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Andaman and Nicobar Command
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<h2 id="background">Background</h2> <h3>Strategic Importance of ANC</h3> <p>According to the <a href="/facts/International_Hydrographic_Organization/bo6vfXHe">International Hydrographic Organization</a>'s (IHO) definitions of the <a href="/facts/Bay_of_Bengal/xqKAj4bJ">Bay of Bengal</a> and <a href="/facts/Andaman_Sea/t1Vx7YwE">Andaman Sea</a>, the <a href="/facts/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands/jSM58Eyr">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> (A&N) fall on the maritime boundary of these two. <a href="/facts/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India/W0kGqCfU">Indian exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) to the north and west of A&N falls within the Bay of Bengal and to east of A&N falls within the Andaman Sea. Various <a href="/facts/Strait/cCc9sung">straits</a> (narrow passages in the sea, also called the channels) in A&N are officially part of Andaman Sea, rather than the Bay of Bengal, connect the two and shipping routes beyond. The <a href="/facts/Ten_Degree_Channel/SFFbDKL8">Ten Degree Channel</a> (also called Great or Grand Channel) within India's EEZ is world's busiest shipping trade route which also connects to the very narrow and contiguous <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Malacca/gElukYIz">Strait of Malacca</a> and the <a href="/facts/Singapore_Strait/Q0v8RFCF">Singapore Strait</a>. This route is considered world's biggest strategic <a href="/facts/Choke_point/C9r3v0Tk">choke point</a>. India and allies could potentially impose a <a href="/facts/Blockade/TzW69ybu">blockade</a> in case of dispute with China whose economy significantly depends on the export trade through this route. Safety, security and freedom of navigation in this area are vital for the global economy. This area is part of the much larger Indian Ocean region through which 90% of the world's trade passes, which in turn is part of the larger Indo-Pacific region which hosts most of the global maritime trading activity. </p> <h4>Control over vital global shipping route</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Countries_dependent_on_the_Bay_of_Bengal/USpNbEvP">Countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal</a>, <a href="/facts/Maritime_Silk_Route/gc1CnWhf">Maritime Silk Route</a>, <a href="/facts/Foreign_trade_of_India/vqNStaJH">Foreign trade of India</a>, <a href="/facts/Maritime_domain_awareness/C9JmzAHt">Maritime domain awareness</a>, and <a href="/facts/Maritime_power/CfzIxh0X">Maritime power</a></p> <p>The zone of influence of the ANC has deep significance in terms of history, culture, religion, economy and <a href="/facts/Foreign_trade_of_India/vqNStaJH">trade</a>, EEZs, political and international relations, national security, safety and freedom of navigation of power projection of not only India but also <a href="/facts/Countries_dependent_on_the_Bay_of_Bengal/USpNbEvP">other nations of South Asia and Southeast Asia</a> as well as the $3 trillion in international trade which passes through the south Andaman Sea. ANC influence over the gateway to the <a href="/facts/Far_East/wHcmLNM5">Far East</a> includes the Six Degree Channel and the Ten Degree Channel in the Indian EEZ in the Bay of Bengal, which is connected to the Strait of Malacca. These are crossed by over 94,000 merchant ships every year carrying world's 40% freight trade to and from China, South Korea and Japan. Andaman and Nicobar Islands account for 0.2% of India's land and 30% of its <a href="/facts/Exclusive_economic_zone/UtMbSd3w">exclusive economic zone</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sea_lines_of_communication/35sQsGk0">Sea lines of communication</a> (SLOC) carry more than 90% of global trade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Indo-Pacific/pVfP1gxV">Indo-Pacific Asia</a>, US$5 trillion annual shipping trade passes through the SLOC and <a href="/facts/Choke_point/C9r3v0Tk">choke points</a> of Southeast Asia and South China Sea (SCS).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> 80% of the global trade passes through Indian Ocean SLOC in oil and natural gas critical for advanced economies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h4>Control over critical shipping chokepoints</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Choke_point/C9r3v0Tk">Geostrategic chokepoint</a>, <a href="/facts/Blockade/TzW69ybu">Geostrategic blockade</a>, <a href="/facts/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea/wajP60HY">South China Sea disputes</a>, <a href="/facts/Philippines_v._China/XtPbsFB8">Philippines v. China</a>, <a href="/facts/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations/qhGDkhA2">China-Vietnam conflict</a>, and <a href="/facts/Eastern_South_Asia/udhRn2gp">Eastern South Asia</a></p> <p>Since this area in Indian EEZ and ANC influence zone connects <a href="/facts/Indian_Ocean/Kv0crwKG">Indian Ocean</a> with <a href="/facts/South_China_Sea/WRFXLgIg">South China Sea</a> and <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a>, the safety of Malacca strait is paramount to the economies of numerous countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Both USA and Russia support the freedom of navigation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Australia's "2013 Defence White Paper" emphasises importance of security of Indian Ocean SLOC trade which has surpassed Atlantic and Pacific oceans trade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> However, China's activities in this region continues cause concern among several nations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Against the concern shown by United States, Japan and several other nations, China continues to claim <a href="/facts/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea/wajP60HY">most of South China Sea</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> China has militarized a reclaimed tiny islet in South China Sea which is also claimed by other nations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> This has led to China's conflict with several Southeast Asian nations, including <a href="/facts/Philippines_v._China/XtPbsFB8">Philippines</a> and <a href="/facts/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations/qhGDkhA2">Vietnam</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> In March 2020, <a href="/facts/Indian_Navy/vpfWV6z2">Indian Navy</a> discovered 12 underwater drones deployed by China in Indian Ocean for gathering <a href="/facts/Oceanography/LtrG6peD">oceanographic</a> naval intelligence aimed at <a href="/facts/Submarine_warfare/1umaTRjA">submarine warfare</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> China has allegedly done the similar underwater drone operation in <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a> as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>All 3 major global sea trade routes to Indian Ocean, from <a href="/facts/Cape_of_Good_Hope/2gvK5uwP">Cape of Good Hope</a> and <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Aden/uq1YrFP4">Gulf of Aden</a> or <a href="/facts/Straits_of_Hormuz/GEQfLwb2">Straits of Hormuz</a>, converge at narrow Six Degree Channel in Indian EEZ resulting in high shipping density, which enhances India's ability to exert influence over the vulnerability and protection of this maritime trade route.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Shallow, congested and narrow <a href="/facts/Archipelagic_state/QRYsuE11">archipelagic</a> chokepoints in the influence zone of ANC are Straits of Malacca and <a href="/facts/Lombok_Strait/mufB0WRX">Lombok Strait</a> to and from South China Sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Malaca strait is the busiest and most important chokepoint.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> All trade vessels from Malacca Strait must pass through most important SLOC chokepoint located within India's Anadaman Nicobar EEZ, i.e. Six Degree Channel south of Anadaman and Nicobar Islands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Other two less frequently used channels within Indian EEZ are the Preparis Channel in north and the Ten Degree Channel between the Andaman and Nicobar island groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Alternative to the shorter and busiest route through Malaca Strait and Six Degree Channel in Indian EEZ, guarded by Indian Military Base in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is Sunda and Lombok Straits chokepoints in Indonesia in the influence zone of <a href="/facts/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands/NjoIHjsP">Cocos (Keeling) Islands Australian Military Base</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Together, these chokepoints are the entry and exit points between Indian and Pacific Oceans, all of which lie within combined India-Australia military influence zone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> This provides geostrategic advantage to Indian and Australian militaries [part of <a href="/facts/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue/D4VXu85Q">QUAD</a> along with USA and Japan] for joint anti-signal intelligence gathering, submarine tracking and warfare missions in Indian and Pacific Oceans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>India is bolstering military capabilities in Andaman and Nicobar Islands by placing ship-based <a href="/facts/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction/IcG8vgjd">nuclear missile system</a> as deterrence and a <a href="/facts/Indian_Navy_Multi-Role_Support_Vessel_programme/5QSvlYTy">fleet of naval warships</a> with <a href="/facts/Amphibious_transport_dock/PcVvBKu0">Landing Platform Docks</a> (LPDs) by 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h4>QUAD force multiplier</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)/aqTlXoTa">China's String of Pearls encirclement strategy</a>, <a href="/facts/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction/IcG8vgjd">Indian nuclear triade</a>, <a href="/facts/Indian_Navy_Multi-Role_Support_Vessel_programme/5QSvlYTy">India's LPD warships</a>, <a href="/facts/China_containment_policy/JM7Eo9VE">China containment policy</a>, <a href="/facts/Force_multiplication/IX9UrdQM">Force multiplication</a>, and <a href="/facts/Command_of_the_sea/Ev5FjQIM">Command of the sea</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue/D4VXu85Q">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a> (QUAD), a strategic dialogue between Australia, India, Japan and USA, is aimed at countering the risk posed to the trade and security of navigation and nations in and around this region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> QUAD nations continue to hold regular military exercise in the ANC influence area, such as <a href="/facts/Malabar_(naval_exercise)/zK1L7p5M">Exercise Malabar</a> (see also <a href="/facts/Balikatan/hBpSaoo0">US-Philippines Annual Balikatan Exercise</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>Aimed at countering China's activities in Indo-Pacific, to ensure "free, open, inclusive and rules-based Indo-Pacific region ... and maintaining open, safe and efficient sea lanes for transportation and communication", India and Australia signed a military treaty for <a href="/facts/Military_logistics/rm7npHRQ">Mutual Logistics Support</a> and <a href="/facts/Interoperability/7WgqUbXU">interoperability</a> for reciprocal access to military bases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> India has a similar treaty with U.S, while similar treaty with remaining member of QUAD, Japan, is awaited.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> India, which also has <a href="/facts/Memoranda_of_understanding/eyjDh7Nq">MoU</a> with USA and Japan for encrypted military communications, is likely to sign similar MoU with Australia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> India, USA and Japan have been undertaking regular trilateral maritime exercises (Exercise Malabar), which Australia is also expected to join.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> India-Australia Military Pact paves the way for extending their regional reach through coordinated power projection and mutual use of military facilities in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Australia's <a href="/facts/Cocos_Island/PKSMnmJA">Cocos Island</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Australia, which already has <a href="/facts/Royal_Australian_Air_Force/kkCS5X4E">RAAF base</a> at Cocos Islands, uses it for surveillance and to monitor the area extending between Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the north to Cocos Islands in south.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/India%E2%80%93Singapore_relations/489Kj5Wz">India-Singapore Bilateral Agreement for Navy Cooperation</a> also provides Indian Navy ships access to Singapore's <a href="/facts/Changi_Naval_Base/n3u7V0qW">Changi Naval Base</a>, logistical support and refuelling rights. This allows India, which has similar agreements with Vietnam, Japan, France, Australia and the United States, to counter China's "string of pearls" with "Necklace of Diamonds" ports: Changi Naval Base in Singapore, <a href="/facts/Chabahar_Port/0SEGXlL8">Chabahar Port</a> in Iran, the <a href="/facts/Assumption_Island/2w9mfFyC">Assumption Island</a> in Seychelles, and <a href="/facts/Duqm_Port/gbUaAx9w">Duqm Port</a> in <a href="/facts/Oman/yNr7BPbm">Oman</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h4>Historic and contemporary geostrategic soft and hard power</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Greater_India/JEJkgGCf">Greater India</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia/XV2Uv9Y8">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a>, and <a href="/facts/Indianisation/tv7sjXAv">Hard and soft power projection of India</a></p> <p>The area in and around ANC influence zone is part of historic <a href="/facts/Greater_India/JEJkgGCf">Greater India</a> which was dotted with numerous Indianised <a href="/facts/Hindu-Buddist_kingdoms/7MV0YIlk">Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms</a>. Since 45-47 CE, several ancient Indian empires, such as the <a href="/facts/Chola_dynasty/yV869VU4">Chola</a>, <a href="/facts/Chalukya_dynasty/kfwnEMqT">Chalukya</a>, <a href="/facts/Kalinga_(historical_region)/J8BP6hbl">Kalinga</a> [modern <a href="/facts/Odisha/ofAWpAgu">Odisha</a>] and <a href="/facts/Reddi_Kingdom/nSBcDzDH">Andra</a> traded and exerted Indian cultural influence over Southeast Asia through the Malacca Strait.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> From the 16th to 20th century, colonial western powers fought against each other for control of this maritime route, trade and the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>The 750-km long Andaman and Nicobar archipelago consists of a chain of 572 islands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> It is located about 1200 km from mainland India, merely 40 km from Myanmar, 160 km from Indonesia and 550 km from Thailand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> India's <a href="/facts/Landfall_Island/WgPGsvBp">Landfall Island</a> is 40 km from Myanmar's <a href="/facts/Coco_Islands/xMPSmkA5">Coco Islands</a>. India's southernmost territory <a href="/facts/Indira_Point/oQMltA8X">Indira Point</a> is 135 km north of Indonesia's northernmost territory <a href="/facts/Rondo_Island/aYGNyHT8">Rondo Island</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> India's <a href="/facts/Tillangchong/CELJw1pj">Tillangchong</a> island (north of Camorta Island in Nicobar) is just 440 km from Thailand's <a href="/facts/Similan_Islands/RMQ5feHF">Ko Huyong</a> (<a href="/facts/Similan_Islands/RMQ5feHF">Similan Islands</a> group). India's Campbell Bay on <a href="/facts/Great_Nicobar_Island/3sQUtHIH">Great Nicobar Island</a> is 488 km from Thailand's Ko Racha (Racha Noi Island in <a href="/facts/Phuket_Province/49UH65wf">Phuket Province</a>). Campbell Bay is also 630 km from Malaysia's nearest island ,<a href="/facts/Langkawi/khd1FWIw">Langkawi</a>. </p> <h4>Port-development led encirclement</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/South_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government/QCBlalzM">Neighbourhood first policy</a>, <a href="/facts/Look_East_policy_(India)/LFCBWU5y">Look East policy</a>, and <a href="/facts/India%E2%80%93Myanmar_barrier/DUkn74EG">Look-East Connectivity projects</a></p> <p>To enhance regional connectivity, trade, safety, security, and to protect the Strait of Malacca channel,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> India is developing several strategic ports in the influence zone of ANC, namely the <a href="/facts/Port_of_Chittagong/XPRLKh6I">Port of Chittagong</a> in Bangladesh with rail connectivity to <a href="/facts/Tripura/zbaay5BU">Tripura</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Port_of_Mongla/kPMPckvE">Port of Mongla</a> in Bangladesh,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sittwe_Port/dB75stUx">Sittwe Port</a> as part of the <a href="/facts/Kaladan_Multi-Modal_Transit_Transport_Project/eK929aWU">Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project</a> in Myanmar and<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sabang,_Indonesia/InYn0rnh">Sabang deepsea port</a> under the <a href="/facts/India%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations/9BKEhGHy">India–Indonesia strategic military and economic partnership</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> Along with India's <a href="/facts/Sagar_Mala_project/P2GFndb5">Sagar Mala projects</a> aimed at developing several coastal ports in India, India is also considering developing more ports in the influence zone of ANC, such as the <a href="/facts/Dawei_Port_Project/GY7DVQEM">Dawei Port Project</a>. </p> <h4>Protection of exclusive economic zone</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India/W0kGqCfU">EEZs of India and its neighbours</a></p> <p>The region suffers from the <a href="/facts/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca/bKLFf0MA">problem of piracy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> ANC is guarantor of the safety and security of exclusive economic zone of India, which also lies in the vicinity of EEZs of several other nations including <a href="/facts/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Indonesia/G7Gd7vqY">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/facts/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Malaysia/8xvt936h">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/facts/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Thailand/rg9m4NXl">Thailand</a>, Myanmar, <a href="/facts/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border/Tj5UyfoP">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/facts/India%E2%80%93Maldives_relations/qUKtYW9P">Maldives</a> and <a href="/facts/Katchatheevu/0cCknIjk">Sri Lanka</a>. </p> <h3>History of ANC</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Maritime_history_of_India/9DChYLYE">Maritime history of India</a></p> <h4>Inception and slow expansion</h4> <p>The island chain had remained underdeveloped because of multiple factors including lack of inter-island connectivity, distance from the Indian mainland and high-cost of building materials. In the 1960s, the Indian security establishment responded to the increased security threats and established a unified Fortress Andaman and Nicobar (FORTAN) under the command of a Vice Admiral as the Fortress Commander. The Indian Army initially placed a battalion and subsequently the 108 Mountain Brigade, in 1990, under the command of the Fortress Commander. The Indian Air Force chose to keep its units under one of its mainland commands and maintained a liaison with the FORTAN headquarters. 37 Wing of the Indian Air Force was raised at <a href="/facts/Car_Nicobar_Air_Force_Base/HcktcCt4">AFS Car Nicobar</a> in 1993.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p><p>There was a consideration to replace Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (FORTAN) with a Far Eastern Naval Command (FENC). The previous plan to set up FENC was set in motion in 1995 following a closed-door meeting in Washington between then <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_India/htYDwX0a">Prime Minister of India</a>, <a href="/facts/P._V._Narasimha_Rao/0u6dG87L">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, and then <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">US president</a>, <a href="/facts/Bill_Clinton/x5mwYkVh">Bill Clinton</a>. At the time, Pentagon officials made a formal request to the United Front coalition government in New Delhi to open a base in the islands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p> <h4>Post Kargil war rapid capabilities expansion</h4> <p>In 1999, after the <a href="/facts/Kargil_War/64vnlUYF">Kargil War</a>, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands received more attention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> The Group of Ministers (GoM) report on Reforming the National Security System recommended the replacement of the FORTAN, under the Indian Navy, with a Joint Andaman and Nicobar Command which will control the assets of the tri-services and the Coast Guard on the islands. The GoM had recommended that the Commander of this Joint Command would report to the proposed <a href="/facts/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)/kQStusk5">Chief of Defence Staff</a> (CDS). The Andaman and Nicobar Command was in place by the end of September 2001 and <a href="/facts/Vice_Admiral/9yQh7pbU">Vice Admiral</a> (later <a href="/facts/Admiral/yVklo91m">Admiral</a> and <a href="/facts/Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)/PusvBmcA">CNS</a>) <a href="/facts/Arun_Prakash/Dx8JIw3W">Arun Prakash</a> was the first Commander–in–Chief of the Andaman & Nicobar Command (CINCAN).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> A joint command at the Andaman and Nicobar Islands would help in to prevent smuggling, piracy, drug and gun trafficking, poaching and illegal immigration in the region and especially in the Malacca Strait. The command would also be in a position to assist the multinational Malacca Straits Security Initiative, aimed at curbing threats in the Malacca Straits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> An Indian command in the islands could also counter any future threat from China, which was rumoured to have set up a surveillance post in Myanmar's <a href="/facts/Coco_Islands/xMPSmkA5">Coco Islands</a>, 40 km off the northern tip of the Andamans, but this was proved incorrect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="summary-of-bases-and-capabilities">Summary of bases and capabilities</h2> <p>The following are the air and naval bases under the A&N command, from north to south, some of which are being upgraded under 2027 roll-on plan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> By 2020, India is placing ship-based <a href="/facts/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction/IcG8vgjd">nuclear missile system</a>, <a href="/facts/Indian_Navy_Multi-Role_Support_Vessel_programme/5QSvlYTy">fleet of naval warships</a> and <a href="/facts/Amphibious_transport_dock/PcVvBKu0">Landing Platform Docks</a> (LPDs).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Base</th><th>Location</th><th>Airport<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></th><th>Deepsea port<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></th><th>Distance</th><th>Role</th><th>Upgrade<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kalaikunda_Air_Force_Station/csnArMmE">Kalaikunda AFS</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kharagpur/rWkWpXL1">Kharagpur</a> (<a href="/facts/West_Bengal/0B5bxvbW">West Bengal</a>)</td><td>Yes</td><td>No (inland)</td><td>1200 km to INS Kohassa</td><td>Air Force Base</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/INS_Kohassa/mcusA8hH">INS Kohassa</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Shibpur_(Andaman)/2f6KhvCd">Shibpur village</a> (<a href="/facts/Diglipur/7m4I5nM9">Diglipur</a> tehsil, <a href="/facts/North_Andaman_Island/nTaQHCDj">North Andaman Island</a>)</td><td>Yes (3000 ft, planned to be extended to 10,000 ft)</td><td>Aerial Bay jetty</td><td>1200 km from Kalaikunda AFS</td><td>Naval Air Station</td><td>New ammunition dumps and capacity upgrade for fighter jets and bigger planes like long-range maritime reconnaissance Boeing P-8I and anti-submarine aircraft.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/INS_Jarawa/eYGo0oGa">INS Jarawa</a></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Port_Blair/BUAC3oce">Port Blair</a> (<a href="/facts/South_Andaman_Island/rMxDlwmX">South Andaman Island</a>)</td><td>At INS Utkarsh</td><td>Jetty</td><td>180 km from INS Kohassa</td><td>Logistics and Administrative support naval base with jetty</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/INS_Utkrosh/w9fxG5Sd">INS Utkrosh</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>INS Jarawa jetty</td><td>180 km from INS Kohassa</td><td>Joint Naval and Air Force Base at <a href="/facts/Port_Blair_Air_Force_Station/GDlhs06F">Veer Savarkar International Airport</a></td><td>Naval ammunition depot and bigger reinforced command with extended jetties for aircraft carriers and large warships.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Car_Nicobar_Air_Force_Base/HcktcCt4">Car Nicobar AFS</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Car_Nicobar/kV6CqQFK">Car Nicobar</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Jetty</td><td>275 km from INS Utkrosh</td><td>Air Force Base</td><td>Capacity upgrade to hold fighter squadrons for more than month.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/INS_Kardip/AY9v5AqK">INS Kardip</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kamorta_(village)/8o5L4qvt">Kamorta</a> (<a href="/facts/Kamorta_Island/sUqeIUQK">Kamorta Island</a>)</td><td>No</td><td>Jetty (upgraded to deepsea port for warships)</td><td>144 km from Car Nicobar AFS</td><td>Logistics support for navy with extended jetty which can host larger cassels</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/INS_Baaz/b1oAIfQu">INS Baaz</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Campbell_Bay_(Great_Nicobar)/wMqGvGby">Campbell Bay</a> (<a href="/facts/Great_Nicobar_Island/3sQUtHIH">Great Nicobar Island</a>)</td><td>3000 ft (extended to 6,000 feet)</td><td>Jetty (upgraed to deepsea port for warships, installation of a robust radar network.</td><td>130 km from INS Kardip</td><td>Naval Air Station</td><td>New ammunition dump and relocating fighter jets and bigger planes such as long-range maritime reconnaissance Boeing P-8I and anti-submarine aircraft.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="force-structure">Force structure</h2> <h3>Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Commander-in-Chief,_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command/BbK1fseS">Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command</a></p> <p>The Andaman and Nicobar Command is commanded by a <a href="/facts/Three-star_rank/RBQJs9Kk">Three-star officer</a> (rank of <a href="/facts/Lieutenant_General/kwDr2Kf8">Lieutenant General</a> of the <a href="/facts/Indian_Army/4a3vrgyL">Indian Army</a> or equivalent) who reports directly to the <a href="/facts/Chairman_of_the_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee/c1jd9Bl7">Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> (Chairman COSC) or CDS (Chief of Defense Staff) in <a href="/facts/New_Delhi/9UMpnDN8">New Delhi</a>. The Chief of Staff of the command is a <a href="/facts/Two-star_rank/VR6uFm8p">two-star officer</a>; each component (sea, land, air) is commanded by a <a href="/facts/One-star_rank/DdaDQQbm">one-star officer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> The command is currently headed by <a href="/facts/Air_Marshal_(India)/aEVYq8ND">Air Marshal</a> <a href="/facts/Saju_Balakrishnan/Y8mSP7Mm">Saju Balakrishnan</a>, who took command on 1 May 2023 as the 17th CINCAN.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p> <h3>Chief of Staff</h3> <p>The following is a list of Chiefs of Staff of the A&N command. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>No</th><th>Name</th><th>Branch</th><th>Appointment Date</th><th>Left Office</th><th>References</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Major_general_(India)/mI9EQhMY">Major General</a> K. B. Kapoor <a href="/facts/Vishisht_Seva_Medal/MykcJYpp">VSM</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Indian_Army/4a3vrgyL">Indian Army</a></td><td>12 December 2001</td><td>14 October 2003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Rear_admiral_(India)/KFo49mcq">Rear Admiral</a> R. Kala <a href="/facts/Nau_Sena_Medal/zgTy0V2q">NM</a></td><td rowspan="2"> <a href="/facts/Indian_Navy/vpfWV6z2">Indian Navy</a></td><td>15 October 2003</td><td>24 April 2005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Rear_admiral_(India)/KFo49mcq">Rear Admiral</a> S. Chakraborty <a href="/facts/Vishisht_Seva_Medal/MykcJYpp">VSM</a></td><td>25 April 2005</td><td>6 June 2005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Air_vice_marshal_(India)/nY1wBl7G">Air Vice Marshal</a> K. K. Nohwar <a href="/facts/Vayu_Sena_Medal/5suJwlQd">VM</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Indian_Air_Force/XbNJ5qcp">Indian Air Force</a></td><td>7 June 2005</td><td>7 December 2006</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Rear_admiral_(India)/KFo49mcq">Rear Admiral</a> P. K. Nair</td><td> <a href="/facts/Indian_Navy/vpfWV6z2">Indian Navy</a></td><td>8 December 2006</td><td>30 November 2008</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/facts/Major_general_(India)/mI9EQhMY">Major General</a> A. K. Chaturvedi</td><td rowspan="2"> <a href="/facts/Indian_Army/4a3vrgyL">Indian Army</a></td><td>1 December 2008</td><td>26 April 2010</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Major_general_(India)/mI9EQhMY">Major General</a> N. P. Padhi</td><td>27 April 2010</td><td>6 May 2011</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/facts/Rear_admiral_(India)/KFo49mcq">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/facts/Karambir_Singh/rWdgRk1D">Karambir Singh</a></td><td rowspan="2"> <a href="/facts/Indian_Navy/vpfWV6z2">Indian Navy</a></td><td>7 May 2011</td><td>28 May 2012</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/facts/Rear_admiral_(India)/KFo49mcq">Rear Admiral</a> Sudhir Pillai <a href="/facts/Nau_Sena_Medal/zgTy0V2q">NM</a></td><td>28 May 2012</td><td>4 July 2014</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td><a href="/facts/Major_General_(India)/mI9EQhMY">Major General</a> C. E. Fernandes <a href="/facts/Sena_Medal/jyrHNLNS">SM</a></td><td rowspan="4"> <a href="/facts/Indian_Army/4a3vrgyL">Indian Army</a></td><td>5 July 2014</td><td>14 October 2014</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td><a href="/facts/Major_General_(India)/mI9EQhMY">Major General</a> P. K. Siwach <a href="/facts/Vishisht_Seva_Medal/MykcJYpp">VSM</a></td><td>3 November 2014</td><td>30 March 2016</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td><a href="/facts/Major_General_(India)/mI9EQhMY">Major General</a> P. S. Saj</td><td>18 April 2016</td><td>4 May 2018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td><a href="/facts/Major_General_(India)/mI9EQhMY">Major General</a> Beji Mathews</td><td>5 May 2018</td><td>4 March 2020</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td><a href="/facts/Rear_admiral_(India)/KFo49mcq">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/facts/Suraj_Berry/hCpkrDlo">Suraj Berry</a> <a href="/facts/Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal/zthPhk9d">AVSM</a>, <a href="/facts/Nau_Sena_Medal/zgTy0V2q">NM</a>, <a href="/facts/Vishisht_Seva_Medal/MykcJYpp">VSM</a></td><td rowspan="3"> <a href="/facts/Indian_Navy/vpfWV6z2">Indian Navy</a></td><td>5 March 2020</td><td>17 July 2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td><a href="/facts/Rear_admiral_(India)/KFo49mcq">Rear Admiral</a> Dalbir Singh Gujral <a href="/facts/Nau_Sena_Medal/zgTy0V2q">NM</a></td><td>18 July 2021</td><td>30 November 2022</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td><a href="/facts/Rear_admiral_(India)/KFo49mcq">Rear Admiral</a> Sandeep Sandhu <a href="/facts/Nau_Sena_Medal/zgTy0V2q">NM</a></td><td>1 December 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Assets</h3> <p>The Naval Component is the largest component and is commanded by a <a href="/facts/Commodore_(India)/QxD19rbH">Commodore</a> (one star officer). Naval vessels in the component include <a href="/facts/Corvette/KrdbemWU">missile corvettes</a>, <a href="/facts/Amphibious_warfare_vessel/xBytTeeS">amphibious warfare vessels</a>, <a href="/facts/Landing_craft/svpK3FwJ">landing crafts</a>, <a href="/facts/Offshore_patrol_vessel/Kg8FUMs2">offshore patrol vessels</a> (OPV) and <a href="/facts/Fast_attack_craft/EcG0q2jI">fast attack crafts</a> (FAC). <a href="/facts/INS_Karmuk_(P64)/G7XLymw2">INS Karmuk</a> and <a href="/facts/INS_Kulish_(P63)/PBlHI8gQ">INS Kulish</a>, two <a href="/facts/Kora-class_corvette/XmL3ClKv">Kora-class corvettes</a> were re-based to Port Blair from <a href="/facts/Eastern_Naval_Command/cxRPvAAM">Eastern Naval Command</a> on 6 April 2016 and 21 December 2017 respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> <a href="/facts/INS_Saryu_(P54)/7hFqcEJC">INS <i>Saryu</i></a> and <a href="/facts/INS_Sumedha/DpLoNltA">INS <i>Sumedha</i></a>, two <a href="/facts/Saryu-class_patrol_vessel/J1FJUsU0">Saryu-class patrol vessels</a>, have been based at Port Blair since 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> In addition, four <a href="/facts/Bangaram-class_patrol_vessel/F1nqLAWU"><i>Bangaram</i>-class patrol vessels</a>, two <a href="/facts/Car_Nicobar-class_patrol_vessel/n93WYMeN"><i>Car Nicobar</i>-class patrol vessels</a>, one <a href="/facts/Trinkat-class_patrol_vessel/duXU64so">Trinkat-class patrol vessel</a>, three <a href="/facts/Kumbhir-class_tank_landing_ship/T1cusC5t"><i>Kumbhir</i>-class tank landing ships</a>, one <a href="/facts/Shardul-class_tank_landing_ship/RUFatb2N"><i>Shardul</i>-class tank landing ship</a>, eight <a href="/facts/Mk._IV_LCU/4QIslKQA">Mk. IV LCUs</a> and the SDB Mk.3 large patrol craft are also deployed under the naval component.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> <a href="/facts/INAS_318/gv0mWAEu">INAS 318</a> with <a href="/facts/Dornier_228/nr66S4FK">Dornier 228</a> and Flight 321 are deployed at <a href="/facts/INS_Utkrosh/w9fxG5Sd">INS Utkrosh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> </p><p>The 108 Infantry Brigade of the <a href="/facts/Indian_Army/4a3vrgyL">Indian Army</a>, comprising three <a href="/facts/Battalion/AohlXDhb">battalions</a>, which includes the <a href="/facts/Bihar_Regiment/n2v6fBVh">21 Bihar</a>, is deployed at Birchgunj in Port Blair under the army component. A <a href="/facts/Territorial_Army_(India)/eYGbxl7m">Territorial Army</a> battalion is also deployed at Campbell Bay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Indian_Airforce/XbNJ5qcp">Indian Airforce</a>'s 15 FBSU (forward base support units), comprising 153 Squadron and 4 Maritime Element, are deployed at Port Blair. 37 Air Wing, comprising Helicopters from 122 squadron and <a href="/facts/Dornier_228/nr66S4FK">Dornier 228</a> from 151 squadron, are deployed at <a href="/facts/Car_Nicobar_Air_Force_Base/HcktcCt4">AFS Car Nicobar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> </p><p>The Andaman & Nicobar region of the <a href="/facts/Indian_Coast_Guard/LAFJqkqa">Indian Coast Guard</a> also falls under the purview of the command with RHQ and 745 squadron at Port Blair, DHQ 9 at Diglipur and DHQ 10 at Campbell Bay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> In July 2012, the navy commissioned <a href="/facts/INS_Baaz/b1oAIfQu">INS Baaz</a>, a naval air station which is located 300 nautical miles south of Port Blair and is the southernmost air station of the Indian Armed Forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> INS Jarawa at Phoenix Bay in Port Blair is the support base for the ships and the main naval and air force establishment in Port Blair. </p> <h3>Modernization</h3> <p>In 2013, the navy proposed to station a nuclear submarine and a <a href="/facts/Landing_ship_dock/GRk0nf4I">landing deck platform</a> at the islands in the future, and the <a href="/facts/Indian_Air_Force/XbNJ5qcp">Indian Air Force</a> has decided to station <a href="/facts/Sukhoi_Su-30MKI/sMbAkjuV">Sukhoi Su-30MKI</a> fighters on the islands along with increasing the number of operational airfields. The Air Force also maintains an Air Defense Wing fielding a squadron of <a href="/facts/S-75_Dvina/juuLfWNB">S-75 Dvina</a> Long-Range SAMs and a squadron of <a href="/facts/S-125_Neva/Pechora/1aqonkv7">S-125 Neva/Pechora</a> Medium-range SAMs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a> The army's single brigade is planned to be increased by deploying a division size force (about 15,000 troops) under the command.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> In 2015, it was reported that under the overall "island development plan", which includes a new naval air station at Campbell Bay, the existing runways at <a href="/facts/INS_Baaz/b1oAIfQu">Campbell Bay</a> and <a href="/facts/INS_Kohassa/mcusA8hH">Shibpur</a> are to be extended, while more airstrips are proposed in the archipelago and more operational turn-around bases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> The number of naval vessels based in the island chain will increase to 32 before 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> In addition, Japanese war bunkers, constructed during Japanese occupation of the Andaman and Nicobar islands during the World War II, will be revived to bolster security.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="operations">Operations</h2> <h3>Unilateral security and anti-piracy initiatives</h3> <p>The Andaman and Nicobar Command manages Indian engagement with regional navies of <a href="/facts/Southeast_Asia/VafwT517">Southeast Asia</a>. It conducts bi-annual coordinated patrols (CORPATs) with the navies of Thailand and Indonesia, the annual <a href="/facts/SIMBEX/nf03u7Iu">SIMBEX</a> maritime exercises with Singapore, and the biennial Milan multilateral naval exercises.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> The Command also patrols India's exclusive economic zone to suppress gun running, narcotics smuggling, piracy, and poaching, and conducts maritime surveillance, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> </p> <h3>Unilateral war exercises</h3> <p>In April 2016, the command conducted an amphibious exercise called 'Jal Prahar' to check readiness and to ensure functional integrity of all three services on the islands. Ships, aircraft and troops along with tanks from both the Eastern Naval Command and Andaman & Nicobar Command participated in the exercise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> Defence of Andaman & Nicobar Islands Exercise (DANX-17) was conducted during 20–24 November 2017. Additional forces including <a href="/facts/SEPECAT_Jaguar/lUhcRt8G">Jaguar</a> fighters, <a href="/facts/50th_Parachute_Brigade_(India)/XR2UUU6c">50th Parachute Brigade</a>, missile frigates and <a href="/facts/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules/EVzoWXp9">C-130 Hercules</a> heavy lift aircraft also participated in the exercise. The purpose of the exercise was to practice the defence of the island chain and recapturing islands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a> </p> <h3>Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</h3> <p>For the effort to search for <a href="/facts/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370/3jHmssLC">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a>, the Commander-in-Chief Andaman and Nicobar Command was nominated as the Overall Force Commander of the Indian forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a> Surface and airborne assets from the Andaman and Nicobar Command took part in the effort. The ANC command contributed navy ships <a href="/facts/INS_Saryu_(P54)/7hFqcEJC">INS <i>Saryu</i></a>, <a href="/facts/INS_Kesari_(2005)/yvL5woBK">INS <i>Kesari</i></a> and <a href="/facts/INS_Kumbhir_(L22)/67GaTwJo">INS <i>Kumbhir</i></a>, and coast guard vessels <a href="/facts/Priyadarshini-class_patrol_vessel/CSq7lT9J">ICGS <i>Kanaklata Baruah</i></a>, ICGS <i>Bhikaji Cama</i> and <a href="/facts/Samar-class_offshore_patrol_vessel/GJXpd3Ub">ICGS <i>Sagar</i></a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Eastern_Naval_Command/cxRPvAAM">Eastern Naval Command</a> (ENC) also contributed <a href="/facts/Shivalik-class_frigate/hFPKAA9M">Shivalik-class frigates</a> <a href="/facts/INS_Satpura_(F48)/1JIrYhhW">INS <i>Satpura</i></a> and <a href="/facts/INS_Sahyadri/AQ8aQ2nM">INS <i>Sahyadri</i></a>, and patrol vessel <a href="/facts/INS_Batti_Malv_(T67)/qJRKfvlb">INS Batti Malv</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> For aerial maritime surveillance, the ANC command dedicated two navy <a href="/facts/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon/7n4qa5UA">Boeing P-8I Neptunes</a>, coast guard <a href="/facts/Dornier_228/nr66S4FK">Dornier 228</a>, and <a href="/facts/Indian_Air_Force/XbNJ5qcp">Indian Air Force</a> <a href="/facts/C-130J_Super_Hercules/Yl4G9B6Q">C-130J Super Hercules</a> from Port Blair, and navy <a href="/facts/Dornier_228/nr66S4FK">Dornier 228</a> from <a href="/facts/Car_Nicobar_Air_Force_Base/HcktcCt4">Car Nicobar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> along with air force <a href="/facts/Mil_Mi-17/hJpHCqoW">Mil Mi-17</a> from ENC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> Integrated entities <ul><li><a href="/facts/Defence_Planning_Committee/gLfHGCzH">Defence Planning Committee</a>, tri-services command at policy level with NSA as its chief</li> <li><a href="/facts/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)/kQStusk5">Chief of Defence Staff (India)</a>, professional head of the Indian Armed Forces</li> <li><a href="/facts/Integrated_Defence_Staff/fqwKlubf">Integrated Defence Staff</a>, tri-services command at strategic level composed of MoD, MEA and tri-services staff</li> <li><a href="/facts/Indian_Armed_Forces_Tri-Service_Commands/BrqaNydb">Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Northern_Theatre_Command_(India)/IMq8oYuk">Northern Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Western_Theatre_Command_(India)/YQvFHwC3">Western Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maritime_Theatre_Command/Ndtte24m">Maritime Theatre Command</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Air_Defence_Command_(India)/XFQpG850">Air Defence Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Strategic_Forces_Command/gAlfUjcF">Strategic Forces Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_Command_Authority_(India)/wSk7KBGX">Indian Nuclear Command Authority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Defence_Cyber_Agency/nDgxR20G">Defence Cyber Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Defence_Space_Agency/krpow2y6">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Armed_Forces_Special_Operations_Division/dueLCogv">Special Operations Division</a></li></ul></li></ul> Assets <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Indian_Air_Force_stations/p7bPafao">List of Indian Air Force stations</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Indian_Navy_bases/u4fQF7ag">List of Indian Navy bases</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships/7HcllpcU">List of active Indian Navy ships</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_countries_with_overseas_military_bases/e5nwn47z">India's overseas military bases</a></li></ul> General concepts <ul><li><a href="/facts/Joint_warfare/jJgXKfMr">Joint warfare</a>, general concept</li> <li><a href="/facts/Credible_minimum_deterrence/JzXlNsrd">Credible minimum deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_cyber_warfare_forces/hA3mEl9u">List of cyber warfare forces</a> of other nations</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://ids.nic.in/WebAbhiIDS/index.htm">Official web site</a></li> <li><a href="https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-indias-strategic-outpost/"><i>Andaman and Nicobar Islands: India's Strategic Outpost</i>, The Diplomat, Jeff M. Smith, 18 March 2014</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"How the Indian Navy can dominate the Indian Ocean". Rediff. 3 September 2012. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013. <a href="http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-the-indian-navy-can-dominate-the-indian-ocean/20120903.htm#1" target="_blank">http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-the-indian-navy-can-dominate-the-indian-ocean/20120903.htm#1</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Prakash, Admiral (Retd) Arun (2007). "India's Higher Defence Organisation" (PDF). Journal of Defence Studies, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. 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How can it curtail the benefits of the Malacca Strait?, Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis. <a href="https://idsa.in/askanexpert/geo-strategic-potential-of-the-great-channel" target="_blank">https://idsa.in/askanexpert/geo-strategic-potential-of-the-great-channel</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>India, Australia Could Sign Pact For A Military Base In Andaman's and Cocos Islands, Eurasian Times, 23 May 2020. <a href="https://eurasiantimes.com/india-australia-could-sign-pact-for-a-military-base-in-andamans-and-cocos-islands-experts/" target="_blank">https://eurasiantimes.com/india-australia-could-sign-pact-for-a-military-base-in-andamans-and-cocos-islands-experts/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>India's Strategic Dimensions in Malacca Strait By Vithiyapathy Purushothaman, 16 March 2015. <a href="https://www.c3sindia.org/defence-security/indias-strategic-dimensions-in-malacca-strait-by-vithiyapathy-p/" target="_blank">https://www.c3sindia.org/defence-security/indias-strategic-dimensions-in-malacca-strait-by-vithiyapathy-p/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>India and Australia sign military pact as China tensions rise, Asian Review, 4 June 2020. <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-Australia-sign-military-pact-as-China-tensions-rise" target="_blank">https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-Australia-sign-military-pact-as-China-tensions-rise</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>India and Australia sign military pact as China tensions rise, Asian Review, 4 June 2020. <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-Australia-sign-military-pact-as-China-tensions-rise" target="_blank">https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-Australia-sign-military-pact-as-China-tensions-rise</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>India and Australia sign military pact as China tensions rise, Asian Review, 4 June 2020. <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-Australia-sign-military-pact-as-China-tensions-rise" target="_blank">https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-Australia-sign-military-pact-as-China-tensions-rise</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>India, Australia Could Sign Pact For A Military Base In Andaman's and Cocos Islands, Eurasian Times, 23 May 2020. <a href="https://eurasiantimes.com/india-australia-could-sign-pact-for-a-military-base-in-andamans-and-cocos-islands-experts/" target="_blank">https://eurasiantimes.com/india-australia-could-sign-pact-for-a-military-base-in-andamans-and-cocos-islands-experts/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>India's Strategic Dimensions in Malacca Strait By Vithiyapathy Purushothaman, 16 March 2015. <a href="https://www.c3sindia.org/defence-security/indias-strategic-dimensions-in-malacca-strait-by-vithiyapathy-p/" target="_blank">https://www.c3sindia.org/defence-security/indias-strategic-dimensions-in-malacca-strait-by-vithiyapathy-p/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>India, Australia Could Sign Pact For A Military Base In Andaman's and Cocos Islands, Eurasian Times, 23 May 2020. <a href="https://eurasiantimes.com/india-australia-could-sign-pact-for-a-military-base-in-andamans-and-cocos-islands-experts/" target="_blank">https://eurasiantimes.com/india-australia-could-sign-pact-for-a-military-base-in-andamans-and-cocos-islands-experts/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>India's Strategic Dimensions in Malacca Strait By Vithiyapathy Purushothaman, 16 March 2015. <a href="https://www.c3sindia.org/defence-security/indias-strategic-dimensions-in-malacca-strait-by-vithiyapathy-p/" target="_blank">https://www.c3sindia.org/defence-security/indias-strategic-dimensions-in-malacca-strait-by-vithiyapathy-p/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>What is the geo-strategic potential of the Great Channel? How can it curtail the benefits of the Malacca Strait?, Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis. <a href="https://idsa.in/askanexpert/geo-strategic-potential-of-the-great-channel" target="_blank">https://idsa.in/askanexpert/geo-strategic-potential-of-the-great-channel</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>More muscle for India's Andaman and Nicobar defence posts to counter hawkish China, Hindustan Times, 26 Aug 2017. <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/more-muscle-for-india-s-andaman-and-nicobar-defence-posts-to-counter-hawkish-china/story-8YkEo28c3WZM9Lqq2iiJnK.html" target="_blank">https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/more-muscle-for-india-s-andaman-and-nicobar-defence-posts-to-counter-hawkish-china/story-8YkEo28c3WZM9Lqq2iiJnK.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>India's Strategic Dimensions in Malacca Strait By Vithiyapathy Purushothaman, 16 March 2015. <a 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