"tetralophodont gomphotheres" <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Anancus/RDbTbkpd">Anancus</a></i> Aymard, 1855</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Paratetralophodon/uo1W8JuV">Paratetralophodon</a></i> Tassy, 1983</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Pediolophodon/zYWbqSUy">Pediolophodon</a></i> Lambert, 2007</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Tetralophodon/VemXe1KA">Tetralophodon</a></i> Falconer, 1857</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/facts/Elephantoidea/1DwQPcAV">Elephantoidea</a> Gray, 1821 <ul><li>†Family <a href="/facts/Stegodontidae/Ibbtdd5U">Stegodontidae</a> Osborn, 1918 <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Stegolophodon/GKY5VFoa">Stegolophodon</a></i> Schlesinger, 1917</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Stegodon/pl979dVL">Stegodon</a></i> Falconer, 1857</li></ul></li> <li>Family <a href="/facts/Elephantidae/pE2dqhAB">Elephantidae</a> Gray, 1821 <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Stegodibelodon/mLwvEL0W">Stegodibelodon</a></i> Coppens, 1972</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Stegotetrabelodon/DxJuvJoz">Stegotetrabelodon</a></i> Petrocchi, 1941</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Selenotherium/3l7l8cW5">Selenotherium</a></i> Mackaye, Brunet & Tassy, 2005</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Primelephas/PJKhj5NW">Primelephas</a></i> Maglio, 1970</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Loxodonta/vMA6IWh1">Loxodonta</a></i> Anonymous, 1827</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Palaeoloxodon/RHvASknA">Palaeoloxodon</a></i> Matsumoto, 1924</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Mammuthus/k9MnxS2k">Mammuthus</a></i> Brookes, 1828</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Elephas/9Ih2qDvM">Elephas</a></i> Linnaeus, 1758</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Nowak, Ronald M. (1999), <i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i> (6th ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8018-5789-8, <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98023686">98023686</a></li> <li>Haynes, Gary (1993), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PRrZ-TK91LMC"><i>Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants: Biology, Behavior and the Fossil Record</i></a> (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780521456913</li></ul> <ul><li>Sukumar, R. (11 September 2003). <a href="https://archive.org/details/livingelephantse00suku_0"><i>The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-510778-4. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935260783">935260783</a>.</li></ul> <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Proboscidea</i>. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Proboscidea. The Wikibook <i>Dichotomous Key</i> has a page on the topic of: <i>Proboscidea</i> Look up <i>Proboscidea</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm (1811). Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium: Additis Terminis Zoographicis Utriusque Classis, Eorumque Versione Germanica. Berolini: Sumptibus C. 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