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Political system
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<h2 id="definition">Definition</h2> <p>According to <a href="/facts/David_Easton/c0J4RBIy">David Easton</a>, "A political system can be designated as the interactions through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Political system refers broadly to the process by which laws are made and public resources allocated in society, and to the relationships among those involved in making these decisions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="basic-classification">Basic classification</h2> <p>Social anthropologists generally recognize several kinds of political systems, often differentiating between ones that they consider uncentralized and ones they consider centralized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Uncentralized systems <ul><li><a href="/facts/Band_society/A0v6eQP8">Band society</a> <ul><li>Small family group, no larger than an extended family or clan; it has been defined as consisting of no more than 30 to 50 individuals.</li> <li>A band can cease to exist if only a small group walks out.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tribe/Jn8tFmPf">Tribe</a> <ul><li>Generally larger, consisting of many families. Tribes have more social institutions, such as a chief or elders.</li> <li>More permanent than bands. Many tribes are subdivided into bands.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Centralized_government/yeYl8rYq">Centralized governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Chiefdom/IocmAxWb">Chiefdom</a> <ul><li>More complex than a tribe or a band society, and less complex than a state or a civilization</li> <li>Characterized by pervasive inequality and centralization of authority.</li> <li>A single lineage/family of the elite class becomes the ruling elite of the chiefdom</li> <li>Complex chiefdoms have two or even three tiers of political hierarchy.</li> <li>"An autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sovereign_state/TrUb8sns">Sovereign state</a> <ul><li>A sovereign state is a state with a permanent population, a defined territory, a government and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Supranational_union/egk4JRU8">Supranational political systems</a> <ul><li>Supranational political systems are created by independent nations to reach a common goal or gain strength from forming an alliance.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Empire/dsjWjBBd">Empires</a> <ul><li>Empires are widespread states consisting of people of different ethnicities under a single rule. Empires - such as the Romans, or British - often made considerable progress in ways of political structures, creating and building city infrastructures, and maintaining civility within the diverse communities. Because of the intricate organization of the empires, they were often able to hold a large majority of power on a universal level.</li></ul></li> <li>Leagues <ul><li>Leagues are international organizations composed of states coming together for a single common purpose. In this way, leagues are different from empires, as they only seek to fulfil a single goal. Often leagues are formed on the brink of a military or economic downfall. Meetings and hearings are conducted in a neutral location with representatives of all involved nations present.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="western-socio-cultural-paradigmatic-centric-analysis">Western socio-cultural paradigmatic-centric analysis</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_forms_of_government/eg6EBUMQ">List of forms of government</a></p> <p>The sociological interest in political systems is figuring out who holds power within the relationship between the government and its people and how the government’s power is used. According to <a href="/facts/Yale/KUdS6jt1">Yale</a> professor <a href="/facts/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz/J6YGz6XE">Juan José Linz</a>, there are three main types of political systems today: <a href="/facts/Democracies/3tLdVS1C">democracies</a>, <a href="/facts/Totalitarian_regimes/Txc6sJvM">totalitarian regimes</a> and, sitting between these two, <a href="/facts/Authoritarian_regimes/88Kfm2gU">authoritarian regimes</a> (with <a href="/facts/Hybrid_regimes/dcFMYAMy">hybrid regimes</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Another modern classification system includes <a href="/facts/Monarchies/Kg1vY7tt">monarchies</a> as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Scholars generally refer to a <a href="/facts/Dictatorship/vEL0Nk45">dictatorship</a> as either a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h3>Democracy</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Types_of_democracy/73zokDNj">Types of democracy</a></p> <a href="/facts/Democracy/3tLdVS1C">Democracy</a> (from <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek_language/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a>: δημοκρατία, <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek/KTELT9Aq">romanized</a>: <i>dēmokratía</i>, <i>dēmos</i> 'people' and <i>kratos</i> 'rule')<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> is a <a href="/facts/Form_of_government/N4bYL0VC">form of government</a> in which <a href="/facts/Political_power/Q4feTyU6">political power</a> is vested in the <a href="/facts/People/AsSDLHfU">people</a> or the <a href="/facts/Population/ArxshNuB">population</a> of a state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive <a href="/facts/Election/oS1sLBlf">elections</a> while more expansive or maximalist definitions link democracy to guarantees of <a href="/facts/Civil_liberties/xyu96brC">civil liberties</a> and <a href="/facts/Human_rights/WMW5XCdM">human rights</a> in addition to competitive elections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> <h3>Authoritarianism</h3> <a href="/facts/Authoritarianism/88Kfm2gU">Authoritarianism</a> is a political system characterized by the rejection of <a href="/facts/Political_plurality/hpDWGPqW">political plurality</a>, the use of strong central power to preserve the political <i><a href="/facts/Status_quo/kMsM2X2s">status quo</a></i>, and reductions in <a href="/facts/Democracy/3tLdVS1C">democracy</a>, <a href="/facts/Separation_of_powers/erlL7IMq">separation of powers</a>, <a href="/facts/Civil_liberties/xyu96brC">civil liberties</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Rule_of_law/BS8rbmel">rule of law</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Authoritarian <a href="/facts/Regime/7XaMMm9D">regimes</a> may be either <a href="/facts/Autocratic/WpzSRcND">autocratic</a> or <a href="/facts/Oligarchic/1PjREsee">oligarchic</a> and may be based upon the rule of a <a href="/facts/Dominant-party_system/exEkhIj1">party</a> or the <a href="/facts/Military_dictatorship/HxqRW7Jr">military</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "<a href="/facts/Hybrid_regimes/dcFMYAMy">hybrid regimes</a>" or "competitive authoritarian" states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> <h3>Totalitarian</h3> <a href="/facts/Totalitarianism/Txc6sJvM">Totalitarianism</a> is a political system and a <a href="/facts/Government/N4bYL0VC">form of government</a> that prohibits opposition from political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and completely controls the <a href="/facts/Public_sphere/nxQL43at">public sphere</a> and the <a href="/facts/Private_sphere/MKHc86d0">private sphere</a> of society. In the field of <a href="/facts/Political_science/Gqy5EoRX">political science</a>, totalitarianism is the extreme form of <a href="/facts/Authoritarianism/88Kfm2gU">authoritarianism</a>, wherein all <a href="/facts/Power_(social_and_political)/Q4feTyU6">socio-political power</a> is held by a dictator. This figure controls the national politics and peoples of the nation with continual propaganda campaigns that are broadcast by state-controlled and state-aligned private <a href="/facts/Mass_media/M1UE4TTp">mass communications media</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> <h3>Monarchy</h3> <p>A <a href="/facts/Monarchy/Kg1vY7tt">monarchy</a> is a <a href="/facts/Form_of_government/N4bYL0VC">form of government</a> in which a person, the <a href="/facts/Monarch/YNmBzgBl">monarch</a>, <a href="/facts/Reign/1xFWgnMA">reigns</a> as <a href="/facts/Head_of_state/U2QzdE4a">head of state</a> for rest of the life or until <a href="/facts/Abdication/ptcIGUdn">abdication</a>. The extent of the authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (<a href="/facts/Constitutional_monarchy/C0TtVRq8">constitutional monarchy</a>), to fully <a href="/facts/Autocratic/WpzSRcND">autocratic</a> (<a href="/facts/Absolute_monarchy/bw15yYtX">absolute monarchy</a>), and may have <a href="/facts/Political_representation/EfU0v8bj">representational</a>, <a href="/facts/Executive_(government)/fPCCh3VU">executive</a>, <a href="/facts/Legislative/ycUCe91S">legislative</a>, and <a href="/facts/Judicial/CvMkSB6T">judicial</a> functions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> The <a href="/facts/Order_of_succession/RSIExRWd">succession</a> of monarchs has mostly been <a href="/facts/Hereditary_monarchy/IIUYbG8x">hereditary</a>, often building <a href="/facts/Dynasties/6xXfAm3Y">dynasties</a>; however, monarchies can also be <a href="/facts/Elective_monarchy/QbmeAjck">elective</a> and <a href="/facts/Self-proclaimed_monarchy/ANXPv7qH">self-proclaimed</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Aristocracy_(class)/Ij9GVxCE">Aristocrats</a>, though not inherent to monarchies, often function as the pool of persons from which the monarch is chosen, and to fill the constituting institutions (e.g. <a href="/facts/Diet_(assembly)/Q9kXgytB">diet</a> and <a href="/facts/Royal_court/zjbwYtod">court</a>), giving many monarchies <a href="/facts/Oligarchic/1PjREsee">oligarchic</a> elements. The <a href="/facts/Legitimacy_(political)/n3CoAhK6">political legitimacy</a> of the inherited, elected or proclaimed monarchy has most often been based on claims of <a href="/facts/Popular_monarchy/wIXQJ7Ul">representation of people</a> and land through some form of relation (e.g. <a href="/facts/Kinship/grXkJ2u7">kinship</a>) and <a href="/facts/Divine_right_of_kings/x3jCGoeJ">divine right</a> or other <a href="/facts/Achieved_status/2KJxHf5u">achieved status</a>. <h3>Hybrid</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Democratization/ppbzKnhe">Democratization</a> and <a href="/facts/Democratic_backsliding/PXsoKs4r">Democratic backsliding</a></p> <p>A <a href="/facts/Hybrid_regime/dcFMYAMy">hybrid regime</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> is a type of political system often created as a result of an incomplete <a href="/facts/Democratic_transition/ppbzKnhe">democratic transition</a> from an <a href="/facts/Authoritarian/88Kfm2gU">authoritarian</a> regime to a <a href="/facts/Democracy/3tLdVS1C">democratic</a> one (or vice versa).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Hybrid regimes are categorized as having a combination of <a href="/facts/Autocratic/WpzSRcND">autocratic</a> features with democratic ones and can simultaneously hold <a href="/facts/Political_repression/aFzYy3S4">political repressions</a> and regular <a href="/facts/Election/oS1sLBlf">elections</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Hybrid regimes are commonly found in <a href="/facts/Developing_countries/eTfS4kxl">developing countries</a> with abundant natural resources such as <a href="/facts/Petro-state/CaU6lTJV">petro-states</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Although these regimes experience <a href="/facts/Civil_unrest/etb1LJfJ">civil unrest</a>, they may be relatively stable and tenacious for decades at a time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> There has been a rise in hybrid regimes since the end of the <a href="/facts/Cold_War/spJdJQ3q">Cold War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> The term <i>hybrid regime</i> arises from a polymorphic view of political regimes that oppose the dichotomy of <a href="/facts/Autocracy/WpzSRcND">autocracy</a> or <a href="/facts/Democracy/3tLdVS1C">democracy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Modern scholarly analysis of hybrid regimes focuses attention on the decorative nature of <a href="/facts/Democratic_institution/kGkhGcMN">democratic institutions</a> (elections do not lead to a change of power, different media broadcast the government point of view and the opposition in <a href="/facts/Parliament/n2zfmmBC">parliament</a> votes the same way as the ruling party, among others),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> from which it is concluded that <a href="/facts/Democratic_backsliding/PXsoKs4r">democratic backsliding</a>, a transition to authoritarianism is the most prevalent basis of hybrid regimes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Some scholars also contend that hybrid regimes may imitate a full <a href="/facts/Dictatorship/vEL0Nk45">dictatorship</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> <h2 id="marxistdialectical-materialistic-analysis">Marxist/Dialectical materialistic analysis</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Dialectical_materialism/81yjAzlf">Dialectical materialism</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/19th-century/6LHXycA8">19th-century</a> German-born philosopher <a href="/facts/Karl_Marx/CXYTK95X">Karl Marx</a> analysed that the political systems of "all" state societies are the <i>dictatorship</i> of one <a href="/facts/Social_class/gJbHDVNc">social class</a>, vying for <i>its</i> interests <i>against</i> that of another one; with <i>which</i> class oppressing <i>which</i> other class being, in essence, determined by the <a href="/facts/Human_Development_Index/hQpz064I">developmental level</a> of that society, and its repercussions implicated thereof, as the society <a href="/facts/Progress/xerueoQV">progresses</a> through the passage of <a href="/facts/Time/HceJKUGB">time</a>. In <a href="/facts/Capitalist/FbPc6TTw">capitalist</a> societies, this characterises as the dictatorship of the <a href="/facts/Bourgeoisie/Ho3RUrlA">bourgeoisie</a> or <i>capitalist class</i>, in which the economic and political system is designed to work in their interests collectively as a class, over those of the <a href="/facts/Proletariat/pekPRsQd">proletariat</a> or <i><a href="/facts/Working_class/vX7fPNBo">working class</a></i>. </p><p>Marx devised this theory by adapting his forerunner-contemporary <a href="/facts/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel/5NXGjvSb">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>'s <a href="/facts/Hegelian_dialectics/NTL69ms6">notion of dialectics</a> into the framework of <a href="/facts/Materialism/VKAovnPt">materialism</a>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Political_structure/t8x9Eg2j">Political structure</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polity/0R8Wr4CL">Polity</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Systems_theory_in_political_science/hbeNR16W">Systems theory in political science</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Tractatus_Politicus/GdAswEJY">Tractatus Politicus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Voting_system/e6zvx3Bo">Voting system</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Douglas V. Verney (15 April 2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7SLA2W6PdEC&pg=PP1"><i>The Analysis of Political Systems</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-135-03477-1.</li> <li>Almond, Gabriel A., et al. <i>Comparative Politics Today: A World View</i> (Seventh Edition). 2000. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-316-03497-5.</li> <li>Ferris, Kerry, and Jill Stein. <i>The Real World An Introduction to Sociology</i>. 3rd ed. New York City: W W Norton & Co, 2012. Print.</li> <li>"<a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/467746/political-system/36699/Confederations-and-federations">political system</a>". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2012.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.gsdrc.org/go/topic-guides/political-systems">Topic guide on political systems</a> at Governance and Social Development Resource Centre</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Political system | Types, Components, Functions, & Facts | Britannica". <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-system" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-system</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Dobratz, B.A. (2015). Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology. Taylor & Francis. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-317-34529-9. Retrieved Apr 30, 2023. <a href="978-1-317-34529-9" target="_blank">978-1-317-34529-9</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Juan José Linz (2000). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Lynne Rienner Publisher. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-55587-890-0. OCLC 1172052725. <a href="978-1-55587-890-0" target="_blank">978-1-55587-890-0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ginny Garcia-Alexander; Hyeyoung Woo; Matthew J. Carlson (3 November 2017). Social Foundations of Behavior for the Health Sciences. Springer. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-3-319-64950-4. OCLC 1013825392. <a href="978-3-319-64950-4" target="_blank">978-3-319-64950-4</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"14.2 Types of Political Systems". 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022061920/https://opentextbooks.uregina.ca/sociology/chapter/14-2-types-of-political-systems/#:~:text=The%20major%20types%20of%20political,and%20instead%20rule%20through%20fear" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20221022061920/https://opentextbooks.uregina.ca/sociology/chapter/14-2-types-of-political-systems/#:~:text=The%20major%20types%20of%20political,and%20instead%20rule%20through%20fear</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Easton, David. (1971). The political system: an inquiry into the state of political science. Knopf. OCLC 470276419. <a href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/470276419" target="_blank">http://worldcat.org/oclc/470276419</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/political-system [bare URL] <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/political-system" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/political-system</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Haviland, W.A. (2003). Anthropology: Tenth Edition. Wadsworth:Belmont, CA. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Carneiro, Robert L. (2011). "The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State". In Jones, Grant D.; Kautz, Robert R. (eds.). The Transition to Statehood in the New World. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–79. ISBN 978-0-521-17269-1. <a href="978-0-521-17269-1" target="_blank">978-0-521-17269-1</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Juan José Linz (2000). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Lynne Rienner Publisher. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-55587-890-0. OCLC 1172052725. <a href="978-1-55587-890-0" target="_blank">978-1-55587-890-0</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Jonathan Michie, ed. (3 February 2014). Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-135-93226-8. <a href="978-1-135-93226-8" target="_blank">978-1-135-93226-8</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Ginny Garcia-Alexander; Hyeyoung Woo; Matthew J. Carlson (3 November 2017). Social Foundations of Behavior for the Health Sciences. Springer. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-3-319-64950-4. OCLC 1013825392. <a href="978-3-319-64950-4" target="_blank">978-3-319-64950-4</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Allan Todd; Sally Waller (10 September 2015). Allan Todd; Sally Waller (eds.). History for the IB Diploma Paper 2 Authoritarian States (20th Century). Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-1-107-55889-2. <a href="978-1-107-55889-2" target="_blank">978-1-107-55889-2</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Ezrow & Frantz 2011, pp. 14–17. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEzrowFrantz2011 (help) - Ezrow, Natasha M.; Frantz, Erica (2011). Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders. Continuum. p. 17. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Juan José Linz (2000). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Lynne Rienner Publisher. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-55587-890-0. 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S2CID 6711009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>"Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War". Department of Political Science. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2022-11-16. <a href="https://politics.utoronto.ca/publication/competitive-authoritarianism-hybrid-regimes-after-the-cold-war/" target="_blank">https://politics.utoronto.ca/publication/competitive-authoritarianism-hybrid-regimes-after-the-cold-war/</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>"Hybrid Regimes". obo. Archived from the original on 2019-07-29. 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Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved Nov 26, 2022. <a href="https://www.idea.int/gsod/" target="_blank">https://www.idea.int/gsod/</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Schedler, Andreas (Aug 1, 2013). "Shaping the Authoritarian Arena". The Politics of Uncertainty. Oxford University Press. pp. 54–75. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680320.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-968032-0. <a href="978-0-19-968032-0" target="_blank">978-0-19-968032-0</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Brooker, P. (2013). Non-Democratic Regimes. Comparative Government and Politics. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-137-38253-5. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved Nov 27, 2022. <a href="978-1-137-38253-5" target="_blank">978-1-137-38253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>