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ActivityPub
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<h2 id="design">Design</h2> <p>ActivityPub uses the <a href="/facts/Activity_Streams_(format)/ImbMXWnC">ActivityStreams</a> 2.0 format for building its content, which itself uses <a href="/facts/JSON-LD/UPz7qvTq">JSON-LD</a>. The three main data types used in ActivityPub are Objects, Activities and Actors. Objects are the most common data type, and can be images, videos, or more abstract items such as locations or events. Activities are actions that create and modify objects, for example a Create activity creates an object. Actors are representative of an individual, a group, an application or a service, and are the owners of objects. </p><p>Every actor type contains an inbox and outbox stream, which sends and receives activities for a user. In order to publish data (for example liking an article), a user creates an activity that declares that they liked an Article object and publishes it to their outbox, where it is then delivered by the ActivityPub server via a <a href="/facts/POST_(HTTP)/UtxXc5qG">POST</a> request to the inboxes listed in the activity's to, bto, cc and bcc fields. The receiving servers then account for the newly received activity and update the article by adding the like action to it. </p> <h3>Example data</h3> <p>An example actor object that represents a <a href="/facts/User_(computing)/zQRzG0KG">user account</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> { "@context": ["https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams", {"@language": "ja"}], "type": "Person", "id": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/", "following": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/following.json", "followers": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/followers.json", "liked": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/liked.json", "inbox": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/inbox.json", "outbox": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/feed.json", "preferredUsername": "kenzoishii", "name": "石井健蔵", "summary": "この方はただの例です", "icon": [ "https://kenzoishii.example.com/image/165987aklre4" ] } <p>An example activity that likes an article object: </p> { "@context": ["https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams", {"@language": "en"}], "type": "Like", "actor": "https://dustycloud.org/christine/", "summary": "Christine liked 'Minimal ActivityPub update client'", "object": "https://rhiaro.co.uk/2016/05/minimal-activitypub", "to": ["https://rhiaro.co.uk/#amy", "https://dustycloud.org/followers", "https://rhiaro.co.uk/followers/"], "cc": "https://e14n.com/evan" } <p>An example article object: </p> { "@context": ["https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams", {"@language": "en-GB"}], "id": "https://rhiaro.co.uk/2016/05/minimal-activitypub", "type": "Article", "name": "Minimal ActivityPub update client", "content": "Today I finished morph, a client for posting ActivityStreams2...", "attributedTo": "https://rhiaro.co.uk/#amy", "to": "https://rhiaro.co.uk/followers/", "cc": "https://e14n.com/evan" } <h2 id="project-status">Project status</h2> <p>The SocialCG previously organized a yearly free conference called ActivityPub Conf about the future of ActivityPub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Triages are held regularly to review issues pertaining to the ActivityPub and ActivityStreams 2.0 specifications as part of the SocialCG.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>In 2023, Germany's <a href="/facts/Sovereign_Tech_Fund/eJ9npeBX">Sovereign Tech Fund</a> donated €152,000 to socialweb.coop with the goal of building a new suite for testing various ActivityPub implementations and their compliance with the specification.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>Adoption</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Fediverse/fIBCh4ya">Fediverse § Adoption</a></p> <p>The initial wave of adoption for ActivityPub (circa 2016-2018) came from software that was already using OStatus as their federation protocol, such as <a href="/facts/Mastodon_(social_network)/paYlaPlI">Mastodon</a>, <a href="/facts/GNU_social/HVBzuYnz">GNU social</a> and <a href="/facts/Pleroma_(software)/0vlsqorD">Pleroma</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Following the <a href="/facts/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk/zegctrq4">acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk</a> in 2022, many groups of users that were critical of the acquisition migrated to Mastodon, bringing new attention to the ActivityPub protocol with it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Various major social media platforms and corporations have since pledged to implement ActivityPub support, including <a href="/facts/Tumblr/QRMD7RbY">Tumblr</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Flipboard/VEzFtoxV">Flipboard</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Meta_Platforms/ylApt16y">Meta Platforms</a>' <a href="/facts/Threads_(social_network)/dfz0cLUk">Threads</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="criticism">Criticism</h2> <h3>Accidental denial-of-service attacks</h3> <p>Poorly <a href="/facts/Optimisation_(computer_science)/nXz6RpRM">optimized</a> ActivityPub implementations can cause unintentional <a href="/facts/Denial-of-service_attack/6nkoK02J">distributed denial-of-service</a> (DDOS) attacks on other websites and servers, due to the decentralized nature of the network. An example would be <a href="/facts/Mastodon_(social_network)/paYlaPlI">Mastodon</a>'s implementation of <a href="/facts/OpenGraph/IoHpQE94">OpenGraph</a> link previews, wherein every instance that receives a post that contains a link with OpenGraph metadata will download the associated data, such as a <a href="/facts/Thumbnail/xHTtUVWt">thumbnail</a>, in a very short timeframe, which can slow down or crash servers as a result of the sudden burst of requests.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h3>Account migration</h3> <p>ActivityPub has been criticized for not natively supporting moving accounts from one server to another, forcing implementations to build their own solutions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> While there has been work on building a standardized system for migrating accounts using the Move activity via the Fediverse Enhancement Proposal organization, the current proposal only allows for basic follower migration, with all other data remaining linked to the original account.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h3>Missing content and data</h3> <p>ActivityPub implementations have been criticized for missing replies and parts of reply threads from remote posts, and presenting outdated statistics (e.g. likes and reposts) about remote posts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> However, this isn't a problem with the ActivityPub protocol itself, but with implementations not <a href="/facts/Memory_refresh/Wg1uQekt">refreshing</a> their content for updated data when needed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="software-using-activitypub">Software using ActivityPub</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Software name</th><th scope="col">Total users<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></th><th scope="col">Initial ActivityPub-compatible release</th><th scope="col">Type of software</th><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Fork_(software_development)/D6khxhpr">Fork of</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Akkoma/0vlsqorD">Akkoma</a></th><td>9,530</td><td>2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td><a href="/facts/Pleroma_(software)/0vlsqorD">Pleroma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">BookWyrm<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></th><td>49,600</td><td>2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td>Book cataloging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Castopod</th><td>818 podcasts<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td>2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td>Audio hosting</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Discourse_(software)/egNInRLo">Discourse</a></th><td>?</td><td>2025<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Internet_forum/bRuqfQfN">Internet forum</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://dokie.li/">dokieli</a></th><td>?</td><td>2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Authoring_system/ykrhuQeP">Authoring system</a>, <a href="/facts/Blogging/bb6awu2X">Blogging</a>, <a href="/facts/Notification_system/BI9MtASV">Notification system</a>, <a href="/facts/Semantic_publishing/cML1yAN0">Semantic publishing</a>, <a href="/facts/Web_annotation/W5lqCQhy">Web annotation</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Epicyon</th><td>3</td><td>2019<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Firefish</th><td>4,560</td><td>2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td>Misskey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Flipboard/VEzFtoxV">Flipboard</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></th><td>145,000,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td>2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td>Social news</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Friendica/jzDahp1f">Friendica</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></th><td>19,800</td><td>2019</td><td><a href="/facts/Blogging/bb6awu2X">Blogging</a>, <a href="/facts/Event_management/NI5UK8UB">event management</a>, <a href="/facts/Social_group/L0Ny3Nv6">groups</a>, <a href="/facts/Image_hosting_service/bYGAASHf">image gallery</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Funkwhale</th><td>8,850</td><td>2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td>Audio hosting</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Gancio<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></th><td>1,900</td><td>2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Calendar/mgY3sm8P">Calendar</a>, event planner</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Ghost_(blogging_platform)/uTX3nhNe">Ghost</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></th><td>?</td><td>2025 (in beta)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/GNU_social/HVBzuYnz">GNU social</a></th><td>93</td><td>2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Guppe<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></th><td>not relevant</td><td>2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td>Groups</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">GoToSocial</th><td>38</td><td>2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Hollo</th><td>64</td><td>2024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Honk</th><td>6</td><td>2019<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Hubzilla<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></th><td>6,740</td><td>2017</td><td>Blogging, event planner, <a href="/facts/File-hosting_service/AWz9wQt8">file hosting</a>, image gallery, <a href="/facts/Wiki/uCKCEzqb">wiki</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Inventaire.io<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></th><td>?</td><td>2021</td><td>Book cataloging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">kbin<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></th><td>507</td><td>2023</td><td>Social news</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Lemmy_(social_network)/LHDBHYAb">Lemmy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></th><td>485,000</td><td>2019</td><td>Social news</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Libervia/Mf53Vc97">Libervia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></th><td>?</td><td>2022 (in beta)</td><td>Blogging, event management, file sharing, <a href="/facts/Instant_messaging/8lwwDyjK">instant messaging</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">lotide<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></th><td>462</td><td>2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td>Social news</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Mastodon_(social_network)/paYlaPlI">Mastodon</a></th><td>7,960,000</td><td>2017<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Mobilizon/FTrR8Xv6">Mobilizon</a></th><td>76,900</td><td>2020</td><td>Event management, groups</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">mbin<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></th><td>6,950</td><td>2023</td><td>Social news</td><td>kbin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Micro.blog/EmIncoLz">Micro.blog</a></th><td>198,000</td><td>2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Microblogging/f0QJUHt9">Microblogging</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">microblog.pub</th><td>39</td><td>2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Misskey/8NGtGYGQ">Misskey</a></th><td>2,550,000</td><td>2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Nextcloud/4dCYj8W0">Nextcloud</a> Social</th><td>50 (approx.)</td><td>2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">NodeBB</th><td>2,750,000</td><td>2025<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Internet_forum/bRuqfQfN">Internet forum</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Owncast<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></th><td>191</td><td>2022</td><td><a href="/facts/Live_streaming/rsFwFXrD">Live streaming</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/PeerTube/JMe6evI4">PeerTube</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></th><td>473,000</td><td>2018</td><td><a href="/facts/Online_video_platform/tNBgCRKy">Video sharing</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">PieFed</th><td>1,116<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td>2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td>Social News</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Pixelfed/LwNANI38">Pixelfed</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></th><td>718,000</td><td>2018</td><td><a href="/facts/Image_sharing/pyJS36yM">Image sharing</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Pleroma_(software)/0vlsqorD">Pleroma</a></th><td>52,000</td><td>2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Plume<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></th><td>24,400</td><td>2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Postmarks<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></th><td>25</td><td>2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Social_bookmarking/bnTGMkwb">Social bookmarking</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sharkey<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></th><td>23,100</td><td>2023</td><td>Blogging</td><td>Misskey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Snac<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></th><td>3,070</td><td>2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Socialhome</th><td>3,000</td><td>2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Streams<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></th><td>?</td><td>2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td>Blogging, image sharing, <a href="/facts/Wiki/uCKCEzqb">wiki</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Takahē</th><td>341</td><td>2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Threads_(social_network)/dfz0cLUk">Threads</a></th><td>130,000,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td>2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Wafrn<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></th><td>2,480</td><td>2023</td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/WordPress/mrrCX1Fx">WordPress</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></th><td>29,100 in 6,000+ blogs<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td>2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">WriteFreely</th><td>73,200</td><td>2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td>Blogging</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Zap<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></th><td>1</td><td>2019<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td>Blogging, file hosting, image gallery</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Future implementations</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/GitLab/3CCW9luS">GitLab</a>, a Git <a href="/facts/Forge_(software)/1GDckXvb">forge</a> and development platform<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Forgejo/LSMcQvCE">Forgejo</a>, a Git forge and development platform<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tumblr/QRMD7RbY">Tumblr</a>, a microblogging platform<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Free and open-source software portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/AT_Protocol/wD0dwy3l">AT Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_microblogging_and_similar_services/DnjwyRc4">Comparison of microblogging and similar services</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_software_and_protocols_for_distributed_social_networking/WAtbXfC1">Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fediverse/fIBCh4ya">Fediverse</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Micropub_(protocol)/r8YMuesB">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/OStatus/NrXeWTIK">OStatus</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to ActivityPub. <ul><li><a href="https://activitypub.rocks/">Official website</a> </li> <li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/activitypub">ActivityPub specification</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"W3C Recommendation 23 January 2018". <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/REC-activitypub-20180123/" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/REC-activitypub-20180123/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Pierce, David (2024-02-07). 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