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ActivityPub
Decentralized social networking protocol

ActivityPub is a protocol and open standard for decentralized social networking. It provides a client-to-server (C2S) API for creating and modifying content, as well as a federated server-to-server (S2S) protocol for delivering notifications and content to other servers. ActivityPub has become the main standard used in the fediverse, a popular network used for social networking that consists of software such as Mastodon, Pixelfed and PeerTube.

ActivityPub is considered to be an update to the ActivityPump protocol used in pump.io, and the official W3C repository for ActivityPub is identified as a fork of ActivityPump. The creation of a new standard for decentralized social networking was prompted by the complexity of OStatus, the most commonly used protocol at the time. OStatus was built using a multitude of technologies (such as Atom, Salmon, WebSub and WebFinger), a product of the infrastructure used in GNU social (the originator and largest user of the OStatus protocol), which made it difficult to implement the protocol into new software. OStatus was also only designed to work with microblogging services, with little flexibility to the types of data that it could hold.

The standard was first published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as a W3C Recommendation in January 2018 by the Social Web Working Group (SocialWG), a working group chartered to build the protocols and vocabularies needed to create a standard for social functionality. Shortly after, further development was moved to the Social Web Community Group (SocialCG), the successor to the SocialWG.

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Design

ActivityPub uses the ActivityStreams 2.0 format for building its content, which itself uses JSON-LD. The three main data types used in ActivityPub are Objects, Activities and Actors. Objects are the most common data type, and can be images, videos, or more abstract items such as locations or events. Activities are actions that create and modify objects, for example a Create activity creates an object. Actors are representative of an individual, a group, an application or a service, and are the owners of objects.

Every actor type contains an inbox and outbox stream, which sends and receives activities for a user. In order to publish data (for example liking an article), a user creates an activity that declares that they liked an Article object and publishes it to their outbox, where it is then delivered by the ActivityPub server via a POST request to the inboxes listed in the activity's to, bto, cc and bcc fields. The receiving servers then account for the newly received activity and update the article by adding the like action to it.

Example data

An example actor object that represents a user account:6

{ "@context": ["https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams", {"@language": "ja"}], "type": "Person", "id": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/", "following": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/following.json", "followers": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/followers.json", "liked": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/liked.json", "inbox": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/inbox.json", "outbox": "https://kenzoishii.example.com/feed.json", "preferredUsername": "kenzoishii", "name": "石井健蔵", "summary": "この方はただの例です", "icon": [ "https://kenzoishii.example.com/image/165987aklre4" ] }

An example activity that likes an article object:

{ "@context": ["https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams", {"@language": "en"}], "type": "Like", "actor": "https://dustycloud.org/christine/", "summary": "Christine liked 'Minimal ActivityPub update client'", "object": "https://rhiaro.co.uk/2016/05/minimal-activitypub", "to": ["https://rhiaro.co.uk/#amy", "https://dustycloud.org/followers", "https://rhiaro.co.uk/followers/"], "cc": "https://e14n.com/evan" }

An example article object:

{ "@context": ["https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams", {"@language": "en-GB"}], "id": "https://rhiaro.co.uk/2016/05/minimal-activitypub", "type": "Article", "name": "Minimal ActivityPub update client", "content": "Today I finished morph, a client for posting ActivityStreams2...", "attributedTo": "https://rhiaro.co.uk/#amy", "to": "https://rhiaro.co.uk/followers/", "cc": "https://e14n.com/evan" }

Project status

The SocialCG previously organized a yearly free conference called ActivityPub Conf about the future of ActivityPub.78 Triages are held regularly to review issues pertaining to the ActivityPub and ActivityStreams 2.0 specifications as part of the SocialCG.9

In 2023, Germany's Sovereign Tech Fund donated €152,000 to socialweb.coop with the goal of building a new suite for testing various ActivityPub implementations and their compliance with the specification.10

Adoption

Further information: Fediverse § Adoption

The initial wave of adoption for ActivityPub (circa 2016-2018) came from software that was already using OStatus as their federation protocol, such as Mastodon, GNU social and Pleroma.11 Following the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk in 2022, many groups of users that were critical of the acquisition migrated to Mastodon, bringing new attention to the ActivityPub protocol with it.12 Various major social media platforms and corporations have since pledged to implement ActivityPub support, including Tumblr,13 Flipboard14 and Meta Platforms' Threads.15

Criticism

Accidental denial-of-service attacks

Poorly optimized ActivityPub implementations can cause unintentional distributed denial-of-service (DDOS) attacks on other websites and servers, due to the decentralized nature of the network. An example would be Mastodon's implementation of OpenGraph link previews, wherein every instance that receives a post that contains a link with OpenGraph metadata will download the associated data, such as a thumbnail, in a very short timeframe, which can slow down or crash servers as a result of the sudden burst of requests.1617

Account migration

ActivityPub has been criticized for not natively supporting moving accounts from one server to another, forcing implementations to build their own solutions.18 While there has been work on building a standardized system for migrating accounts using the Move activity via the Fediverse Enhancement Proposal organization, the current proposal only allows for basic follower migration, with all other data remaining linked to the original account.19

Missing content and data

ActivityPub implementations have been criticized for missing replies and parts of reply threads from remote posts, and presenting outdated statistics (e.g. likes and reposts) about remote posts.2021 However, this isn't a problem with the ActivityPub protocol itself, but with implementations not refreshing their content for updated data when needed.2223

Software using ActivityPub

Software nameTotal users2425Initial ActivityPub-compatible releaseType of softwareFork of
Akkoma9,530202226BloggingPleroma
BookWyrm2749,600202128Book cataloging
Castopod818 podcasts29202030Audio hosting
Discourse?202531Internet forum
dokieli?201832Authoring system, Blogging, Notification system, Semantic publishing, Web annotation
Epicyon3201933Blogging
Firefish4,560202234BloggingMisskey
Flipboard35145,000,0003620233738Social news
Friendica3919,8002019Blogging, event management, groups, image gallery
Funkwhale8,850201840Audio hosting
Gancio411,900202042Calendar, event planner
Ghost4344?2025 (in beta)45Blogging
GNU social93201846Blogging
Guppe47not relevant202148Groups
GoToSocial38202149Blogging
Hollo64202450Blogging
Honk6201951Blogging
Hubzilla526,7402017Blogging, event planner, file hosting, image gallery, wiki
Inventaire.io53?2021Book cataloging
kbin545072023Social news
Lemmy55485,0002019Social news
Libervia56?2022 (in beta)Blogging, event management, file sharing, instant messaging
lotide57462202058Social news
Mastodon7,960,000201759Blogging
Mobilizon76,9002020Event management, groups
mbin606,9502023Social newskbin
Micro.blog198,000202161Microblogging
microblog.pub39202262Blogging
Misskey2,550,000201863Blogging
Nextcloud Social50 (approx.)201864Blogging
NodeBB2,750,000202565Internet forum
Owncast661912022Live streaming
PeerTube67473,0002018Video sharing
PieFed1,11668202369Social News
Pixelfed70718,0002018Image sharing
Pleroma52,000201871Blogging
Plume7224,400201873Blogging
Postmarks7425202375Social bookmarking
Sharkey7623,1002023BloggingMisskey
Snac773,070202278Blogging
Socialhome3,000201679Blogging
Streams80?202281Blogging, image sharing, wiki
Takahē341202282Blogging
Threads130,000,00083202384Blogging
Wafrn852,4802023Blogging
WordPress868729,100 in 6,000+ blogs88202389Blogging
WriteFreely73,200201890Blogging
Zap911201992Blogging, file hosting, image gallery

Future implementations

See also

  • Free and open-source software portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ActivityPub.

References

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