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Outline of cryptography
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<h2 id="essence-of-cryptography">Essence of cryptography</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cryptographer/e94PEVau">Cryptographer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Encryption/16q29Fdv">Encryption</a>/<a href="/facts/Decryption/16q29Fdv">decryption</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cryptographic_key/5W5PAmT4">Cryptographic key</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cipher/eJnuftYe">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ciphertext/luNTs4sY">Ciphertext</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plaintext/tWnBDCgE">Plaintext</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Code/CSntvnEo">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tabula_recta/DflhwLMp">Tabula recta</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alice_and_Bob/FSHudRmA">Alice and Bob</a></li></ul> <h2 id="uses-of-cryptographic-techniques">Uses of cryptographic techniques</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Commitment_scheme/DMqRCguM">Commitment schemes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Secure_multiparty_computation/7xJbbvIo">Secure multiparty computation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Electronic_voting/jsI9Ngwr">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Authentication/64y4S69b">Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_signature/tY7e2pnW">Digital signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Crypto_system/GyDVJ4D0">Crypto systems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dining_cryptographers_problem/kkFYHzht">Dining cryptographers problem</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Anonymous_remailer/3fBH8t2n">Anonymous remailer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pseudonymity/A5EjmWxQ">Pseudonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Onion_routing/L1SKrFGc">Onion routing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_currency/ycholMaA">Digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Secret_sharing/umC4t0cD">Secret sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indistinguishability_obfuscation/E3pH13bb">Indistinguishability obfuscation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="branches-of-cryptography">Branches of cryptography</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Multivariate_cryptography/3oHeR6Fy">Multivariate cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Post-quantum_cryptography/1qeqUQve">Post-quantum cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Quantum_cryptography/FPqPdNXT">Quantum cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Steganography/RGLdKYcE">Steganography</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Visual_cryptography/QCgbMqQY">Visual cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chaotic_cryptology/sHf4QPER">Chaotic cryptology</a></li></ul> <h2 id="history-of-cryptography">History of cryptography</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_cryptography/7wvlxQrp">History of cryptography</a> and <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_cryptography/n1D23y6w">Timeline of cryptography</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Japanese_cryptology_from_the_1500s_to_Meiji/3afLqPxe">Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/World_War_I_cryptography/YIucnTmI">World War I cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/World_War_II_cryptography/P1Nhta8Q">World War II cryptography</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Reservehandverfahren/7TIoMoSU">Reservehandverfahren</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Venona_project/kewILx1B">Venona project</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ultra_(cryptography)/cPLKCBEn">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="ciphers">Ciphers</h2> <h3>Classical</h3> <h4><a href="/facts/Substitution_cipher/PCTy2EJL">Substitution</a></h4> <ul><li>Monoalphabetic substitution <ul><li><a href="/facts/Caesar_cipher/Pjy93nA5">Caesar cipher</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ROT13/qtgJFEqo">ROT13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Affine_cipher/jXDfPQ9Q">Affine cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Atbash_cipher/oWUcgzI2">Atbash cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Keyword_cipher/PCTy2EJL">Keyword cipher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polyalphabetic_substitution/BmSXrp02">Polyalphabetic substitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher/rlpyPDSY">Vigenère cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Autokey_cipher/ebu1mkDo">Autokey cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Homophonic_substitution_cipher/PCTy2EJL">Homophonic substitution cipher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polygraphic_substitution/D1JYMHKU">Polygraphic substitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Playfair_cipher/PvSkKWpH">Playfair cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hill_cipher/AmvYgDg2">Hill cipher</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h4><a href="/facts/Transposition_cipher/mmch3Mgu">Transposition</a></h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Scytale/CTvwo48e">Scytale</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Grille_(cryptography)/REe3T7Uh">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Permutation_cipher/mmch3Mgu">Permutation cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/VIC_cipher/RbCJaPgv">VIC cipher</a> – complex hand cypher used by at least one Soviet spy in the early 1950s; it proved quite secure for the time</li></ul> <h3>Modern symmetric-key algorithms</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Symmetric-key_algorithm/5zfe0b76">Symmetric-key algorithm</a></p> <h4><a href="/facts/Stream_ciphers/BxU0aWmJ">Stream ciphers</a></h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/A5/1/lyqRwq5r">A5/1</a> & <a href="/facts/A5/2/44y7Wskz">A5/2</a> – ciphers specified for the <a href="/facts/GSM/Sw8QYaLE">GSM</a> cellular telephone standard</li> <li>BMGL</li> <li>Chameleon</li> <li><a href="/facts/FISH_(cipher)/IP0xfavg">FISH</a> – by Siemens AG</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fish_(cryptography)/STYbDYCh">WWII 'Fish' cyphers</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Geheimfernschreiber/CsMSIjHj">Geheimfernschreiber</a> – WWII mechanical onetime pad by <a href="/facts/Siemens_AG/coa80TQn">Siemens AG</a>, called <a href="/facts/Sturgeon_(cryptography)/CsMSIjHj">STURGEON</a> by <a href="/facts/Bletchley_Park/ID0B04WB">Bletchley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pike_(cipher)/n3xEE9l9">Pike</a> – improvement on FISH by <a href="/facts/Ross_J._Anderson/hIq4z659">Ross Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lorenz_cipher/PV3mCXFg">Schlusselzusatz</a> – WWII mechanical onetime pad by <a href="/facts/C._Lorenz_AG/k0EtSKt2">Lorenz</a>, called <i>tunny</i> by <a href="/facts/Bletchley_Park/ID0B04WB">Bletchley Park</a></li></ul></li> <li>HELIX</li> <li><a href="/facts/ISAAC_(cipher)/sFxmUdCN">ISAAC</a> – intended as a PRNG</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leviathan_(cipher)/PkUbWTfH">Leviathan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LILI-128/tuVKQKhz">LILI-128</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MUGI/9Sb8cKda">MUGI</a> – <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li> <li><a href="/facts/MULTI-S01/o1JKfyQs">MULTI-S01</a> - <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li> <li><a href="/facts/One-time_pad/03hA9XSQ">One-time pad</a> – Vernam and Mauborgne, patented 1919; an extreme stream cypher</li> <li><a href="/facts/Panama_(cipher)/N1WoUoMg">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RC4_(cipher)/HAR5kL0T">RC4</a> (ARCFOUR) – one of a series by Professor Ron Rivest of <a href="/facts/MIT/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a>; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommended limited to 128-bit key <ul><li><a href="/facts/CipherSaber/povYyG8g">CipherSaber</a> – (<a href="/facts/RC4_(cipher)/HAR5kL0T">RC4</a> variant with 10 byte random <a href="/facts/Initialization_vector/qlVQjCS3">IV</a>, easy to implement</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Salsa20/gQjhIf2M">Salsa20</a> – an <a href="/facts/ESTREAM/jmLn8Yow">eSTREAM</a> recommended cipher <ul><li><a href="/facts/ChaCha20/gQjhIf2M">ChaCha20</a> – A Salsa20 variant.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/SEAL_(cipher)/mrJ9S3ka">SEAL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SNOW/20lXDgwt">SNOW</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SOBER/gz3MTVNj">SOBER</a> <ul><li>SOBER-t16</li> <li><a href="/facts/SOBER-t32/gz3MTVNj">SOBER-t32</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/WAKE_(cipher)/KIlQ6WU3">WAKE</a></li></ul> <h4><a href="/facts/Block_ciphers/MJywAyfQ">Block ciphers</a></h4> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Block_cipher_modes_of_operation/vIUabB2z">Block cipher modes of operation</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Product_cipher/qHTBoCnh">Product cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Feistel_cipher/CPtzaEET">Feistel cipher</a> – pattern by <a href="/facts/Horst_Feistel/fDRt2THf">Horst Feistel</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Advanced_Encryption_Standard/HdXGBY2Q">Advanced Encryption Standard</a> (Rijndael) – 128-bit block; <a href="/facts/NIST/gr9Fnh85">NIST</a> selection for the AES, FIPS 197; Created 2001—by <a href="/facts/Joan_Daemen/cqdIFHHG">Joan Daemen</a> and <a href="/facts/Vincent_Rijmen/3S5n4f39">Vincent Rijmen</a>; <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Anubis_(cipher)/JFb10b25">Anubis</a> – 128-bit block</li> <li><a href="/facts/BEAR_(cipher)/IbPytPWG">BEAR</a> – built from a stream cypher and hash function, by <a href="/facts/Ross_J._Anderson/hIq4z659">Ross Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Blowfish_(cipher)/H6fYatpd">Blowfish</a> – 64-bit block; by <a href="/facts/Bruce_Schneier/kWxPFPmQ">Bruce Schneier</a> <i>et al.</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Camellia_(cipher)/XyJ1vnGn">Camellia</a> – 128-bit block; <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection (NTT & Mitsubishi Electric); <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li> <li><a href="/facts/CAST-128/J7F8GWQc">CAST-128</a> (<a href="/facts/CAST5/J7F8GWQc">CAST5</a>) – 64-bit block; one of a series of algorithms by <a href="/facts/Carlisle_Adams/pav7sPcf">Carlisle Adams</a> and <a href="/facts/Stafford_Tavares/NEVFJ5vk">Stafford Tavares</a>, insistent that the name is not due to their initials <ul><li><a href="/facts/CAST-256/HdM0XCcd">CAST-256</a> (<a href="/facts/CAST6/HdM0XCcd">CAST6</a>) – 128-bit block; the successor to CAST-128 and a candidate for the AES competition</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/CIPHERUNICORN-A/BMefT09R">CIPHERUNICORN-A</a> – 128-bit block; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li> <li><a href="/facts/CIPHERUNICORN-E/XFLYb45A">CIPHERUNICORN-E</a> – 64-bit block; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation (limited)</li> <li><a href="/facts/CMEA_(cipher)/EfRCAnUX">CMEA</a> – cipher used in US cellphones, found to have weaknesses.</li> <li><a href="/facts/CS-Cipher/ohLSJeHp">CS-Cipher</a> – 64-bit block</li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_Encryption_Standard/STfBjTGb">Data Encryption Standard</a> (DES) – 64-bit block; FIPS 46-3, 1976</li> <li><a href="/facts/DEAL/FzAGCVA6">DEAL</a> – an AES candidate derived from DES</li> <li><a href="/facts/DES-X/PqRKmdfj">DES-X</a> – a variant of DES to increase the key size.</li> <li><a href="/facts/FEAL/8S8L2qTC">FEAL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/GDES/hH91MWtU">GDES</a> – a <a href="/facts/Data_Encryption_Standard/STfBjTGb">DES</a> variant designed to speed up encryption</li> <li><a href="/facts/Grand_Cru_(cipher)/NptbgYey">Grand Cru</a> – 128-bit block</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hierocrypt-3/j8cxzjfB">Hierocrypt-3</a> – 128-bit block; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hierocrypt-L1/j8cxzjfB">Hierocrypt-L1</a> – 64-bit block; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation (limited)</li> <li><a href="/facts/IDEA_NXT/DUWX7wYU">IDEA NXT</a> – project name FOX, 64-bit and 128-bit block family; Mediacrypt (Switzerland); by Pascal Junod & <a href="/facts/Serge_Vaudenay/I0gArgAK">Serge Vaudenay</a> of Swiss Institute of Technology Lausanne</li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm/HuRBKLQY">International Data Encryption Algorithm</a> (IDEA) – 64-bit block;<a href="/facts/James_Massey/qyfqKnQH">James Massey</a> & X Lai of <a href="/facts/ETH/IxHAFGUU">ETH</a> Zurich</li> <li><a href="/facts/Iraqi_Block_Cipher/yXKQXmJE">Iraqi Block Cipher</a> (IBC)</li> <li><a href="/facts/KASUMI_(block_cipher)/zewjvoWV">KASUMI</a> – 64-bit block; based on <a href="/facts/MISTY1/hRDmX0Ad">MISTY1</a>, adopted for next generation <a href="/facts/W-CDMA/lhy2RrMw">W-CDMA</a> <a href="/facts/Cellular_phone/H3EcqD9h">cellular phone</a> security</li> <li><a href="/facts/KHAZAD/psk33D8r">KHAZAD</a> – 64-bit block designed by Barretto and <a href="/facts/Vincent_Rijmen/3S5n4f39">Rijmen</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Khufu_and_Khafre/1JlwsWcX">Khufu and Khafre</a> – 64-bit block ciphers</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kuznyechik/uRclFGnf">Kuznyechik</a> – Russian 128-bit block cipher, defined in GOST R 34.12-2015 and RFC 7801.</li> <li><a href="/facts/LION_(cipher)/IbPytPWG">LION</a> – block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by <a href="/facts/Ross_J._Anderson/hIq4z659">Ross Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LOKI/5YoXTd2e">LOKI89/91</a> – 64-bit block ciphers</li> <li><a href="/facts/LOKI97/A4Lv7jnw">LOKI97</a> – 128-bit block cipher, AES candidate</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lucifer_(cipher)/RKrF9SDv">Lucifer</a> – by Tuchman <i>et al.</i> of <a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a>, early 1970s; modified by <a href="/facts/NSA/Sg6MGV1o">NSA</a>/<a href="/facts/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology/gr9Fnh85">NBS</a> and released as <a href="/facts/Data_Encryption_Standard/STfBjTGb">DES</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MAGENTA/CWCRWjGF">MAGENTA</a> – AES candidate</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mars_(cipher)/dMFo0P5v">Mars</a> – AES finalist, by <a href="/facts/Don_Coppersmith/T7zvXag6">Don Coppersmith</a> et al.</li> <li><a href="/facts/MISTY1/hRDmX0Ad">MISTY1</a> – <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection 64-bit block; Mitsubishi Electric (Japan); <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation (limited)</li> <li>MISTY2 – 128-bit block: Mitsubishi Electric (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nimbus_(cipher)/db5Da06v">Nimbus</a> – 64-bit block</li> <li><a href="/facts/NOEKEON/7C9n5JS8">NOEKEON</a> – 128-bit block</li> <li><a href="/facts/NUSH/3DzplkrR">NUSH</a> – variable block length (64-256-bit)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Q_(cipher)/gWhLR0qm">Q</a> – 128-bit block</li> <li><a href="/facts/RC2/kfXo2PEH">RC2</a> – 64-bit block, variable key length <ul><li><a href="/facts/RC6/XUqW8L36">RC6</a> – variable block length; AES finalist, by <a href="/facts/Ron_Rivest/nQsIcAKa">Ron Rivest</a> <i>et al.</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/RC5/RjIGUnNk">RC5</a> – <a href="/facts/Ron_Rivest/nQsIcAKa">Ron Rivest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Secure_and_Fast_Encryption_Routine/gfWYnLDr">SAFER</a> – variable block length</li> <li><a href="/facts/SC2000/NetVJ8aU">SC2000</a> – 128-bit block; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li> <li><a href="/facts/Serpent_(cipher)/1gPjU4Fu">Serpent</a> – 128-bit block; AES finalist by <a href="/facts/Ross_J._Anderson/hIq4z659">Ross Anderson</a>, <a href="/facts/Eli_Biham/FvcYV6bd">Eli Biham</a>, <a href="/facts/Lars_Knudsen/ludw9nqB">Lars Knudsen</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SHACAL-1/Rq5DMdfD">SHACAL-1</a> – 160-bit block</li> <li><a href="/facts/SHACAL-2/Rq5DMdfD">SHACAL-2</a> – 256-bit block cypher; <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection Gemplus (France)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shark_(cipher)/8MffJfmL">Shark</a> – grandfather of <a href="/facts/Rijndael/HdXGBY2Q">Rijndael</a>/<a href="/facts/Advanced_Encryption_Standard/HdXGBY2Q">AES</a>, by Daemen and Rijmen <ul><li><a href="/facts/Square_(cipher)/mQRozt3V">Square</a> – father of <a href="/facts/Rijndael/HdXGBY2Q">Rijndael</a>/<a href="/facts/Advanced_Encryption_Standard/HdXGBY2Q">AES</a>, by Daemen and Rijmen</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm/aaFnFgKo">TEA</a> – by <a href="/facts/David_Wheeler_(computer_scientist)/eMm8hmrz">David Wheeler</a> & <a href="/facts/Roger_Needham/sSz9TUYM">Roger Needham</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Triple_DES/sgzSD50P">Triple DES</a> – by <a href="/facts/Walter_Tuchman/MPFJKLNH">Walter Tuchman</a>, leader of the <a href="/facts/Lucifer_(cipher)/RKrF9SDv">Lucifer</a> design team—not all triple uses of DES increase security, Tuchman's does; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation (limited), only when used as in FIPS Pub 46-3</li> <li><a href="/facts/Twofish/T1pjlttA">Twofish</a> – 128-bit block; AES finalist by <a href="/facts/Bruce_Schneier/kWxPFPmQ">Bruce Schneier</a> <i>et al.</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/XTEA/r1B2lrro">XTEA</a> – by <a href="/facts/David_Wheeler_(computer_scientist)/eMm8hmrz">David Wheeler</a> & <a href="/facts/Roger_Needham/sSz9TUYM">Roger Needham</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/3-Way/ys51uHk9">3-Way</a> – 96-bit block by <a href="/facts/Joan_Daemen/cqdIFHHG">Joan Daemen</a></li> <li>Polyalphabetic substitution machine cyphers <ul><li><a href="/facts/Enigma_(machine)/FSMJwbCL">Enigma</a> – WWII German rotor cypher machine—many variants, any user networks for most of the variants</li> <li><a href="/facts/Purple_code/Wnax5D0k">Purple</a> – highest security WWII Japanese Foreign Office cypher machine; by Japanese Navy Captain</li> <li><a href="/facts/SIGABA/VBBHp4w9">SIGABA</a> – WWII US cypher machine by <a href="/facts/William_Friedman/Qt1TLRpz">William Friedman</a>, <a href="/facts/Frank_Rowlett/HpPNPn4f">Frank Rowlett</a> <i>et al.</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/TypeX/EBV3jyX7">TypeX</a> – WWII UK cypher machine</li></ul></li> <li>Hybrid code/cypher combinations <ul><li><a href="/facts/JN-25/gCVYBzxq">JN-25</a> – WWII Japanese Navy superencyphered code; many variants</li> <li>Naval Cypher 3 – superencrypted code used by the Royal Navy in the 1930s and into WWII</li></ul></li></ul> <h3>Modern asymmetric-key algorithms</h3> <h4><a href="/facts/Asymmetric_key_algorithm/gowoFTxS">Asymmetric key algorithm</a></h4> <ul><li>ACE-KEM – <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection asymmetric encryption scheme; IBM Zurich Research <ul><li><a href="/facts/ACE_Encrypt/bI1Q21Lr">ACE Encrypt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chor-Rivest</li> <li><a href="/facts/Diffie-Hellman/xR4YQcaD">Diffie-Hellman</a> – key agreement; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li> <li><a href="/facts/El_Gamal/sKDVyMyR">El Gamal</a> – discrete logarithm</li> <li><a href="/facts/Elliptic_curve_cryptography/YbjcXIWk">Elliptic curve cryptography</a> – (discrete logarithm variant)</li> <li>PSEC-KEM – <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection asymmetric encryption scheme; NTT (Japan); <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation only in DEM construction w/SEC1 parameters <ul><li><a href="/facts/ECIES/tUB9YbRL">ECIES</a> – <i>Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption System</i>, Certicom Corporation</li> <li>ECIES-KEM</li> <li><a href="/facts/ECDH/zy3IJCeK">ECDH</a> – <i>Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key agreement</i>, <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Efficient_Probabilistic_Public-Key_Encryption_Scheme/bIFl93J4">EPOC</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kyber/FgSGHwCx">Kyber</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Merkle%E2%80%93Hellman_knapsack_cryptosystem/gWwGnLn5">Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem</a> – knapsack scheme</li> <li><a href="/facts/McEliece_cryptosystem/Yb3X3nzs">McEliece cryptosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Niederreiter_cryptosystem/KNVrSGQl">Niederreiter cryptosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/NTRUEncrypt/B6MR5HkI">NTRUEncrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RSA_(algorithm)/XTzyfHuq">RSA</a> – factoring <ul><li>RSA-KEM – <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection asymmetric encryption scheme; ISO/IEC 18033-2 draft</li> <li><a href="/facts/RSA-OAEP/j5doK6YB">RSA-OAEP</a> – <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rabin_cryptosystem/Q7MRkmdo">Rabin cryptosystem</a> – factoring <ul><li>Rabin-SAEP</li> <li>HIME(R)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paillier_cryptosystem/oLl6TR8H">Paillier cryptosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Threshold_cryptosystem/4KKvNxW8">Threshold cryptosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/XTR/8HNyjrIl">XTR</a></li></ul> <h2 id="keys">Keys</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Key_(cryptography)/5W5PAmT4">Key (cryptography)</a></p> <h3><a href="/facts/Key_authentication/0k9mJ9wS">Key authentication</a></h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Public_key_infrastructure/7fwMLxF4">Public key infrastructure</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/X.509/rs0JuYDd">X.509</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/OpenPGP/4BELG9BW">OpenPGP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Public_key_certificate/J7aYI4Bx">Public key certificate</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Certificate_authority/WAo8vMTN">Certificate authority</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Certificate_revocation/JSP12aR0">Certificate revocation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/ID-based_cryptography/kssqdqmg">ID-based cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Certificate-based_encryption/TQDoHLjx">Certificate-based encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Secure_key_issuing_cryptography/7y7IIwI5">Secure key issuing cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Certificateless_cryptography/CpBKx1HG">Certificateless cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Merkle_tree/uGFY5mNA">Merkle tree</a></li></ul> <h3>Transport/exchange</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman/xR4YQcaD">Diffie–Hellman</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Man-in-the-middle_attack/dx4cojdz">Man-in-the-middle attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Needham%E2%80%93Schroeder/Cbq6S85W">Needham–Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Offline_private_key/0Vc94Stq">Offline private key</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Otway%E2%80%93Rees/bVfAg2qN">Otway–Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trusted_paper_key/0Vc94Stq">Trusted paper key</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wide_Mouth_Frog/h21tGpPf">Wide Mouth Frog</a></li></ul> <h3><a href="/facts/Weak_key/50oM8WPT">Weak keys</a></h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Brute_force_attack/TXl8pkfb">Brute force attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dictionary_attack/0DdvVvBM">Dictionary attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Related_key_attack/XkVfKsSk">Related key attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Key_derivation_function/3jL2jTTb">Key derivation function</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Key_strengthening/uVQSNI4H">Key strengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Password/WEoul230">Password</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Password-authenticated_key_agreement/udf3tV4x">Password-authenticated key agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Passphrase/Bs4SlCwk">Passphrase</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Salt_(cryptography)/9g6l177I">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Factorization/tXrBXFh1">Factorization</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="cryptographic-hash-functions"><a href="/facts/Cryptographic_hash_function/cuxkgbST">Cryptographic hash functions</a></h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Message_authentication_code/mXxCP5Yl">Message authentication code</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Keyed-hash_message_authentication_code/Qy9WD4V9">Keyed-hash message authentication code</a> <ul><li>Encrypted <a href="/facts/CBC-MAC/nuJt6zMb">CBC-MAC</a> (EMAC) – <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection MAC</li> <li><a href="/facts/HMAC/Qy9WD4V9">HMAC</a> – <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection MAC; <a href="/facts/ISO/IEC_9797-1/G2qsnEo4">ISO/IEC 9797-1</a>, <a href="/facts/FIPS_PUB_113/9d4qJPnY">FIPS PUB 113</a> and IETF <a href="/facts/Request_for_Comments/esftTvE7">RFC</a></li> <li>TTMAC – (Two-Track-MAC) NESSIE selection MAC; K.U.Leuven (Belgium) & debis AG (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/facts/UMAC_(cryptography)/o5JRbFFl">UMAC</a> – <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection MAC; Intel, UNevada Reno, IBM, Technion, & UC Davis</li> <li><a href="/facts/Oblivious_Pseudorandom_Function/BBG8KoMA">Oblivious Pseudorandom Function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/MD5/8WIXb9Dq">MD5</a> – one of a series of message digest algorithms by Prof <a href="/facts/Ron_Rivest/nQsIcAKa">Ron Rivest</a> of MIT; 128-bit digest</li> <li><a href="/facts/SHA-1/LDYCV1je">SHA-1</a> – developed at <a href="/facts/NSA/Sg6MGV1o">NSA</a> 160-bit digest, an FIPS standard; the first released version was defective and replaced by this; NIST/NSA have released several variants with longer 'digest' lengths; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation (limited) <ul><li><a href="/facts/SHA-256/P59oPeGq">SHA-256</a> – <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 256-bit digest; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li> <li><a href="/facts/SHA-384/P59oPeGq">SHA-384</a> – <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 384-bit digest; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li> <li><a href="/facts/SHA-512/P59oPeGq">SHA-512</a> – <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 512-bit digest; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/SHA-3/bA3BCp7K">SHA-3</a> – originally known as Keccak; was the winner of the <a href="/facts/NIST_hash_function_competition/DFxbPNbx">NIST hash function competition</a> using <a href="/facts/Sponge_function/DA3BT6Ss">sponge function</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Streebog/EdxjXzoI">Streebog</a> – Russian algorithm created to replace an obsolete <a href="/facts/GOST/Ith9dFHs">GOST</a> hash function defined in obsolete standard GOST R 34.11-94.</li> <li><a href="/facts/RIPEMD-160/z09kTSWX">RIPEMD-160</a> – developed in Europe for the RIPE project, 160-bit digest; <a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> recommendation (limited)</li> <li>RTR0 – one of Retter series; developed by Maciej A. Czyzewski; 160-bit digest</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tiger_(hash_function)/xLMxNVV5">Tiger</a> – by <a href="/facts/Ross_J._Anderson/hIq4z659">Ross Anderson</a> <i>et al.</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Snefru_(cryptography)/SvHdT0el">Snefru</a> – NIST hash function competition</li> <li><a href="/facts/Whirlpool_(algorithm)/5d6erXP3">Whirlpool</a> – <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> selection hash function, Scopus Tecnologia S.A. (Brazil) & K.U.Leuven (Belgium)</li></ul> <h2 id="cryptanalysis"><a href="/facts/Cryptanalysis/7CPEQlJI">Cryptanalysis</a></h2> <h3>Classical</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Frequency_analysis/7bbymDaN">Frequency analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Contact_analysis_(cryptanalysis)/yoIeXafu">Contact analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Index_of_coincidence/7uW1sGer">Index of coincidence</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kasiski_examination/2mH65Arp">Kasiski examination</a></li></ul> <h3>Modern</h3> <ul><li>Symmetric algorithms <ul><li><a href="/facts/Boomerang_attack/o2Kmscej">Boomerang attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brute_force_attack/TXl8pkfb">Brute force attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Davies%27_attack/XlpukxHV">Davies' attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Differential_cryptanalysis/84yp0SDC">Differential cryptanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Impossible_differential_cryptanalysis/UFNhBVaE">Impossible differential cryptanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Integral_cryptanalysis/fVcFNbdy">Integral cryptanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Linear_cryptanalysis/Hvg2bJpC">Linear cryptanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Meet-in-the-middle_attack/X7hUb7j5">Meet-in-the-middle attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mod-n_cryptanalysis/g7eDwjt2">Mod-n cryptanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Related-key_attack/XkVfKsSk">Related-key attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Slide_attack/nHYbtVPn">Slide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/XSL_attack/nyukCAQH">XSL attack</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hash functions: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Birthday_attack/he1GAUSM">Birthday attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Attack_model/0UGyn7ha">Attack models</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Chosen-ciphertext_attack/l9fL7fYR">Chosen-ciphertext</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chosen-plaintext_attack/uTJ0XCAN">Chosen-plaintext</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ciphertext-only_attack/m47yGXDL">Ciphertext-only</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Known-plaintext_attack/MF3CweFd">Known-plaintext</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Side_channel_attack/2B1dfBty">Side channel attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Power_analysis/zvldKaKj">Power analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timing_attack/Aau4qNoh">Timing attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cold_boot_attack/vQ8jgrra">Cold boot attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Differential_fault_analysis/oAU4DLAL">Differential fault analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Network attacks <ul><li><a href="/facts/Man-in-the-middle_attack/dx4cojdz">Man-in-the-middle attack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Replay_attack/IpKW2kvf">Replay attack</a></li></ul></li> <li>External attacks <ul><li><a href="/facts/Black-bag_cryptanalysis/A3THkzLB">Black-bag cryptanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rubber-hose_cryptanalysis/YSHPdq8A">Rubber-hose cryptanalysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="robustness-properties">Robustness properties</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Provable_security/2kQS1WId">Provable security</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Random_oracle/wK7MhxDq">Random oracle model</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ciphertext_indistinguishability/2oumAzNt">Ciphertext indistinguishability</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Semantic_security/PlW18aEh">Semantic security</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Malleability_(cryptography)/91uHXJIr">Malleability</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Forward_secrecy/ojScslsj">Forward secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Forward_anonymity/3dfM4stI">Forward anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Freshness_(cryptography)/IpKW2kvf">Freshness</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kerckhoffs%27s_principle/xzWqYISs">Kerckhoffs's principle</a> – Cryptographic principle that states everything except the key can be public knowledge</li></ul> <h2 id="undeciphered-historical-codes-and-ciphers">Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers</h2> <p class="note">Main category: Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers</p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Beale_ciphers/b2R41yyT">Beale ciphers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chaocipher/Y3f6mEYB">Chaocipher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/D%27Agapeyeff_cipher/r9JW9zDv">D'Agapeyeff cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dorabella_cipher/IfWnFsNv">Dorabella cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rongorongo/tRkjwgwE">Rongorongo</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shugborough_inscription/H1rhnBRY">Shugborough inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Voynich_manuscript/TVmWnJhg">Voynich manuscript</a></li></ul> <h2 id="organizations-and-selection-projects">Organizations and selection projects</h2> <h3>Cryptography standards</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard/n0Ll7hpQ">Federal Information Processing Standards</a> (FIPS) Publication Program – run by <a href="/facts/NIST/gr9Fnh85">NIST</a> to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS publications are ongoing and related to cryptography</li> <li><a href="/facts/American_National_Standards_Institute/p3d1TQCb">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) – standardization process that produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Organization_for_Standardization/IacYR7Yg">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) – standardization process produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing</li> <li><a href="/facts/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers/UddC4pUW">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) – standardization process produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing</li> <li><a href="/facts/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force/tIcCsFhX">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) – standardization process that produces many standards called <a href="/facts/Request_for_Comments/esftTvE7">RFCs</a>) in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)</li></ul> <h3>General cryptographic</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/National_Security_Agency/Sg6MGV1o">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) – internal evaluation/selections, charged with assisting NIST in its cryptographic responsibilities</li> <li><a href="/facts/Government_Communications_Headquarters/XCMkfqWE">Government Communications Headquarters</a> (GCHQ) – internal evaluation/selections, a division is charged with developing and recommending cryptographic standards for the UK government</li> <li><a href="/facts/Defence_Signals_Directorate/UfdU9xpg">Defence Signals Directorate</a> (DSD) – Australian <a href="/facts/SIGINT/Iwzvw6AW">SIGINT</a> agency, part of <a href="/facts/ECHELON/FmByzoSY">ECHELON</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Communications_Security_Establishment/qBXhwSUN">Communications Security Establishment</a> (CSE) – Canadian intelligence agency</li></ul> <h3>Open efforts</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Data_Encryption_Standard/STfBjTGb">Data Encryption Standard</a> (DES) – <a href="/facts/NIST/gr9Fnh85">NBS</a> selection process, ended 1976</li> <li>RIPE – division of the RACE project sponsored by the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a>, ended mid-1980s</li> <li><a href="/facts/Advanced_Encryption_Standard/HdXGBY2Q">Advanced Encryption Standard</a> (AES) – a "break-off" competition sponsored by <a href="/facts/NIST/gr9Fnh85">NIST</a>, ended in 2001</li> <li><a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a> Project – an evaluation/selection program sponsored by the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a>, ended in 2002</li> <li><a href="/facts/ESTREAM/jmLn8Yow">eSTREAM</a>– program funded by <a href="/facts/ECRYPT/hwr2p4GQ">ECRYPT</a>; motivated by the failure of all of the <a href="/facts/Stream_cipher/BxU0aWmJ">stream ciphers</a> submitted to <a href="/facts/NESSIE/IXgAcAhx">NESSIE</a>, ended in 2008</li> <li><a href="/facts/CRYPTREC/nLbU6zAo">CRYPTREC</a> – evaluation/recommendation program sponsored by the Japanese government; draft recommendations published 2003</li> <li><a href="/facts/CrypTool/Qr6aelW5">CrypTool</a> – an e-learning freeware programme in English and German— exhaustive educational tool about cryptography and cryptanalysis</li></ul> <h2 id="influential-cryptographers">Influential cryptographers</h2> <p><a href="/facts/List_of_cryptographers/EYETs590">List of cryptographers</a> </p> <h2 id="legal-issues">Legal issues</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/AACS_encryption_key_controversy/6zAFTgtP">AACS encryption key controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Free_speech/jYakwGMP">Free speech</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Bernstein_v._United_States/ls6G3Tbu">Bernstein v. United States</a></i> - <a href="/facts/Daniel_J._Bernstein/KQLuMRTx">Daniel J. Bernstein</a>'s challenge to the restrictions on the <a href="/facts/Export_of_cryptography/PkJ5Tc0e">export of cryptography</a> from the United States.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Junger_v._Daley/rqkPv569">Junger v. Daley</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/DeCSS/cUtLDxz2">DeCSS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Phil_Zimmermann/L36wnTv4">Phil Zimmermann</a> - Arms Export Control Act investigation regarding the <a href="/facts/Pretty_Good_Privacy/4BELG9BW">PGP</a> software.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Export_of_cryptography/PkJ5Tc0e">Export of cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Key_escrow/vfE3jPkC">Key escrow</a> and <a href="/facts/Clipper_Chip/mbvGQ5cv">Clipper Chip</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act/rVTdnnc2">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_rights_management/4AF8JmDt">Digital rights management</a> (DRM)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Patents/LjT2bG3A">Patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/RSA_(algorithm)/XTzyfHuq">RSA</a> – now public domain</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Chaum/zQybQkFS">David Chaum</a> – and digital cash</li></ul></li> <li>Cryptography and law enforcement <ul><li><a href="/facts/Telephone_tapping/9A549jmn">Telephone wiretapping</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Espionage/oaDJ5fAd">Espionage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cryptography_laws_in_different_nations/xR2ry74u">Cryptography laws in different nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Official_Secrets_Act/hCz5uYyL">Official Secrets Act</a> – United Kingdom, India, Ireland, Malaysia, and formerly New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/facts/Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act_2000/B4YdTQHJ">Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000</a> – United Kingdom</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="academic-and-professional-publications">Academic and professional publications</h2> <p class="note">Further information: List of important publications in computer science § Cryptography, and <a href="/facts/Books_on_cryptography/xy8TKgPr">Books on cryptography</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Journal_of_Cryptology/z5xacwCB">Journal of Cryptology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Encyclopedia_of_Cryptography_and_Security/Ezy4I4Ne">Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cryptologia/7Ecvnhsy">Cryptologia</a> – quarterly journal focusing on historical aspects</li> <li><a href="/facts/Communication_Theory_of_Secrecy_Systems/wXHm9G3h">Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems</a> – cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory</li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Association_for_Cryptologic_Research/TgVIMDmb">International Association for Cryptologic Research</a> (<a href="https://iacr.org/">website</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="allied-sciences">Allied sciences</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Security_engineering/A2lhQ8YF">Security engineering</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_computer_science/1lAxBHGF">Outline of computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_computer_security/nKaMbbIS">Outline of computer security</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Research Paper - factorable.net". factorable.net. Retrieved 2020-06-26. <a href="https://factorable.net/paper.html" target="_blank">https://factorable.net/paper.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>