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Arduino Nano
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>In 2008, the Arduino Nano was released. </p><p>In 2019, Arduino released the Arduino Nano Every, a pin-equivalent evolution of the Nano. It features a ATmega4809 microcontroller (MCU) with three times the RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="technical-specifications">Technical specifications</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Microcontroller/MKrnAhnm">Microcontroller</a>: <a href="/facts/Microchip_Technology/7jDrY5rx">Microchip</a> <a href="/facts/ATmega328P/qXdssfe8">ATmega328P</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>Operating voltage: 5 <a href="/facts/Volts/KF18MXP2">volts</a></li> <li>Input voltage: 5 to 20 volts</li> <li>Digital I/O pins: 14 (6 optional <a href="/facts/Pulse-width_modulation/cqjcrYs7">PWM</a> outputs)</li> <li>Analog input pins: 8</li> <li><a href="/facts/Direct_current/r9MNUx84">DC</a> per I/O pin: 40 mA</li> <li>DC for 3.3 V pin: 50 mA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Flash_memory/Cn8JsStx">Flash memory</a>: 32 KB, of which 2 KB is used by <a href="/facts/Booting/j6N1kRpc">bootloader</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Static_random-access_memory/Pmyo4V5e">SRAM</a>: 2 KB</li> <li><a href="/facts/EEPROM/0yAMFY0I">EEPROM</a>: 1 KB</li> <li>Clock speed: 16 <a href="/facts/MHz/6Wshj5qm">MHz</a></li> <li>Length: 45 mm</li> <li>Width: 18 mm</li> <li>Mass: 7 g</li> <li>USB: Mini-USB Type-B <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>ICSP Header: Yes</li> <li>DC Power Jack: No</li></ul> <h2 id="communication">Communication</h2> <p>The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides <a href="/facts/UART/xMntJcsI">UART</a> <a href="/facts/TTL_serial/z4bvHotl">TTL serial</a> (5V) communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). </p><p>An FTDI FT232RL on the board channels this serial communication over USB and the FTDI drivers (included with the Arduino firmware) provide a virtual com port to software on the computer. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board flash when data is being transmitted via the FTDI chip and the USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Nano's digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes the Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h3>Automatic (software) reset</h3> <p>Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Nano is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the FT232RL is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>This setup has other implications. When the Nano is connected to a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Nano. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="arduino-board-comparison">Arduino board comparison</h2> <p>The following table compares official Arduino boards, and has a similar layout as a table in the <a href="/facts/Arduino_Uno/ufkE8aU2">Arduino Uno</a> article. The table is split with dark bars into three high-level microcontroller groups: 8-bit <a href="/facts/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set/UEv9ASzW">AVR</a> cores, 32-bit <a href="/facts/ARM_Cortex-M/prW99nkV">ARM Cortex-M</a> cores, and 32-bit <a href="/facts/ESP32/gW5SX9df">ESP32</a> microcontrollers. Though 3rd-party boards have similar board names it doesn't automatically mean they are 100% identical to official Arduino boards. 3rd-party boards often have a different <a href="/facts/Voltage_regulator/RWQATaje">voltage regulator</a> / different USB-to-UART chip / different color <a href="/facts/Solder_mask/w4DQ4fsq">solder mask</a>, and some have a different <a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB</a> connector or additional features, too. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>BoardName& Part#</th><th>BoardSizeGroup</th><th>BoardCommun-ication</th><th><a href="/facts/Microcontroller/MKrnAhnm">MCU</a>Part#& Pins</th><th>MCU<a href="/facts/Input/output/WQTE8Jas">I/O</a><a href="/facts/Volt/KF18MXP2">Voltage</a></th><th>MCUCore</th><th>MCU<a href="/facts/Clock_signal/9UfTzGHx">Clock</a></th><th>MCU<a href="/facts/Flash_memory/Cn8JsStx">Flash</a></th><th>MCU<a href="/facts/Static_random-access_memory/Pmyo4V5e">SRAM</a></th><th>MCU<a href="/facts/EEPROM/0yAMFY0I">EEPROM</a></th><th>MCU<a href="/facts/USART/6nNL6zox">USART</a>& <a href="/facts/UART/xMntJcsI">UART</a></th><th>MCU<a href="/facts/Serial_Peripheral_Interface/uSCU56eG">SPI</a></th><th>MCU<a href="/facts/I%C2%B2C/dKBBhs4U">I²C</a></th><th>MCUOther BusPeripherals</th><th>MCU Timers32/24/16/8/<a href="/facts/Watchdog_timer/QaXKTqL8">WD</a>/RT/<a href="/facts/Real-time_clock/pYeXraUW">RC</a></th><th>MCU<a href="/facts/Analog-to-digital_converter/8YYNsMFg">ADC</a>& <a href="/facts/Digital-to-analog_converter/5loEvAeb">DAC</a></th><th>MCUEngines</th></tr><tr><td>Nano,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a>A000005<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td>Nano</td><td><a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB-Mini-B</a></td><td><a href="/facts/ATmega328/qXdssfe8">ATmega328P</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>32 pin</td><td>5V(1.8-5.5V)</td><td>8bit <a href="/facts/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set/UEv9ASzW">AVR</a></td><td>16 MHz*</td><td>32 KB</td><td>2 KB</td><td>1 KB</td><td>1, 0</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>None</td><td>0, 0, 1, 2,WD</td><td>10bit,None</td><td>None</td></tr><tr><td>Nano Every,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a>ABX00028<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td>Nano</td><td><a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB-Micro-B</a></td><td>ATmega4809,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a>48 pin</td><td>5V(1.8-5.5V)</td><td>8bit <a href="/facts/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set/UEv9ASzW">AVR</a></td><td>20 MHz</td><td>48 KB</td><td>6 KB</td><td>0.25 KB</td><td>4*, 0</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>None</td><td>0, 0, 5, 0,WD, RT</td><td>10bit,None</td><td>None</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Nano 33 IoT,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a>ABX00027<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td>Nano</td><td><a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB-Micro-B</a>,<a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">WiFi</a>,<a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a></td><td>ATSAMD21G18,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a>48 pin</td><td>3.3V(1.62-3.63V)</td><td>32bit ARM<a href="/facts/ARM_Cortex-M0%2B/prW99nkV">Cortex-M0+</a></td><td>48 MHz</td><td>256 KB</td><td>32 KB</td><td>None</td><td>6*, 0</td><td>None</td><td>None</td><td><a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB-FS</a>,<a href="/facts/I%C2%B2S/BkT3LMll">I²S</a>*</td><td>0, 4, 5, 0,WD, RC,24bit SysTick</td><td>12bit,10bit</td><td><a href="/facts/Direct_memory_access/DWuVgclV">DMA</a> x12,<a href="/facts/Cyclic_redundancy_check/u2exo4sv">CRC32</a>,<a href="/facts/Capacitive_sensing/KqI9zuD4">Touch</a></td></tr><tr><td>Nano RP2040Connect,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a>ABX00052<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>Nano</td><td><a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB-Micro-B</a>,<a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">WiFi</a>,<a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a></td><td><a href="/facts/RP2040/NoFyG2Yf">RP2040</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a>56 pin</td><td>3.3V(1.62-3.63V)</td><td>32bit ARM<a href="/facts/ARM_Cortex-M0%2B/prW99nkV">Cortex-M0+</a>(dual core)</td><td>133 MHzbothcores</td><td>None+ <a href="/facts/Boot_ROM/j6N1kRpc">bootrom</a>+ 16 MB (ext)</td><td>264 KB</td><td>None</td><td>0, 2*</td><td>2*</td><td>2*</td><td><a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB-FS</a>,8pin Prog I/O</td><td>4, 0, 8, 0,WD, RC,24bit SysTick</td><td>12bit,None</td><td><a href="/facts/Direct_memory_access/DWuVgclV">DMA</a> x2</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Nano ESP32,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a>ABX00092<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>Nano</td><td><a href="/facts/USB-C/7qVuop6e">USB-C</a>,<a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">WiFi</a>,<a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a></td><td>NORA-W106-10B<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a>82 pad Module,containing<a href="/facts/ESP32-S3/gW5SX9df">ESP32-S3</a> IC<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>3.3V(3.0-3.6V)</td><td>32bit<a href="/facts/Xtensa/PkKN657D">Xtensa</a> LX7(dual core)(<a href="/facts/Floating-point_unit/XWTW2AbF">FPU</a>)</td><td>240 MHzbothcores</td><td>None+ <a href="/facts/Boot_ROM/j6N1kRpc">bootrom</a>+ 16 MB (ext)</td><td>512 KB SRAM+ 16 KB SRAM+ 8 MB PSRAM</td><td>None+ 224 byte<a href="/facts/One-time_programmable/amoyxIFx">OTP</a> <a href="/facts/EFuse/RGCBay7S">eFuse</a></td><td>0, 3*</td><td>4*</td><td>2*</td><td><a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB-FS</a>,<a href="/facts/CAN_bus/EGxoS88W">CAN-A/B</a>*,<a href="/facts/I%C2%B2S/BkT3LMll">I²S</a>*, <a href="/facts/SD_card/RLL9UTly">SD</a>*</td><td>0, 0, 0, 0,WD, 54bit x4,52bit System</td><td>12bit x2,None</td><td><a href="/facts/Direct_memory_access/DWuVgclV">DMA</a> x10,<a href="/facts/Cryptography/e94PEVau">Crypto</a>, <a href="/facts/Capacitive_sensing/KqI9zuD4">Touch</a>,LCD*, Camera*,<a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">WiFi</a>, <a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a>,CoProcessor x2</td></tr></tbody></table> Table notes <ul><li><i>Board Size Group</i> column - Simplified board dimension size grouping: Nano means similar size as Arduino Nano board. This table has a similar layout as a table in the <a href="/facts/Arduino_Uno/ufkE8aU2">Arduino Uno</a> article.</li> <li><i>MCU Part# / Pins</i> column - MCU means <a href="/facts/Microcontroller/MKrnAhnm">microcontroller</a>. All MCU information in this table was sourced from official <a href="/facts/Datasheet/U4PhwRJM">datasheets</a> in this column. The pin count is useful to determine the quantity of internal MCU features that are available. All MCU hardware features may not be available at the Nano header pins because the MCU IC package has more pins than the 30 header pins on the Nano board (*).</li> <li><i>MCU I/O Voltage</i> column - Microcontrollers on official Arduino boards are powered at a fixed voltage of either 3.3 or 5 <a href="/facts/Volts/KF18MXP2">volts</a>. The voltage rating of the microcontroller is stated inside parenthesis, though Arduino boards don't support this full range.</li> <li><i>MCU Clock</i> column - MHz means 106 <a href="/facts/Hertz/6Wshj5qm">Hertz</a>. The <a href="/facts/ATmega328/qXdssfe8">ATmega328P</a> MCU is rated for a maximum of 20 MHz, but the Nano board operates at 16 MHz.</li> <li>MCU memory columns - KB means 1024 <a href="/facts/Byte/BNHUp9Qq">bytes</a>, MB means 10242 bytes.</li> <li><i>MCU SRAM</i> column - SRAM size doesn't include caches or peripheral buffers.</li> <li><i>MCU USART/UART</i> column - <a href="/facts/USART/6nNL6zox">USARTs</a> are software configurable to be a: <a href="/facts/UART/xMntJcsI">UART</a> / <a href="/facts/Serial_Peripheral_Interface/uSCU56eG">SPI</a> / other peripherals (varies across MCUs).</li> <li><i>MCU Other Bus Peripherals</i> column - For <a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB bus</a>, "FS" means Full Speed (12Mbps max), "HS" means High Speed (480Mbps max). For <a href="/facts/CAN_bus/EGxoS88W">CAN bus</a>, "A" means CAN 2.0A, "B" means CAN 2.0B, "FD" means CAN-FD. The <a href="/facts/RP2040/NoFyG2Yf">RP2040</a> (Nano RP2040 Connect board) has a programmable I/O controller that can emulate various buses. Some buses require additional external circuitry to operate.</li> <li><i>MCU Timers</i> column - The numbers in this column are the total number of each timer <a href="/facts/Bit/S972NSaD">bit</a> width, for example, the <a href="/facts/ATmega328/qXdssfe8">ATmega328P</a> has one 16-bit timer and two 8-bit timers. "WD" means <a href="/facts/Watchdog_timer/QaXKTqL8">Watchdog timer</a>, "RT" means Real Time Counter/Timer, "RC" means <a href="/facts/Real-time_clock/pYeXraUW">Real Time Clock</a> (sec/min/hr). The 24-bit SysTick timer(s) inside the <a href="/facts/ARM_Cortex-M/prW99nkV">ARM cores</a> aren't included in the 24-bit total in this column. <a href="/facts/Pulse-width_modulation/cqjcrYs7">PWM</a> features are not documented in this table.</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/AVR_microcontrollers/JvfUk4ya">AVR microcontrollers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set/UEv9ASzW">Atmel AVR instruction set</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/In-system_programming/Ee08HGXA">In-system programming</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Arduino/Ah1eKzyS">List of books about Arduino</a></p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arduino Nano. <ul><li><a href="https://store.arduino.cc/products/arduino-nano/">Arduino Nano official webpage</a> <ul><li><a href="https://docs.arduino.cc/static/59500e84ace853fee30c7854084c2e2c/A000005-schematics.pdf">Nano Schematic</a></li></ul></li></ul> Programming Cheat Sheets <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606062049/http://www.cheat-sheets.org/saved-copy/Arduino-cheat-sheet-v02c.pdf">Sheet1</a>, <a href="https://github.com/liffiton/Arduino-Cheat-Sheet">Sheet2</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Getting Started with the Arduino Nano". Arduino. <a href="https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/ArduinoNano" target="_blank">https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/ArduinoNano</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Arduino Nano". Arduino Official Store. Archived from the original on 2020-12-08. Retrieved 2020-11-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208175647/https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-nano" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201208175647/https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-nano</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Deep dive with Dario: Get to know the Arduino Nano Every". Arduino Blog. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 2020-11-25. <a href="https://blog.arduino.cc/2019/05/31/getting-started-with-the-new-arduino-nano-every/" target="_blank">https://blog.arduino.cc/2019/05/31/getting-started-with-the-new-arduino-nano-every/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Arduino Nano". arduino.cc. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2020-11-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130050437/https://www.arduino.cc/en/pmwiki.php?n=Main/ArduinoBoardNano" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201130050437/https://www.arduino.cc/en/pmwiki.php?n=Main/ArduinoBoardNano</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Aqeel, Adnan (2018-06-25). "Introduction to Arduino Nano". The Engineering Projects. Retrieved 2021-12-08. <a href="https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2018/06/introduction-to-arduino-nano.html" target="_blank">https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2018/06/introduction-to-arduino-nano.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Arduino Nano". arduino.cc. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2020-11-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130050437/https://www.arduino.cc/en/pmwiki.php?n=Main/ArduinoBoardNano" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201130050437/https://www.arduino.cc/en/pmwiki.php?n=Main/ArduinoBoardNano</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Arduino Nano". arduino.cc. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2020-11-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130050437/https://www.arduino.cc/en/pmwiki.php?n=Main/ArduinoBoardNano" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201130050437/https://www.arduino.cc/en/pmwiki.php?n=Main/ArduinoBoardNano</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Arduino Nano". arduino.cc. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2020-11-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130050437/https://www.arduino.cc/en/pmwiki.php?n=Main/ArduinoBoardNano" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201130050437/https://www.arduino.cc/en/pmwiki.php?n=Main/ArduinoBoardNano</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Board; Nano; Docs". Arduino. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. <a href="https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/nano" target="_blank">https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/nano</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Board; Nano; Store". Arduino. <a href="https://store.arduino.cc/arduino-nano" target="_blank">https://store.arduino.cc/arduino-nano</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"MCU; ATmega328P; Docs". Microchip. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. <a href="https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/ATmega328P" target="_blank">https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/ATmega328P</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Board; Nano Every; Docs". Arduino. Archived from the original on May 13, 2023. <a href="https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/nano-every" target="_blank">https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/nano-every</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Board; Nano Every; Store". Arduino. <a href="https://store.arduino.cc/products/arduino-nano-every" target="_blank">https://store.arduino.cc/products/arduino-nano-every</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"MCU; ATmega4809; Docs". Microchip. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. <a href="https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/ATMEGA4809" target="_blank">https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/ATMEGA4809</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Board; Nano 33 IoT; Docs". Arduino. Archived from the original on May 9, 2023. <a href="https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/nano-33-iot" target="_blank">https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/nano-33-iot</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Board; Nano 33 IoT; Store". Arduino. <a href="https://store.arduino.cc/arduino-nano-33-iot" target="_blank">https://store.arduino.cc/arduino-nano-33-iot</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"MCU; ATSAMD21G18; Docs". Microchip. 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