Sultanate of Rum

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Seljuk_Sultanate_of_Rum/caea5PAM">Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum</a>
<h3>Establishment</h3>
Since the 1030s, migratory Turkish groups in search of pastureland had penetrated Byzantine borders into Anatolia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> In the 1070s, after the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Manzikert/tdGFrPmu">battle of Manzikert</a>, the Seljuk commander <a href="/facts/Suleiman_ibn_Qutulmish/nuLvaAf9">Suleiman ibn Qutulmish</a>, a distant cousin of <a href="/facts/Alp_Arslan/voHjwupJ">Alp Arslan</a> and a former contender for the throne of the <a href="/facts/Seljuk_Empire/PIdMSP62">Seljuk Empire</a>, came to power in western <a href="/facts/Anatolia/vMkrLrPr">Anatolia</a>. Between 1075 and 1081, he gained control of the <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Empire/njEELXWF">Byzantine</a> cities of Nicaea (present-day <a href="/facts/%25C4%25B0znik/cWCY9N38">İznik</a>) and briefly also <a href="/facts/Nicomedia/YqNU3mxd">Nicomedia</a> (present-day <a href="/facts/%25C4%25B0zmit/DYG8z54T">İzmit</a>). Around two years later, he established a principality that, while initially a Byzantine <a href="/facts/Vassal_state/k9usEEMA">vassal state</a>, became increasingly independent after six to ten years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Nevertheless, it seems that Suleiman was tasked by Byzantine emperor <a href="/facts/Alexios_I_Komnenos/bL2N7ksM">Alexios I Komnenos</a> in 1085 to reconquer <a href="/facts/Antioch/Evq0VtjE">Antioch</a> and the former travelled there on a secret route, presumably guided by the Byzantines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
Suleiman tried, unsuccessfully, to conquer <a href="/facts/Aleppo/uFT6K2rS">Aleppo</a> in 1086, and died in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Ain_Salm/GWjsjakE">Battle of Ain Salm</a>, either fighting his enemies or by suicide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> In the aftermath, Suleiman's son <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_I/QEnHD2d0">Kilij Arslan I</a> was imprisoned and a general of his, <a href="/facts/Abu%2527l-Qasim_(Seljuk_governor_of_Nicaea)/eaH1sQvc">Abu'l-Qasim</a>, took power in Nicaea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Following the death of sultan <a href="/facts/Malik-Shah_I/3afAyHbD">Malik Shah</a> in 1092, Kilij Arslan was released and established himself in his father's territories between 1092 and 1094, possibly with the approval of Malik Shah's son and successor <a href="/facts/Berkyaruq/2HjoeYzv">Berkyaruq</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h3>Crusades</h3>
Kilij Arslan, although victorious against the <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Crusade/Tpq0Gy8X">People's Crusade</a> of 1096, was defeated by soldiers of the <a href="/facts/First_Crusade/aaQJ761j">First Crusade</a> and driven back into south-central Anatolia, where he set up his state with its capital in <a href="/facts/Konya/zsLtHPPE">Konya</a>. He defeated three Crusade contingents in the <a href="/facts/Crusade_of_1101/dn8yFyXU">Crusade of 1101</a>. In 1107, he ventured east and captured <a href="/facts/Mosul/RGzLjeb2">Mosul</a> but died the same year fighting Malik Shah's son, <a href="/facts/Muhammad_I_Tapar/0B7SBzXg">Mehmed Tapar</a>. He was the first Muslim commander against the crusades.
Meanwhile, another Rum Seljuk, <a href="/facts/Malik_Shah_(R%25C3%25BBm)/tuH5CBaE">Malik Shah</a> (not to be confused with the Seljuk sultan of the same name), captured Konya. In 1116 Kilij Arslan's son, <a href="/facts/Mesud_I/Ex22Pcte">Mesud I</a>, took the city with the help of the <a href="/facts/Danishmends/q1sEYrgL">Danishmends</a>. Upon Mesud's death in 1156, the sultanate controlled nearly all of central Anatolia.

The <a href="/facts/Second_Crusade/tD7lUYV2">Second Crusade</a> was announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other European nobles. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe. After crossing Byzantine territory into Anatolia, both armies were separately defeated by the Seljuk Turks. The main Western Christian source, Odo of Deuil, and Syriac Christian sources claim that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them. However, this alleged sabotage of the Crusade by the Byzantines was likely fabricated by Odo, who saw the Empire as an obstacle, and moreover Emperor Manuel had no political reason to do so. Louis and Conrad and the remnants of their armies reached Jerusalem and participated in 1148 in an ill-advised attack on Damascus, which ended in their retreat. In the end, the crusade in the east was a failure for the crusaders and a victory for the Muslims. It would ultimately have a key influence on the fall of Jerusalem and give rise to the Third Crusade at the end of the 12th century.

Mesud's son, <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_II/K42Hz79f">Kilij Arslan II</a>, is the first known Seljuk ruler who is known to have used the title of <a href="/facts/Sultan/4vdHlkdf">sultan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> and captured the remaining territories around <a href="/facts/Sivas/uWbfsTEJ">Sivas</a> and <a href="/facts/Malatya/kDh7B5Gh">Malatya</a> from the last of the Danishmends. At the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Myriokephalon/P3p4H589">Battle of Myriokephalon</a> in 1176, Kilij Arslan II also defeated a Byzantine army led by <a href="/facts/Manuel_I_Komnenos/60PKKtE0">Manuel I Komnenos</a>. Despite a temporary occupation of Konya in 1190 by the <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Empire/6mdobnXN">Holy Roman Empire</a>'s forces of the <a href="/facts/Third_Crusade/jUy9BYpC">Third Crusade</a>, the sultanate was quick to recover and consolidate its power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> During the last years of Kilij Arslan II's reign, the sultanate experienced a civil war with <a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_I/B95FlsbF">Kaykhusraw I</a> fighting to retain control and losing to his brother <a href="/facts/Suleiman_II_(R%25C3%25BBm)/kHhhPDJU">Suleiman II</a> in 1196.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
Following Kilij Arslan II's death, the sultanate was divided amongst his sons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Elbistan was given to <a href="/facts/Tughril_ibn_K%25C4%25B1l%25C4%25B1%25C3%25A7_Arslan_II/fr4v2PnL">Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II</a>, but when Erzurum was taken from the Saltukids at the start of the thirteenth century, he was installed there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Tughril governed Erzurum from 1192 to 1221.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> During 1211–1212, he broke free from the Seljuk state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> In 1230, <a href="/facts/Jahan_Shah_bin_Tughril/IGFwB4BR">Jahan Shah bin Tughril</a> who was allied to the Khwarazmshah Jalal al-Din, lost the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Yass%25C4%25B1%25C3%25A7emen/KkMWsA2X">Battle of Yassıçemen</a>, allowing for Erzurum to be annexed by the Seljuk sultanate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>

<a href="/facts/Suleiman_II_(R%25C3%25BBm)/kHhhPDJU">Suleiman II</a> rallied his vassal <a href="/facts/Emir/8zsf4AGp">emirs</a> and marched against Georgia, with an army of 150,000–400,000 and encamped in the <a href="/facts/Basiani/pxSvNQbp">Basiani</a> valley. <a href="/facts/Tamar_of_Georgia/uGwrKRxU">Tamar of Georgia</a> quickly marshaled an army throughout her possessions and put it under command of her consort, <a href="/facts/David_Soslan/PcL4PI3h">David Soslan</a>. Georgian troops under <a href="/facts/David_Soslan/PcL4PI3h">David Soslan</a> made a sudden advance into <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Basian/Sv1kD8gH">Basiani</a> and assailed the enemy's camp in 1203 or 1204. In a pitched battle, the Seljukid forces managed to roll back several attacks of the Georgians but were eventually overwhelmed and defeated. Loss of the sultan's banner to the Georgians resulted in a panic within the Seljuk ranks. Süleymanshah himself was wounded and withdrew to Erzurum. Both the Rum Seljuk and Georgian armies suffered heavy casualties, but coordinated flanking attacks won the battle for the Georgians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>[better source needed]
Suleiman II died in 1204<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> and was succeeded by his son <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_III/7dm1gI5G">Kilij Arslan III</a>, whose reign was unpopular.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Kaykhusraw I seized Konya in 1205 reestablishing his reign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Under his rule and those of his two successors, <a href="/facts/Kaykaus_I/etve1S8f">Kaykaus I</a> and <a href="/facts/Kayqubad_I/52dFXkoG">Kayqubad I</a>, Seljuk power in Anatolia reached its apogee. Kaykhusraw's most important achievement was the capture of the harbour of <a href="/facts/Antalya/pVSkzcaY">Attalia</a> (Antalya) on the Mediterranean coast in 1207. His son Kaykaus captured <a href="/facts/Sinop%2c_Turkey/Pyd3FyTS">Sinop</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> and made the <a href="/facts/Empire_of_Trebizond/QvbzwfVQ">Empire of Trebizond</a> his vassal in 1214.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> He also subjugated <a href="/facts/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia/gFPNErLo">Cilician Armenia</a> but in 1218 was forced to surrender the city of Aleppo, acquired from <a href="/facts/Al-Kamil/s26Xdm5K">al-Kamil</a>. <a href="/facts/Kayqubad_I/52dFXkoG">Ala Al-Din Kayqubad I</a> continued to acquire lands along the Mediterranean coast from 1221 to 1225.
In the 1220s, he sent an expeditionary force across the <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a> to <a href="/facts/Crimea/GkM1qNVC">Crimea</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> In the east he defeated the <a href="/facts/Mengujekids/XxChSG3F">Mengujekids</a> and began to put pressure on the <a href="/facts/Artuqids/P5R1CwmW">Artuqids</a>.

<h3>Mongol conquest</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia/UuElQDp5">Mongol conquest of Anatolia</a>

<a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_II/SgUW3UvQ">Kaykhusraw II</a> (1237–1246) began his reign by capturing the region around <a href="/facts/Diyarbak%25C4%25B1r/kHqcXpPe">Diyarbakır</a>, but in 1239 he had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named <a href="/facts/Baba_Ishak/GnWNyjAq">Baba Ishak</a>. After three years, when he had finally quelled the revolt, the Crimean foothold was lost and the state and the sultanate's army had weakened. It is in these conditions that he had to face a far more dangerous threat, that of the expanding <a href="/facts/Mongols/fb4zx1s8">Mongols</a>. The forces of the <a href="/facts/Mongol_Empire/cfddtfIK">Mongol Empire</a> took <a href="/facts/Erzurum/Vuq3dSQe">Erzurum</a> in 1242 and in 1243, the sultan was crushed by <a href="/facts/Baiju_Noyan/TfDyumcc">Baiju</a> in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_K%25C3%25B6se_Da%25C4%259F/w9IsH8gn">Battle of Köse Dağ</a> (a mountain between the cities of <a href="/facts/Sivas_Province/83bQdEyP">Sivas</a> and <a href="/facts/Erzincan/Y9sbJ7A2">Erzincan</a>), resulting in the Seljuk Turks being forced to swear allegiance to the Mongols and became their vassals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> The sultan himself had fled to <a href="/facts/Antalya/pVSkzcaY">Antalya</a> after the battle, where he died in 1246; his death started a period of tripartite, and then dual, rule that lasted until 1260.
The <a href="/facts/Seljuk_dynasty/68M4ryan">Seljuk</a> realm was divided among <a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_II/SgUW3UvQ">Kaykhusraw's</a> three sons. The eldest, <a href="/facts/Kaykaus_II/lEfEMQcS">Kaykaus II</a> (1246–1260), assumed the rule in the area west of the river <a href="/facts/K%25C4%25B1z%25C4%25B1l%25C4%25B1rmak_River/URkTUEFM">Kızılırmak</a>. His younger brothers, <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_IV/S17b3ycE">Kilij Arslan IV</a> (1248–1265) and <a href="/facts/Kayqubad_II/TRNXvVBG">Kayqubad II</a> (1249–1257), were set to rule the regions east of the river under Mongol administration. In October 1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near <a href="/facts/Aksaray/6rBXJqY3">Aksaray</a> and all of Anatolia became officially subject to <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25B6ngke_Khan/6vkqKvwe">Möngke Khan</a>. In 1260 Kaykaus II fled from Konya to Crimea where he died in 1279. Kilij Arslan IV was executed in 1265, and <a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_III/CLu6Rvl9">Kaykhusraw III</a> (1265–1284) became the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power exercised either by the Mongols or the sultan's influential regents.

The Seljuk state had started to split into small <a href="/facts/Emirate/y3NIp8XB">emirates</a> (<a href="/facts/Anatolian_beyliks/IPwH9JE0">beyliks</a>) that increasingly distanced themselves from both Mongol and Seljuk control. In 1277, responding to a call from Anatolia, the <a href="/facts/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)/AXAzz3Q7">Mamluk Sultan</a> <a href="/facts/Baibars/jduT4a9u">Baibars</a> raided Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Elbistan/TXDrEYHX">Battle of Elbistan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> temporarily replacing them as the administrator of the Seljuk realm. Following the ensuing chaos, the <a href="/facts/Karamanids/f10wAdhu">Karamanids</a> under <a href="/facts/Shams_al-Din_Mehmed/0gpQmIyq">Shams al-Din Mehmed</a> managed to capture <a href="/facts/Konya/zsLtHPPE">Konya</a>, briefly installing <a href="/facts/Jimri/uoIGoPWS">Jimri</a> as a puppet ruler of the Sultanate of Rum. Since the native forces who had called him to Anatolia did not manifest themselves for the defense of the land, Baibars soon had to return to his home base in <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, and the Mongol administration was re-assumed, officially and severely. Also, the <a href="/facts/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia/gFPNErLo">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> captured the Mediterranean coast from <a href="/facts/Gazipa%25C5%259Fa/NzW9TRGL">Selinos</a> to <a href="/facts/Silifke/88IRWbxX">Seleucia</a>, as well as the cities of <a href="/facts/Kahramanmara%25C5%259F/mghDPMcD">Marash</a> and <a href="/facts/Besni/IeV2XFWm">Behisni</a>, from the Seljuk in the 1240s.
Near the end of his reign, Kaykhusraw III could claim direct sovereignty only over lands around Konya. Some of the beyliks (including the early Ottoman state) and Seljuk governors of Anatolia continued to recognize, albeit nominally, the supremacy of the sultan in Konya, delivering the <a href="/facts/Khutbah/VKAFjrQD">khutbah</a> in the name of the sultans in Konya in recognition of their sovereignty, and the sultans continued to call themselves Fahreddin, the Pride of Islam. When Kaykhusraw III was executed in 1284, the Seljuk dynasty suffered another blow from internal struggles which lasted until 1303 when the son of Kaykaus II, <a href="/facts/Mesud_II/gkDsYWSM">Mesud II</a>, established himself as sultan in <a href="/facts/Kayseri/MxJCXkyy">Kayseri</a>. He was murdered in 1308 and his son Mesud III soon afterwards. A distant relative to the Seljuk dynasty momentarily installed himself as emir of Konya, but he was defeated and his lands conquered by the <a href="/facts/Karamanids/f10wAdhu">Karamanids</a> in 1328. The sultanate's monetary sphere of influence lasted slightly longer and coins of Seljuk mint, generally considered to be of reliable value, continued to be used throughout the 14th century, once again, including by the Ottomans.

<h2 id="culture-and-society">Culture and society</h2>
The Seljuk dynasty of Rum, as successors to the Great Seljuks, based its political, religious and cultural heritage on the <a href="/facts/Turco-Persian_tradition/cxmgd6Cn">Turco-Persian tradition</a> and <a href="/facts/Greco-Roman_world/17Wzn8n0">Greco-Roman world</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> even to the point of naming their sons with <a href="/facts/New_Persian/jfUYbHbt">New Persian</a> names.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The Seljuks of Rum had inherited the administrative method of Persian statecraft from the Seljuk Empire, which they would later pass on to the Ottomans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> Despites such influences, Seljuk art remained essentially Central Asian in character.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

As an expression of Turco-Persian culture,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Rum Seljuks patronized <a href="/facts/Persian_art/BM6Foe9y">Persian art</a>, <a href="/facts/Iranian_architecture/5E1dEuXW">architecture</a>, and <a href="/facts/Persian_literature/5lKzoLfm">literature</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Unlike the Seljuk Empire, the Seljuk sultans of Rum had Persian names such as <a href="/facts/Kay_Khosrow/b1EvDLF5">Kay Khosrow</a>, <a href="/facts/Kay_Kawad/3njTpxVG">Kay Kawad/Qobad</a>, and <a href="/facts/Kay_K%25C4%2581vus/r9pHr1Fp">Kay Kāvus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> The bureaucrats and religious elite of their realm were generally Persian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> In the 13th century, most Muslim inhabitants in major Anatolian urban hubs reportedly spoke Persian as their main language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
It was in the 13th century that the proneness of imitating Iran in terms of administration, religion and culture reached its zenith, encouraged by the major influx of Persian refugees fleeing Mongol invasions, who brought Persian culture with them and were instrumental in creating a "second Iran" in Anatolia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> Iranian cultural, political, and literary traditions deeply influenced Anatolia in the early 13th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> The notable historian <a href="/facts/Ibn_Bibi/9U2rAs3x">Ibn Bibi</a> composed a six-volume Persian language poetic work called the <a href="/facts/Sel%25C3%25A7ukname/mC1h4Bjh">Selçukname</a>, modeled after the <a href="/facts/Shahnamah/34GaVlKn">Shahnamah</a>, which focused on the Seljuk sultans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

Despite their Turkic origins, the Seljuks used Persian for administrative purposes; even their histories, which replaced Arabic, were in Persian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> Their usage of Turkish was hardly promoted at all.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Even Sultan <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_II/K42Hz79f">Kilij Arslan II</a>, as a child, spoke to courtiers in Persian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Khanbaghi states the Anatolian Seljuks were even more Persianized than the Seljuks that ruled the Iranian plateau.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> Persian poetry was written by sultans <a href="/facts/Suleiman_II_of_R%25C3%25BBm/kHhhPDJU">Suleiman II</a>, <a href="/facts/Kayqubad_I/52dFXkoG">Kayqubad I</a>, and <a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_II/SgUW3UvQ">Kaykhusraw II</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> Written documents used either Persian or Anatolian Turkic, but the army used the Turkic language exclusively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>
The <a href="/facts/Rahat_al-sudur/aGw0UsrL">Rahat al-sudur</a>, the history of the Great Seljuk Empire and its breakup, written in Persian by Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi, was dedicated to Sultan <a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_I/B95FlsbF">Kaykhusraw I</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Even the <a href="/facts/T%25C4%2581rikh-i_%25C4%2580l-i_Saldj%25C5%25ABq/q9feALBH">Tārikh-i Āl-i Saldjūq</a>, an anonymous history of the Sultanate of Rum, was written in Persian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> The sultans of Rum were largely not educated in Arabic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> This clearly limited the Arab influence, or at least the direct influence, to a relatively small degree.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> In contrast, Persian literature and Iranian influence expanded because most sultans and even a significant portion of the townspeople knew the language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
One of its most famous Persian writers, <a href="/facts/Rumi/GmDR4NXX">Rumi</a>, took his name from the name of the state. Moreover, Byzantine influence in the Sultanate was also significant, since Byzantine Greek aristocracy remained part of the Seljuk nobility, and the native Byzantine (Rûm) peasants remained numerous in the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> Based on their genealogy, it appears that the Seljuk sultans favored Christian <a href="/facts/Concubinage_in_Islam/bDCurUKv">slave-concubines</a>, just like the early Ottoman sultans. Within the <a href="/facts/Seljuk_harem/Xwy27HSl">Seljuk harem</a>, Greek women were the most dominant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> Cultural Turkification in Anatolia first started during the 14th-century, particularly during the gradual rise of the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottomans</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> With a population that included <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Greeks/QWe9G3mS">Byzantine Greeks</a>, <a href="/facts/Armenians/SxHfJF8N">Armenians</a>, <a href="/facts/Kurds/nfHFlVlq">Kurds</a>, Turks, and Persians, the Seljuks were very successful between 1220 and 1250 and set the groundwork for later Islamization of Anatolia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>

<h2 id="architecture">Architecture</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture/Qw9KnMbP">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a>

Architectural styles of the Sultanate of Rum were rather eclectic. The walls of Konya in particular, built by <a href="/facts/Kayqubad_I/52dFXkoG">Kayqubad I</a> (r.1220–1237), adopted many western decorative elements, such as a statue of <a href="/facts/Hercules/a0GTSxvm">Hercules</a>, a frieze from a Roman sarcophagus, courtly scenes with seated figures in toga, winged deities around the figure of the sun, mixed with inscriptions in Arabic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> It would seem that such symbolism mixing Western and Eastern elements was mostly derived from the influence of the <a href="/facts/Artuqids/P5R1CwmW">Artuqids</a>, who were adept at combining Classical and Perso-Islamic approaches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>
In their construction of <a href="/facts/Caravanserai/mwSkATtE">caravanserais</a>, <a href="/facts/Madrasa/zrCBh8dM">madrasas</a> and <a href="/facts/Mosque/U51uY78w">mosques</a>, the Rum Seljuks translated the Iranian Seljuk architecture of bricks and plaster into the use of stone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Among these, the caravanserais (or hans), used as stops, trading posts and defense for caravans, and of which about a hundred structures were built during the Anatolian Seljuk period, are particularly remarkable. Along with Persian influences, which had an indisputable effect,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> Seljuk architecture was inspired by local Byzantine architects, for example in the <a href="/facts/G%25C3%25B6k_Medrese%2c_Sivas/Tbjvn63C">Celestial Mosque in Sivas</a>, and by <a href="/facts/Armenian_architecture/BKn4ehhY">Armenian architecture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> Anatolian architecture represents some of the most distinctive and impressive constructions in the entire history of Islamic architecture. Later, this Anatolian architecture would be inherited by the <a href="/facts/Delhi_Sultanate/19oLzpBF">Sultanate of India</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>

The largest caravanserai is the <a href="/facts/Sultan_Han/IydvXm0r">Sultan Han</a> (built-in 1229) on the road between the cities of Konya and Aksaray, in the township of <a href="/facts/Sultanhan%25C4%25B1/AbHtjVk3">Sultanhanı</a>, covering 3,900 m2 (42,000 sq ft). Two caravanserais carry the name Sultan Han, <a href="/facts/Sultan_Han_(Kayseri)/D3zYUhA6">the other one</a> being between Kayseri and Sivas. Furthermore, apart from Sultanhanı, five other towns across Turkey owe their names to caravanserais built there. These are Alacahan in <a href="/facts/Kangal/LQIhGd8B">Kangal</a>, <a href="/facts/Dura%25C4%259Fan/VrTn5Asm">Durağan</a>, <a href="/facts/Hekimhan/DAjF4ypQ">Hekimhan</a> and <a href="/facts/Kad%25C4%25B1nhan%25C4%25B1/1YgE8gD6">Kadınhanı</a>, as well as the township of Akhan within the <a href="/facts/Denizli/BFMdUBEV">Denizli</a> metropolitan area. The caravanserai of Hekimhan is unique in having, underneath the usual inscription in <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> with information relating to the tower, two further inscriptions in <a href="/facts/Armenian_language/tELuE2wG">Armenian</a> and <a href="/facts/Syriac_language/mLhEtdSW">Syriac</a>, since it was constructed by the sultan <a href="/facts/Kayqubad_I/52dFXkoG">Kayqubad I</a>'s doctor (hekim), who is thought to have been a <a href="/facts/Conversion_to_Islam/m3QeGpVw">Christian convert to Islam</a>. 
There are other particular cases, like the settlement in Kalehisar contiguous to an ancient <a href="/facts/Hittites/jqG8LbLK">Hittite</a> site near <a href="/facts/Alaca%2c_%25C3%2587orum/EjqY1BjP">Alaca</a>, founded by the Seljuk commander Hüsameddin Temurlu, who had taken refuge in the region after the defeat in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_K%25C3%25B6se_Da%25C4%259F/w9IsH8gn">Battle of Köse Dağ</a> and had founded a township comprising a castle, a madrasa, a habitation zone and a caravanserai, which were later abandoned apparently around the 16th century. All but the caravanserai, which remains undiscovered, was explored in the 1960s by the art historian Oktay Aslanapa, and the finds as well as several documents attest to the existence of a vivid settlement in the site, such as a 1463 Ottoman <a href="/facts/Firman/1J3FaXjY">firman</a> which instructs the headmaster of the madrasa to lodge not in the school but in the caravanserai.
The Seljuk palaces, as well as their armies, were staffed with <a href="/facts/Ghilman/KMc7Ss2S">ghilmān</a> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: غِلْمَان), singular ghulam), slave-soldiers taken as children from non-Muslim communities, mainly Greeks from former Byzantine territories. The practice of keeping ghilmān may have offered a model for the later <a href="/facts/Dev%25C5%259Firme/WYIaer2g">devşirme</a> during the time of the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>

<h2 id="literature">Literature</h2>

The earliest known <a href="/facts/Persian_miniature/oStLoh4D">illustrated manuscript in the Persian language</a> is an early 13th century copy of the epic <a href="/facts/Varka_and_Golshah/VXCoR26W">Varka and Golshah</a>, which was most probably created in <a href="/facts/Konya/zsLtHPPE">Konya</a>, under the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.[70]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> It can be dated to circa 1250.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>
The miniatures represent typical Central Asian people, thickset with large round heads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> They also provide rare depictions of the contemporary military of the Seljuk period, and may have influenced other known depictions of Turkic Seljuk soldiers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> All depicted costumes and accoutrements are contemporary to the artist, in the 13th century CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> The miniatures constitute the first known example of illustrated Persian-language manuscript, dating from the pre-<a href="/facts/Mongol/fb4zx1s8">Mongol</a> era, and are useful in studying weapons of the period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> Particularly, metal face masks and chainmail helmets in Turkic fashion, and armor with small metal plates connected through straps, large round shields (the largest of them called "kite-shields") and long teardrop shields, armoured horses are depicted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> The weapons and armour types depicted in the miniatures were common in the Middle East and the Caucasus in the <a href="/facts/Seljuk_Empire/PIdMSP62">Seljuk</a> era.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>

<h2 id="numismatics">Numismatics</h2>
The earliest documented Rum Seljuq copper coins were made in the first part of the twelfth century in Konya and the eastern Anatolian emirates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> Extensive numismatic evidence suggests that, starting in the middle of the thirteenth century and continuing until the end of the Seljuk dynasty, silver-producing mints and silver coinage flourished, particularly in central and eastern Anatolia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>

Most of Kilij Arslan II's coins were minted in Konya between 1177–78 and 1195, with a small amount also occurring in Sivas, which the Rum Seljuks conquered from the Danishmendids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> Sivas may have started minting coins in 1185–1186.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> The majority of Kılıj Arslan II's coins are silver <a href="/facts/Dirham/IbGVE9y2">dirhams</a>; however, there are also a few <a href="/facts/Dinar/QJnLGQs8">dinars</a> and one or two <a href="/facts/Fals/9fIXnNL4">fulūs</a> (small copper coins) issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> Following his death the sultanate was divided among his sons. Muhyiddin Mesut, son of Kilij Arslan II, minted coins in the northwesterly cities of Ankara, Çankırı, Eskişehir, and Kaztamunu from 1186 to 1200.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> <a href="/facts/Tughril_ibn_K%25C4%25B1l%25C4%25B1%25C3%25A7_Arslan_II/fr4v2PnL">Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II</a>'s reign in Erzurum, another son of Kilij Arslan II, minted silver dirhams in 1211–1212.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>

The sun-lion and the equestrian are the two central motifs in the Rum Seljuq numismatic figural repertoire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> The image of a horseman with two more arrows ready and his bow taut represents strength and control and is a representation of the ideal Seljuq king of the Great Age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> The image initially appeared on Rum Seljuq copper coins in the late eleventh century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> The first to add equestrian iconography to silver and gold coins was <a href="/facts/Suleiman_II_of_R%25C3%25BBm/kHhhPDJU">Suleiman II of Rûm</a>(r. 1196–1204).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> Antalya minted coins with <a href="/facts/Kaykaus_I/etve1S8f">Kaykaus I</a>'s name from November 1261 to November 1262.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> Between 1211 and 1219, the bulk of his coins are minted at Konya and Sivas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a>
A significant portion of the Islamic Near East may have experienced a "silver famine" owing to little, or very little, silver mintings from the eleventh and most of the twelfth centuries. However, at the start of the thirteenth century a "silver flood" occurred in Rum Seljuq territory when Anatolian silver mines were discovered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> The fineness of Rum Seljuq <a href="/facts/Dirham/IbGVE9y2">dirhams</a> is similar to that of <a href="/facts/Dinar/QJnLGQs8">dinars</a>; frequently, both were struck using the same dies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> The Seljuq silver coinage's superior quality and prominence contributed to the dynasty's affluence throughout the early part of the thirteenth century and explains why it served as a kind of anchor for the local "currency community."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> The <a href="/facts/Empire_of_Trebizond/QvbzwfVQ">Empire of Trebizond</a> and <a href="/facts/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia/gFPNErLo">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> silver coins were modeled after the fineness and weight specifications of Rum Seljuq coins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a>

<h2 id="dynasty">Dynasty</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Seljuk_dynasty/68M4ryan">Seljuk dynasty</a>

As regards with the names of the sultans, there are variants in form and spelling depending on the preferences displayed by one source or the other, either for fidelity in <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Arabic/A760zaoa">transliterating</a> the <a href="/facts/Persian_alphabet/4DvPdTDe">Persian variant</a> of the <a href="/facts/Arabic_script/GB5gsj1F">Arabic script</a> which the sultans used, or for a rendering corresponding to the modern <a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a> phonology and orthography. Some sultans had two names that they chose to use alternatively in reference to their legacy. While the two palaces built by Alaeddin Keykubad I carry the names <a href="/facts/Kubadabad_Palace/QJx8tnyT">Kubadabad Palace</a> and Keykubadiye Palace, he named his mosque in Konya as <a href="/facts/Al%25C3%25A2eddin_Mosque/rLdwNtpF">Alâeddin Mosque</a> and the port city of <a href="/facts/Alanya/phVBtlDv">Alanya</a> he had captured as "<a href="/facts/Alaiye/pM3GSSXl">Alaiye</a>". Similarly, the medrese built by <a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_I/B95FlsbF">Kaykhusraw I</a> in Kayseri, within the complex (<a href="/facts/K%25C3%25BClliye/N7UrszzM">külliye</a>) dedicated to his sister <a href="/facts/Gevher_Nesibe/skyK5hDb">Gevher Nesibe</a>, was named Gıyasiye Medrese, and the one built by <a href="/facts/Kaykaus_I/etve1S8f">Kaykaus I</a> in Sivas as Izzediye Medrese. 

<table><tbody><tr><th>Sultan</th><th>Reign</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td>1. <a href="/facts/Qutalmish/XI8rauGh">Qutalmish</a></td><td>1060–1064</td><td>Contended with <a href="/facts/Alp_Arslan/voHjwupJ">Alp Arslan</a> for succession to the <a href="/facts/Seljuk_Empire/PIdMSP62">Imperial Seljuk</a> throne.</td></tr><tr><td>2. <a href="/facts/Suleiman_ibn_Qutulmish/nuLvaAf9">Suleiman ibn Qutulmish</a></td><td>1075–1077 <a href="/facts/De_facto/3Du6WQKh">de facto</a> rules Turkmen around <a href="/facts/%25C4%25B0znik/cWCY9N38">İznik</a> and <a href="/facts/%25C4%25B0zmit/DYG8z54T">İzmit</a>;1077–1086 recognised Sultan of <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25BBm/ctEcYbjR">Rûm</a> by <a href="/facts/Malik-Shah_I/3afAyHbD">Malik-Shah I</a> of the <a href="/facts/Great_Seljuks/PIdMSP62">Great Seljuks</a></td><td>Founder of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate with capital in İznik</td></tr><tr><td>3. <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_I/QEnHD2d0">Kilij Arslan I</a></td><td>1092–1107</td><td>First sultan in <a href="/facts/Konya/zsLtHPPE">Konya</a></td></tr><tr><td>4. <a href="/facts/Malik_Shah_(R%25C3%25BBm)/tuH5CBaE">Malik Shah</a></td><td>1107–1116</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5. <a href="/facts/Mesud_I/Ex22Pcte">Mesud I</a></td><td>1116–1156</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6. <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_II/K42Hz79f">'Izz al-Din Kilij Arslan II</a></td><td>1156–1192</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7. <a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_I/B95FlsbF">Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I</a></td><td>1192–1196</td><td>First reign</td></tr><tr><td>8. <a href="/facts/Suleiman_II_(R%25C3%25BBm)/kHhhPDJU">Rukn al-Din Suleiman II</a></td><td>1196–1204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9. <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_III/7dm1gI5G">Kilij Arslan III</a></td><td>1204–1205</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(7.) <a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_I/B95FlsbF">Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I</a></td><td>1205–1211</td><td>Second reign</td></tr><tr><td>10. <a href="/facts/Kaykaus_I/etve1S8f">'Izz al-Din Kayka'us I</a></td><td>1211–1220</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11. <a href="/facts/Kayqubad_I/52dFXkoG">'Ala al-Din Kayqubad I</a></td><td>1220–1237</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12. <a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_II/SgUW3UvQ">Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II</a></td><td>1237–1246</td><td>After his death, sultanate split until 1260 when <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_IV/S17b3ycE">Kilij Arslan IV</a> remained the sole ruler</td></tr><tr><td>13. <a href="/facts/Kaykaus_II/lEfEMQcS">'Izz al-Din Kayka'us II</a></td><td>1246–1262</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>14. <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_IV/S17b3ycE">Rukn al-Din Kilij Arslan IV</a></td><td>1249–1266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15. <a href="/facts/Kayqubad_II/TRNXvVBG">'Ala al-Din Kayqubad II</a></td><td>1249–1254</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16. <a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_III/CLu6Rvl9">Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III</a></td><td>1266–1284</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>17. <a href="/facts/Mesud_II/gkDsYWSM">Giyath al-Din Masud II</a></td><td>1282–1296</td><td>First reign</td></tr><tr><td>18. <a href="/facts/Kayqubad_III/2hD1T6oR">'Ala al-Din Kayqubad III</a></td><td>1298–1302</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(17.) <a href="/facts/Mesud_II/gkDsYWSM">Giyath al-Din Masud II</a></td><td>1303–1308</td><td>Second reign</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h3>Family tree</h3>
The colors of the boxes are as follows
  <a href="/facts/Seljuks_of_Anatolia/FxM7T3tz">Seljuks of Anatolia</a> :
  <a href="/facts/Great_Seljuk/PIdMSP62">Great Seljuk</a>:
  Non reigning members:

<table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tuqaq/Cmob9Gov">Tukak TemurYalig Beg</a>Commander-in-chief of <a href="/facts/Oghuz_Yabgu_State/ftDR7N3d">The Oghuz army</a> or <a href="/facts/Khazars/KwRflVop">Khazar army</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Seljuk_(warlord)/11hWsHTh">Seljuk Beg</a>The founder of <a href="/facts/Seljuk_dynasty/68M4ryan">Seljuk dynasty</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Arslan_Yabgu/YoslVtFf">Arslan Yabgu</a>Chief of <a href="/facts/Seljuk_dynasty/68M4ryan">Seljuk dynasty</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mikail_(son_of_Seljuk)/bq2UYnCa">Mikail</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Musa Yabgu</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Yunus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Qutalmish/XI8rauGh">Qutalmish</a>Father of <a href="/facts/Suleyman_I_of_Rum/nuLvaAf9"> the founder</a> of<a href="/facts/Anatolian_Seljuk_Sultanate/FxM7T3tz">Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Toghrul_I/c4LeXBVo">Toghrul I</a>Sultan of <a href="/facts/Great_Seljuk/PIdMSP62">Great Seljuk</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chaghri_Beg/7Qsv2Y0D">Chaghri-Beg</a><a href="/facts/Greater_Khorasan/YjgsyBbe">Governor of Khorasan</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Suleyman_I_of_Rum/nuLvaAf9">Suleyman I of Rum</a>(1077–1086)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alp_Arslan/voHjwupJ">Alp Arslan</a>Sultan of <a href="/facts/Great_Seljuk/PIdMSP62">Great Seljuk</a></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_I/QEnHD2d0">Kilij Arslan I</a>(1092–1107)</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mesut_I/Ex22Pcte">Mesut I</a>(1116–1156)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malik_Shah_(R%25C3%25BBm)/tuH5CBaE">Melikshah</a>(1110–1116)</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_II/K42Hz79f">Kilij Arslan II</a>(1156–1192)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Suleiman_II_(R%25C3%25BBm)/kHhhPDJU">Suleyman II</a>(1196–1204)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Keyhusrev_I/B95FlsbF">Keyhusrev I</a>(1192–1196) & (1205–1211)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_III/7dm1gI5G">Kilij Arslan III</a>(1204–1205)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Keykaus_I/etve1S8f">Keykaus I</a>(1211–1220)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kayqubad_I/52dFXkoG">Ala Al-Din Kayqubad I</a>(1220–1237)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Keyhusrev_II/SgUW3UvQ">Keyhusrev II</a>(1237–1246)</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_IV/S17b3ycE">Kilij Arslan IV</a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> (1249–1266)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kaykaus_II/lEfEMQcS">Keykaus II</a>(1246–1257)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kayqubad_II/TRNXvVBG">Kayqubad II</a>(1249–1254)</td></tr><tr></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Keyhusrev_III/CLu6Rvl9">Keyhusrev III</a>(1266–1284)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Faramurz</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mesut_II/gkDsYWSM">Mesut II</a>(1284–1296) & (1303-1307)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kayqubad_III/2hD1T6oR">Kayqubad III</a>(1296–1302)</td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Comparative genealogy</h3>
<table><tbody><tr><th>The comparative genealogy of the Sultanate of Rûm with their contemporary neighbors in <a href="/facts/Central_Asia/rB8k0CyT">Central Asia</a> </th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tuqaq/Cmob9Gov">Tuqaq TemurBeg</a>Commander-in-chief of the Oghuz army</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ma%2527munid_dynasty/6aXRS0nJ">Ma'munid</a> rulers in <a href="/facts/Chorasmia/DIhw5ofr">Chorasmia</a>(r. 995–1117)</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Seljuk_(warlord)/11hWsHTh">Seljuk Beg</a>The founder of Seljuk dynasty</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Altun_Tash/XhMh9Xj5">Altun Tash</a>(1017–1032)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Arslan_Yabgu/YoslVtFf">Arslan Yabgu</a>Chief of Seljuk dynasty</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mikail_(son_of_Seljuk)/bq2UYnCa">Mikail ibn Seljuk</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">The mother ofToghrul I, Chaghri,Ibrahim & Artash</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Yûsuf Inal<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Yûnus<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Mûsâ<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>(İnanç)Yabgu</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Harun%2c_Ghaznavid_Governor_of_Khwarezm/YuNCeqjj">Harun</a>(r. 1032–1035)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ismail_Khandan/5L0UW2hA">Ismail Khandan</a>(r. 1035–1041)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Rasūl Tagīn<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Qutalmish/XI8rauGh">Qutalmish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>Father of the founder of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Toghrul_I/c4LeXBVo">Toghrul Beg</a>First sultan ofthe Seljuks(r. 1037–1063)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chaghri_Beg/7Qsv2Y0D">Chaghri Beg</a>Co-ruler ofthe Seljuk dynasty</td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ibrahim_Inal/6Ns2SvBq">Ibrahim Inal</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Artash Inal<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Abu Ali Hasan Yabgu<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Yûsuf,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> Kara Arslan, Abu Bakr, Umar, Bori & Dawlatshah</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Shah_Malik/R9hYqT29">Shah Malik</a>(r. 1041–1042)</td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Mānsūr<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a href="/facts/Suleyman_I_of_Rum/nuLvaAf9">Suleyman I Shah</a> of <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25BBm/ctEcYbjR">Rûm</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a>(r. 1077–1086)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Alp Ilig and Dawlat<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Suleiman<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a>(r. 1063)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alp_Arslan/voHjwupJ">Alp Arslan</a>(r. 1063–1072)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kavurt/j5DLXhtG">Kavurt</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> Beg(r. 1048–1073)Kirman <a href="/facts/Kerman_Seljuk_Sultanate/67A7xlXu">Seljuks</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Great_Seljuk/PIdMSP62">Seljuk rule</a> in <a href="/facts/Khwarazm/DIhw5ofr">Khwarazm</a>(r. 1042–1077)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Abu%2527l-Qasim_(Seljuk_governor_of_Nicaea)/eaH1sQvc">Abu'l-Qasim</a> (<a href="/facts/%25C4%25B0znik/cWCY9N38">İznik</a>)(r. 1086–1092)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Abu'l Ghazi Hasan Bey (<a href="/facts/Kayseri/MxJCXkyy">Kayseri</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malik-Shah_I/3afAyHbD">Malik-Shah I</a>(r. 1072–1092)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Kīrmān<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> Shah(r. 1073–1074)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Sultan Shah<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a>(r. 1074–1085)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Turan I Shah<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a>(r. 1085–1097)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Anushtegin_Gharchai/ATyUldp0">Anūsh Tekīn</a>(r. 1077–1097)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Ayisha<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a> Khātun(r. in <a href="/facts/Malatya/kDh7B5Gh">Malatya</a>)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_I/QEnHD2d0">Kilij Arslan I</a>(r. 1092–1107)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Kulan Arslan (Dāvûd)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mahmud_I_of_Great_Seljuk/2JQ8M53P">Mahmud I</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a>(r. 1092–1094)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Barkiyaruq/2HjoeYzv">Barkiyaruq</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a>(r. 1092–1104)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Arslan_Shah_I/MDVlQtKq">Arslan Shah I</a>(r. 1101–1142)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Muhammad I Mālīk Shah(r. 1142–1156)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Iranshah_ibn_Turanshah/aBBbXVqJ">Îrânshah</a>(r. 1097–1101)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ekinchi_(Khwarazm_Shah)/UtsVvpRI">Ekinchi</a>(r. 1097)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Toghrul Arslan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a>(r. <a href="/facts/Malatya/kDh7B5Gh">1107–1124</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malik_Shah_(R%25C3%25BBm)/tuH5CBaE">Malīk Shah</a> of <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25BBm/ctEcYbjR">Rûm</a>(r. 1110–1116)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Muhammad_I_Tapar/0B7SBzXg">Muhammad I Tapar</a>(r. 1105–1118)</td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malik-Shah_II/xjTByQz3">Malik-Shah II</a>(r. 1104–1105)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Toghrul Shah<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a>(r. 1156–1170)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Bahrām Shah(r. 1170–1175)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a>Arslan II Shah(r. 1170–1177)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Turan II Shah(r. 1177–1183)<a href="/facts/Muhammad-Shah_ibn_Bahram-Shah/q2yajaPs">Muhammad II</a>(r. 1183–1187)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Qutbū'd-Dīn<a href="/facts/Muhammad_I_of_Khwarazm/RgUyrweP">Muhammad</a>(r. 1097–1127)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/G%25C3%25BCnd%25C3%25BCz_Alp/Do67evkE">Gündüz Alp</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Rukn ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Mesud_I/Ex22Pcte">Mas'ūd I</a>(r. 1116–1156)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Malīk Arab<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> (r. 1116–1127) in <a href="/facts/Ankara/llGIJ0vj">Ankara</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ahmad_Sanjar/4Yq5Snrl">Ahmad Sanjar</a>(r. 1118–1153)Last Sultan of The <a href="/facts/Great_Seljuk/PIdMSP62">Great Seljuk</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mahmud_II_of_Great_Seljuk/NgJjo0yK">Mahmud II</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a>(r. 1118–1131)<a href="/facts/Seljuk_dynasty/68M4ryan">First sultan</a> ofThe <a href="/facts/Persian_Iraq/IaSfbkvx">Iraqi</a> <a href="/facts/Seljuks/68M4ryan">Seljuks</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tughril_II/JGf9GNJp">Toghrul II</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a>(r. 1132–1134)<a href="/facts/Masud_of_Great_Seljuq/km92Txs4">Masud</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a>(r. 1134–1152)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Suleiman-Shah/mQkVfxoP">Suleiman-Shah</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a>(r. 1159–1160)</td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Qizil_Arslan/tyc0QhrJ">Qizil Arslan</a>(r. 1191)de facto ruler of <a href="/facts/Toghrul_III/JzX2alf0">Toghrul III</a><a href="/facts/Atabeg/5BJQRDdP">Atabeg</a> of the <a href="/facts/Eldiguzids/Fg59WwD0">Eldiguzids</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Atsiz/Cv3ghYf5">Ātsız</a>(r. 1127–1156)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Danismendli/q1sEYrgL">Danismendli</a> Grooms <a href="/facts/Ya%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1basan/8To0Huzl">Yağıbasan</a> (<a href="/facts/Sivas/uWbfsTEJ">Sivas</a>) & <a href="/facts/Melik_Z%25C3%25BCnnun/EpJd045C">ZūnNūn</a> (<a href="/facts/Kayseri/MxJCXkyy">Kayseri</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">ʿIzz ad-Dīn<a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_II/K42Hz79f">Kilij Arslan II</a>(r. 1156–1192)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Malīk Shāhīn Shāh (<a href="/facts/Ankara/llGIJ0vj">Ankara</a>, <a href="/facts/%25C3%2587ank%25C4%25B1r%25C4%25B1/Ck5ptV2Y">Çankırı</a>, <a href="/facts/Kastamonu/H7UtsqvI">Kastamonu</a>); Daulat</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Dawud<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a>(r. 1131–1132)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malik-Shah_III/juW863Gt">Malik-Shah III</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a>(r. 1152–1153)<a href="/facts/Muhammad_II_of_Great_Seljuq/rFmuEucX">Muhammad II</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a>(r. 1153–1159)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Arslan-Shah<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a>(r. 1160–1177)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Toghrul_III/JzX2alf0">Toghrul III</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a>(r. 1177–1191, 1192–1194)<a href="/facts/Seljuk_dynasty/68M4ryan">Last sultan</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Il-Arslan)/DxUR6v2Q">Terken Khatun</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Tāj ad-Dīn<a href="/facts/Il-Arslan/PRUaRyqN">İl-Arslan</a>(r. 1156–1172)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Rukn ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Suleyman_II_of_Rum/kHhhPDJU">Suleyman II Shah</a> of <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25BBm/ctEcYbjR">Rûm</a>(r. 1196–1204)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">The mothers ofʿIzz ad-Dīn<a href="/facts/Keykaus_I/etve1S8f">Kay Kāwus I</a> andJalāl ad-Dīn Kay Farīdûn</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Ghiyāth ad-Dīn<a href="/facts/Keyhusrev_I/B95FlsbF">Kay Khusraw I</a>(r. 1192–1196) &(r. 1205–1211)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Manuel_Maurozomes/IS8VlLFt">Dawlat Raziya Khatun</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Malīka İsmetū'd-Dīn<a href="/facts/Gevher_Nesibe/skyK5hDb">Gevher Nesibe Sultan</a></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Qutb/5SBdExcs">Qutb</a>ū'd-DīnMalīk Shāh (<a href="/facts/Sivas/uWbfsTEJ">Sivas</a>, <a href="/facts/Aksaray/6rBXJqY3">Aksaray</a>)Arslan Shāh(<a href="/facts/Ni%25C4%259Fde/XB5zWY7L">Niğde</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Ala_ad-Din_Tekish)/AjSUfJBo">Terken Khatun</a>de facto ruler of <a href="/facts/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm/GK8a2Jq0">Muhammad</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Ala_ad-Din_Tekish/noBNxABg">Takish</a>(r. 1172–1200)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Jalāl ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Sultan_Shah_of_Khwarezm/dhFWYh0n">Sultān Shāh</a>(r. 1172–1193)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_III/7dm1gI5G">Kilij Arslan III</a>(r. 1204–1205)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">ʿIzz ad-Dīn<a href="/facts/Keykaus_I/etve1S8f">Kay Kāwus I</a>(r. 1211–1220)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hunat_Hatun_Complex/7jFKhkaq">Hunad</a>-Māh Pari Khātun of <a href="/facts/Kir_Fard/2CqGIe8G">Kir Fard</a> of <a href="/facts/Alanya_Castle/CA2p1dMl">Alanya Castle</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn<a href="/facts/Keykubat_I/52dFXkoG">Kay Qubād I</a>(r. 1220–1237)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Al-Adil_I/kQVXPuS6">Malīka Ādīla Ghāzīya Khātun</a> of <a href="/facts/Ayyubids/VA05JAwy">Ayyubids</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Muhyi'd-Dīn Masud Shāh (<a href="/facts/Ankara/llGIJ0vj">Ankara</a>, <a href="/facts/%25C3%2587ank%25C4%25B1r%25C4%25B1/Ck5ptV2Y">Çankırı</a>, <a href="/facts/Eski%25C5%259Fehir/nlelBy99">Eskişehir</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Nurū'd-[Dīn Mahmud Sultān Shāh (<a href="/facts/Kayseri/MxJCXkyy">Kayseri</a>)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm/GK8a2Jq0">Muhammad</a>(r. 1200–1220)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Jalāl ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu/Dvf1ArgV">Mangubardī</a>(r. 1220–1231)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Jalāl ad-DīnKay Farīdûn(<a href="/facts/Koyulhisar/v1xnSURC">Koyulhisar</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Shams_al-Din_Isfahani/tHTDzXsU">Sāhīp Shamsad-Dīn Īsfahānī (1246–1249)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Bardūlīya Khātun (Prodoulia)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Ghiyāth ad-Dīn<a href="/facts/Keyhusrev_II/SgUW3UvQ">Kay Khusraw II</a>(r. 1237–1246)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Gurju_Khatun/ITNlYKIl">Gurju Khatun</a> (<a href="/facts/Bagrationi_dynasty/2SRC5G8a">Bagrationi dynasty</a> of <a href="/facts/Georgians/dq2Sd3Cw">Georgians</a>)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Mu‘in ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Mu%25E2%2580%2598in_al-Din_Suleyman/6dGQHHuc">Suleyman</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> (<a href="/facts/Perv%25C3%25A2ne/6dGQHHuc">Parwāna</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">ʿIzz ad-DīnKilij Arslan,Rukn ad-Dīn and two daughters</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Mugisū'd-Dīn Toghrul Shāh (<a href="/facts/Elbistan/ub1JPL6e">Elbistan</a>)Muizū'd-Dīn Kāysar Shāh (<a href="/facts/Malatya/kDh7B5Gh">Malatya</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/%25C3%2596gedei/RMh89CYN">Ögedei</a> established the <a href="/facts/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia/tDSoM5g4">Mongol rule</a>in <a href="/facts/Mongol_conquest_of_Khwarezmia/CNRmMCMF">Khwarezmia</a>(r. 1229–1241)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Karîm ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Ker%25C3%25AEmeddin_Karaman_Bey/mc2CVSrT">Karaman Bey</a>(r. 1256–1263)(<a href="/facts/Karamanids/f10wAdhu">Karamanoğulları</a><a href="/facts/Anatolian_beyliks/IPwH9JE0">Anatolian Beylik</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Unknown son<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">ʿIzz ad-Dīn<a href="/facts/Kaykaus_II/lEfEMQcS">Kay Kāwus II</a> <a href="/facts/Shams_al-Din_Isfahani/tHTDzXsU">(1246–1249)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> (r.1249–1254) & (r. 1254–1262)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Rukn ad-Dīn<a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_IV/S17b3ycE">Kilij Arslan IV</a>(r.1249–1254) & (r. 1257–1262) & <a href="/facts/Perv%25C3%25A2ne/6dGQHHuc">(1262–1266)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Kayqubad_II/TRNXvVBG">Kay Qubād II</a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> (r.1249–1254)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Perv%25C3%25A2neo%25C4%259Flu/ctt9ueRy">Pervâneoğulları</a> <a href="/facts/Anatolian_beyliks/IPwH9JE0">Anatolian Beylik</a> (established in<a href="/facts/Sinop%2c_Turkey/Pyd3FyTS">Sinop</a> in 1277)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Nizāmū'd-Dīn Argun Shāh (<a href="/facts/Amasya/7SMeJ9vz">Amasya</a>)Sanjar Shāh(<a href="/facts/Ere%25C4%259Fli%2c_Konya/tosXUdWu">Ereğli</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Nasirū'd-Dīn Barkyāruk Shāh (<a href="/facts/Niksar/yMeacLll">Niksar</a>, <a href="/facts/Koyulhisar/v1xnSURC">Koyulhisar</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/M%25C3%25B6ngke/6vkqKvwe">Möngke</a> appointed <a href="/facts/Hulagu/AFGAPPnc">Hulagu</a>, the son of <a href="/facts/Tolui/7hukrWdz">Tolui</a>, as <a href="/facts/Il_khan/ukltWdQk">Il khan</a> of the <a href="/facts/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire/wChk1Nv3">Mongol Empire</a> in 1253</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Karamanids/f10wAdhu">Karamanoğlu</a> Shams ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Mehmet_I_of_Karaman/0gpQmIyq">Mehmed Bey</a> (Grand Vizier of ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Sīyāvuş)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Sīyāvuş(15 May 1277 – 20 June 1277) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> or <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a>(24 April 1279 – 30 May 1279)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Ghiyāth ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Mesud_II/gkDsYWSM">Mas'ūd II</a> (r. 1282–1284) & (r. 1284–1296)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Farāmurz</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Ghiyāth ad-Dīn<a href="/facts/Keyhusrev_III/CLu6Rvl9">Kay Khusraw III</a>(r. 1266–1282) & (r. 1282–1284)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Mu‘in ad-Dīn Mehmed(r. 1277–1297)</td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Mū'hazzabūd-Dīn Ali</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kubilai/jkAtyU4h">Kubilai</a> endorsed <a href="/facts/Abaqa/2lI1V6ze">Abaqa</a>, the son of <a href="/facts/Hulagu/AFGAPPnc">Hulagu</a>, as <a href="/facts/Il-Khan/ukltWdQk">Il-Khan</a> in 1270(r. 1265–1282)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ahmad_Tekuder/GC3mCdAu">Ahmad Tagüdar</a>(r. 1282–1284)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/U%25C3%25A7_bey/0HkWepf7">Uç</a> <a href="/facts/Beylik_of_Osman/IWb7h4Hz">Beylik of</a> <a href="/facts/Ottoman_dynasty/YXgSxwGj">Osman</a> established</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Keykubat_III/2hD1T6oR">Kay Qubād III</a>(r. 1298–1302)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Mū'hazzabūd-Dīn Masūd(r. 1297–1300)</td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Taraqay</td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Arghun/LtcgvAJu">Arghun</a>(r. 1284–1291)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Gaykhatu/mERU14YS">Gaykhatu</a>(r. 1291–1295)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Osman_I/mtdkpg6M">Osman</a> of <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Turks/q4wBrzH9">Ottomans</a>(r. 1299–1323/4)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Ghiyāth ad-Dīn <a href="/facts/Mesud_II/gkDsYWSM">Mas'ūd II</a>(r. 1303–1308)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Gazi_Chelebi/lTKnop7W">Gazi Chelebi</a>(r. 1300–1322)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Baydu/47m40LJk">Baydu</a>(r. 1295)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ghazan/fcahBwSX">Ghazan</a>(r. 1295–1304)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/%25C3%2596ljait%25C3%25BC/dQvqyJjd">Öljaitü</a>(r. 1304–1316)</td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table></td><td><ul><li>The list of important historical events</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/Chaghri_Beg/7Qsv2Y0D">Chaghri Beg</a> defeated <a href="/facts/Khwarazmshah/RfjamtNJ">Shah</a>-<a href="/facts/Shah_Malik/R9hYqT29">Malik ibn Ali</a> in <a href="/facts/Makran/9fEWvWRd">Makran</a> in 1042 and ended <a href="/facts/Ghaznevid/SvV50a1J">Ghaznevid</a> rule in <a href="/facts/Khwarazm/DIhw5ofr">Khwarazm</a></li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>Establishment</li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/Alp_Arslan/voHjwupJ">Alp Arslan</a> defeated <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Emperor/zofQz7f7">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/facts/Romanos_IV_Diogenes/0IEhImkt">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Malazgirt/tdGFrPmu">Battle of Malazgirt</a> in 1071</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>The <a href="/facts/First_Crusade/aaQJ761j">First Crusade</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Crusade_of_1101/dn8yFyXU">Crusade of 1101</a></li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/Second_Crusade/tD7lUYV2">Second Crusade</a></li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li>.</li><li> <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_II/K42Hz79f">ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kilij Arslān</a> defeated <a href="/facts/Manuel_I_Komnenos/60PKKtE0">Manuel I Komnenos</a> in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Myriokephalon/P3p4H589">Battle of Myriokephalon</a></li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/Third_Crusade/jUy9BYpC">Third Crusade</a></li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/Ala_ad-Din_Tekish/noBNxABg">Ala ad-Din Tekish</a>-<a href="/facts/Khwarazmshah/RfjamtNJ">Khwarazmshah</a> ended The <a href="/facts/Great_Seljuk_Empire/PIdMSP62">Great Seljuk Empire</a> in <a href="/facts/Ray%2c_Iran/PMXMXfFs">Ray</a>, <a href="/facts/Greater_Khorasan/YjgsyBbe">Khorasan</a> in 1194</li><li>.</li><li>Zenith of <a href="/facts/Anatolian_Seljuks/FxM7T3tz">Anatolian Seljuks</a></li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/Kayqubad_the_Great/52dFXkoG">Kayqubad the Great</a> defeated <a href="/facts/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu/Dvf1ArgV">Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu</a> in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Yass%25C4%25B1%25C3%25A7imen/KkMWsA2X">Battle of Yassıçimen</a> in 1230</li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/Chormaqan/dRGWmonE">Chormaqan</a> defeated <a href="/facts/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu/Dvf1ArgV">Mangubartī</a> in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Indus/zynmnUl3">Battle of Indus</a> on August 1231 and ended <a href="/facts/Mongol_conquest_of_Khwarezmia/CNRmMCMF">Khwarazmshahs</a></li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/Babai_Revolt/07hsWlhs">Babai Revolt</a></li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/Baiju_Noyan/TfDyumcc">Baiju Noyan</a> defeated <a href="/facts/Kaykhusraw_II/SgUW3UvQ">Kay Khusraw II</a> in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_K%25C3%25B6seda%25C4%259F/w9IsH8gn">Battle of Kösedağ</a> in 1243 and <a href="/facts/Anatolian_Seljuks/FxM7T3tz">Anatolian Seljuks</a> became a <a href="/facts/Vassal_state/k9usEEMA">vassal state</a> of <a href="/facts/Mongol_Empire/cfddtfIK">Mongol Empire</a></li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/G%25C3%25BCy%25C3%25BCk/1hpxo8ru">Güyük</a> designated <a href="/facts/Kilij_Arslan_IV/S17b3ycE">Kilij Arslan IV</a> the <a href="/facts/Sultan_of_Rum/FxM7T3tz">Sultan of Rum</a> in 1248</li><li>Triple reign (1249–1254)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Hulagu/AFGAPPnc">Hulagu</a> captured <a href="/facts/Alamut_Castle/l1gbk5NC">Alamut</a> in 1256</li><li><a href="/facts/Anatolian_Seljuks/FxM7T3tz">Anatolian Seljuks</a> were divided into two by a firman of <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25B6ngke_Khan/6vkqKvwe">Möngke Khan</a> in 1258/1259</li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/Ilkhanate/ukltWdQk">Ilkhanate</a> gained independence from the <a href="/facts/Mongol_Empire/cfddtfIK">Mongol Empire</a> in 1295 after the demise of <a href="/facts/Kublai_Khan/jkAtyU4h">Kublai Khan</a> on February 18, 1294</li><li>.</li><li><a href="/facts/Ottoman_State/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman State</a> <a href="/facts/Foundation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire/IWb7h4Hz">emerged</a> in <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25B6%25C4%259F%25C3%25BCt/XVLGthvD">Söğüt</a>, <a href="/facts/Bilecik_Province/WLjVlkTb">Bilecik</a> in 1299</li><li>.</li><li>Disestablishment period of</li><li>The <a href="/facts/Anatolian_Seljuks/FxM7T3tz">Anatolian Seljuks</a></li><li>.</li><li>Ilkhanate disintegrated after 1336</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Babai_revolt/07hsWlhs">Babai Revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Byzantine%25E2%2580%2593Seljuk_Wars/ej8ckhjf">Byzantine–Seljuk Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_battles_involving_the_Seljuk_Empire/FmtMFuuc">List of battles involving the Seljuk Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/R%25C3%25BBm_Eyalet/DKgt71h1">Rûm Eyalet</a>, Ottoman Empire</li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>
<ul><li>Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017). Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim–Turkish Anatolia, Ca. 1040–1130. Routledge.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth/hrMMfBu4">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (2004). The New Islamic Dynasties: a Chronological and Genealogical Manual. <a href="/facts/Edinburgh_University_Press/mY1NE4Ex">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7486-2137-7.</li>
<li>Bektaş, Cengiz (1999). Selcuklu Kervansarayları, Korunmaları Ve Kullanlmaları üzerine bir öneri: A Proposal regarding the Seljuk Caravanserais, Their Protection and Use (in Turkish and English). Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 975-7438-75-8.</li>
<li>Cahen, Claude; Holt, Peter Malcolm (2001). The Formation of Turkey. The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century. Longman.</li>
<li>Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Maryam; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Metropolitan Museum of Art.</li>
<li>Crane, H. (1993). "Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 36 (1): 1–57. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852093X00010">10.1163/156852093X00010</a>.</li>
<li>Frankopan, Peter (2013). The First Crusade: The call from the East. London: Vintage. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780099555032.</li>
<li>Hickman, Bill; Leiser, Gary (2016). Turkish Language, Literature, and History: Travelers' Tales, Sultans, and Scholars Since the Eighth Century. Routledge.</li>
<li>Hillenbrand, Carole (2020). "What is Special about Seljuq History?". In Canby, Sheila; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46MxEAAAQBAJ">The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History</a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 6–16. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1474450348.</li>
<li>Hillenbrand, Carole (2021). The Medieval Turks: Collected Essays. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1474485944.</li>
<li>Inalcik, Halil (2008). "The Origins of Classical Ottoman Literature: Persian Tradition, Court Entertainments, and Court Poets". Journal of Turkish Literature (5). Translated by Sheridan, Michael D. Bilkent University Centure for Turkish Literature: 5–76.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Norman_Itzkowitz/B15WtTtl">Itzkowitz, Norman</a> (1980). Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition. <a href="/facts/University_of_Chicago_Press/6se0Ezfb">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0226388069.</li>
<li>Kastritsis, Dimitris (2013). "The Historical Epic "Ahval-i Sultan Mehemmed" (The Tales of Sultan Mehmed) in the Context of Early Ottoman Historiography". Writing History at the Ottoman Court: Editing the Past, Fashioning the Future. Indiana University Press.</li>
<li>Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Brill.</li>
<li>Mecit, Songul (2013). The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty. Taylor & Francis.</li>
<li>Pamuk, Sevket (2000). A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press.</li>
<li>Richards, Donald S.; Robinson, Chase F. (2003). Texts, documents, and Artefacts. Brill.</li>
<li>Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (1995). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 3. Routledge.</li>
<li>Shukurov, Rustam (2016). The Byzantine Turks, 1204–1461. Brill.</li>
<li>Shukurov, Rustam (2020). "Grasping the Magnitude: Saljuq Rum between Byzantium and Persia". In Canby, Sheila; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46MxEAAAQBAJ">The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History</a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 144–162. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1474450348.</li>
<li>Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge.</li>
<li>Tricht, Filip Van (2011). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228). Translated by Longbottom, Peter. Brill.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li>Yavuz, Ayşıl Tükel. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704025025/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8967/doc/DPC1304.pdf">"The concepts that shape Anatolian Seljuq caravanserais"</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/ArchNet/6n8e1TJe">ArchNet</a>. Archived from <a href="http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8967/doc/DPC1304.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2007-07-04.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405010452/http://archnet.org/library/places/places.tcl?country_code=tr">"List of Seljuk edifices"</a>. <a href="/facts/ArchNet/6n8e1TJe">ArchNet</a>. Archived from <a href="http://archnet.org/library/places/places.tcl?country_code=tr">the original</a> on 2007-04-05.</li>
<li>Katharine Branning. <a href="http://www.turkishhan.org">"Examples of caravanserais built by the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate"</a>. Turkish Hans.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Also referred to as the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate (Persian: سلجوقیان روم, romanized: Saljûqiyân-i Rûm, lit. 'Seljuks of Rûm'), the Sultanate of Iconium, the Anatolian Seljuk State (Turkish: Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti), the Seljuks of Turkey (Türkiye Selçukluları, or the Konya Sultanate)[7][8] <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Persian_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Alexander Kazhdan, "Rūm" The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford University Press, 1991), vol. 3, p. 1816.
Paul Wittek, Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Royal Asiatic Society Books, Routledge (2013), p. 81:
"This state too bore the name of Rûm, if not officially, then at least in everyday usage, and its princes appear in the Eastern chronicles under the name Seljuks of Rûm (Ar.: Salâjika ar-Rûm). A. Christian Van Gorder, Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran p. 215: "The Seljuqs called the lands of their sultanate Rûm because it had been established on territory long considered 'Roman', i.e. Byzantine, by Muslim armies." <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wittek" target="_blank">/wiki/Paul_Wittek</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Shukurov 2020, p. 145. - Shukurov, Rustam (2020). "Grasping the Magnitude: Saljuq Rum between Byzantium and Persia". In Canby, Sheila; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina (eds.). The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 144–162. ISBN 978-1474450348. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46MxEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=46MxEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Everett-Heath, John (2018). "Anatolia". The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001. ISBN 978-0191866326. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018. <a href="978-0191866326" target="_blank">978-0191866326</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">John Joseph Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 79. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 12. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Sicker, Martin, The Islamic world in ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), 63–64. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 72. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Frankopan 2013, p. 51. - Frankopan, Peter (2013). The First Crusade: The call from the East. London: Vintage. ISBN 9780099555032. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Frankopan 2013, p. 52. - Frankopan, Peter (2013). The First Crusade: The call from the East. London: Vintage. ISBN 9780099555032. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Sicker, Martin, The Islamic world in ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna , (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), 65. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Frankopan 2013, pp. 68–69. - Frankopan, Peter (2013). The First Crusade: The call from the East. London: Vintage. ISBN 9780099555032. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 73. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Anatolia in the period of the Seljuks and the "beyliks", Osman Turan, The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1A, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 244–245. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Anatolia in the period of the Seljuks and the "beyliks", Osman Turan, The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1A, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 244–245. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 29. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Sinclair 2020, p. 41. - Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Sinclair 2020, pp. 137–138. - Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Sinclair 2020, pp. 137–138. - Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Sinclair 2020, pp. 137–138. - Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Sinclair 2020, pp. 137–138. - Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Alexander Mikaberidze, Historical Dictionary of Georgia, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 184. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Claude Cahen, The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: Eleventh to Fourteenth, transl. & ed. P.M. Holt, (Pearson Education Limited, 2001), 42. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Claude Cahen, The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: Eleventh to Fourteenth, transl. & ed. P.M. Holt, (Pearson Education Limited, 2001), 42. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Claude Cahen, The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: Eleventh to Fourteenth, transl. & ed. P.M. Holt, (Pearson Education Limited, 2001), 42. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Tricht 2011, p. 355. - Tricht, Filip Van (2011). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228). Translated by Longbottom, Peter. Brill. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Ring, Watson & Schellinger 1995, p. 651. - Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (1995). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 3. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">A.C.S. Peacock, "The Saliūq Campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of'Alā' al-Dīn Kayqubād", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 16 (2006), pp. 133–149. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188622" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188622</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">John Joseph Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 79. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Kastritsis 2013, p. 26. - Kastritsis, Dimitris (2013). "The Historical Epic "Ahval-i Sultan Mehemmed" (The Tales of Sultan Mehmed) in the Context of Early Ottoman Historiography". Writing History at the Ottoman Court: Editing the Past, Fashioning the Future. Indiana University Press. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Saljuqs: Saljuqs of Anatolia, Robert Hillenbrand, The Dictionary of Art, Vol.27, Ed. Jane Turner, (Macmillan Publishers Limited, 1996), 632. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Rudi Paul Lindner, Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory, (University of Michigan Press, 2003), 3. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Itzkowitz 1980, p. 48. - Itzkowitz, Norman (1980). Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226388069. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Turks: a journey of a thousand years, 600-1600. London : New York: Royal Academy of Arts ; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Harry N. Abrams. 2005. p. 106. ISBN 978-1903973578. Despite the undoubted influence of Iranian culture on the Great Seljuks and the Anatolian Seljuks, Seljuk art remained essentially Central Asian in character. <a href="978-1903973578" target="_blank">978-1903973578</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Lewis, Bernard, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, p. 29, Even when the land of Rum became politically independent, it remained a colonial extension of Turco-Persian culture which had its centers in Iran and Central Asia ... The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian ... <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Khanbaghi 2016, p. 202. - Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Brill. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Turks: a journey of a thousand years, 600-1600. London : New York: Royal Academy of Arts ; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Harry N. Abrams. 2005. p. 106. ISBN 978-1903973578. <a href="978-1903973578" target="_blank">978-1903973578</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Hillenbrand 2020, p. 15. - Hillenbrand, Carole (2020). "What is Special about Seljuq History?". In Canby, Sheila; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina (eds.). The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 6–16. ISBN 978-1474450348. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46MxEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=46MxEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Shukurov 2020, p. 155. - Shukurov, Rustam (2020). "Grasping the Magnitude: Saljuq Rum between Byzantium and Persia". In Canby, Sheila; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina (eds.). The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 144–162. ISBN 978-1474450348. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46MxEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=46MxEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Hillenbrand 2021, p. 211 "Inner Anatolia was now set to become Muslim gradually, and this process occurred under the leadership of the Turks. In Anatolia, as elsewhere, the Seljuq rulers drank in Persian cultural ways in their cities. This tendency to copy Iran in administration, religion and culture reached its height in the thirteenth century with the fuller development of the Seljuq state in Anatolia and the influx of Persian refugees to Anatolian cities. Thus ‘a second Iran’ was created in Anatolia. It is food for thought that, while it was the Turks who conquered and settled the land of Anatolia in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, it was the Persians who were instrumental in bringing to these territories a developed Islamic religious and secular culture. (...) Quote in French: Les réfugiés iraniens qui entrèrent en grand nombre en Anatolie à la suite des invasions mongoles de l’Iran – les fonctionnaires, les poètes, les Sufis et, avant tout, les cadres religieux – transformèrent de l’intérieur la culture urbaine de cette région." - Hillenbrand, Carole (2021). The Medieval Turks: Collected Essays. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1474485944. <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Findley, Carter V. (2005). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-517726-8. Meanwhile, amid the migratory swarm that Turkified Anatolia, the dispersion of learned men from the Persian-speaking east paradoxically made the Seljuk court at Konya a new center for Perso-Islamic court culture. <a href="978-0-19-517726-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-517726-8</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Hickman & Leiser 2016, p. 278. - Hickman, Bill; Leiser, Gary (2016). Turkish Language, Literature, and History: Travelers' Tales, Sultans, and Scholars Since the Eighth Century. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Inalcik 2008, p. 20. - Inalcik, Halil (2008). "The Origins of Classical Ottoman Literature: Persian Tradition, Court Entertainments, and Court Poets". Journal of Turkish Literature (5). Translated by Sheridan, Michael D. Bilkent University Centure for Turkish Literature: 5–76. <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Khanbaghi 2016, p. 202. - Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Brill. <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Khanbaghi 2016, p. 202. - Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Brill. <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Khanbaghi 2016, p. 202. - Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Brill. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Khanbaghi 2016, p. 202. - Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Brill. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Inalcik 2008, p. 21. - Inalcik, Halil (2008). "The Origins of Classical Ottoman Literature: Persian Tradition, Court Entertainments, and Court Poets". Journal of Turkish Literature (5). Translated by Sheridan, Michael D. Bilkent University Centure for Turkish Literature: 5–76. <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Turks: a journey of a thousand years, 600-1600. London : New York: Royal Academy of Arts ; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Harry N. Abrams. 2005. p. 106. ISBN 978-1903973578. However, scholarship and literature were influences by Iran, and Persian was used alongside Anatolian Turkic in written documents during this period, although Turkic was the only language used by the army. <a href="978-1903973578" target="_blank">978-1903973578</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Richards & Robinson 2003, p. 265. - Richards, Donald S.; Robinson, Chase F. (2003). Texts, documents, and Artefacts. Brill. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Crane 1993, p. 2. - Crane, H. (1993). "Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 36 (1): 1–57. doi:10.1163/156852093X00010. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852093X00010" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852093X00010</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Cahen & Holt 2001, p. 163. - Cahen, Claude; Holt, Peter Malcolm (2001). The Formation of Turkey. The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century. Longman. <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Cahen & Holt 2001, p. 163. - Cahen, Claude; Holt, Peter Malcolm (2001). The Formation of Turkey. The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century. Longman. <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Cahen & Holt 2001, p. 163. - Cahen, Claude; Holt, Peter Malcolm (2001). The Formation of Turkey. The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century. Longman. <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Shukurov, Rustam (2011), "The Oriental Margins of the Byzantine World: a Prosopographical Perspective", in Herrin, Judith; Saint-Guillain, Guillaume (eds.), Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., pp. 181–191, ISBN 978-1-4094-1098-0 <a href="978-1-4094-1098-0" target="_blank">978-1-4094-1098-0</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2007), "A sultan in Constantinople: the feasts of Ghiyath al-Din Kay-Khusraw I", in Brubaker, Leslie; Linardou, Kallirroe (eds.), Eat, Drink, and be Merry (Luke 12:19): Food and Wine in Byzantium: Papers of the 37th Annual Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, in Honour of Professor A.A.M. Bryer, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 96, ISBN 978-0-7546-6119-1 <a href="978-0-7546-6119-1" target="_blank">978-0-7546-6119-1</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 121. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Hillenbrand 2021, p. 211. - Hillenbrand, Carole (2021). The Medieval Turks: Collected Essays. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1474485944. <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Hillenbrand 2021, p. 333. - Hillenbrand, Carole (2021). The Medieval Turks: Collected Essays. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1474485944. <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Yalman, Suzan (1 January 2012). "'ALA AL-DIN KAYQUBAD ILLUMINATED: A RUM SELJUQ SULTAN AS COSMIC RULER". Muqarnas Online. 29 (1): 151–186. doi:10.1163/22118993-90000186. In some cases—such as the sultan's well-known city walls in Konya—there appears to be, at first sight, an antiquarian penchant for the "classical" or "Roman" past (fig. 1). (...) Nevertheless, the portrait's classicizing aspect is important in that it resonates with the use of spoliated classical sculpture in the walls of Konya (fig. 1). (...) Kayqubad's walls in Konya. (...) above the statue of Hercules was a reused Roman sarcophagus frieze carved in high relief; the latter featured a courtly scene with a seated figure wearing a toga and holding an orb ("a ball, the symbol of the world" according to Kinneir). Above this image was an Arabic inscription and then winged "genies" making offerings to the "sun" (as described by Olivier). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274996239_'ALA_AL-DIN_KAYQUBAD_ILLUMINATED_A_RUM_SELJUQ_SULTAN_AS_COSMIC_RULER" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274996239_'ALA_AL-DIN_KAYQUBAD_ILLUMINATED_A_RUM_SELJUQ_SULTAN_AS_COSMIC_RULER</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Yalman, Suzan (1 January 2012). "'ALA AL-DIN KAYQUBAD ILLUMINATED: A RUM SELJUQ SULTAN AS COSMIC RULER". Muqarnas Online. 29 (1): 151–186. doi:10.1163/22118993-90000186. As I will argue below, in addition to obvious "Western" links, Kayqubad was also inspired by sources further "East," such as the Artuqids of Hisn Kaifa and Amid (1102-1232), which combining Classical and Perso-Islamic impulses, seemed better suited as models. In fact, upon closer examination, these pagan/secular Roman imperial ("Western") signs seemed to be infused with mystical/Sufi ("Eastern") readings that imbued them with new meaning. Most significant was the emergence of an unexpected undercurrent of light symbolism. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274996239_'ALA_AL-DIN_KAYQUBAD_ILLUMINATED_A_RUM_SELJUQ_SULTAN_AS_COSMIC_RULER" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274996239_'ALA_AL-DIN_KAYQUBAD_ILLUMINATED_A_RUM_SELJUQ_SULTAN_AS_COSMIC_RULER</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan (2004), "West Asia: 1000–1500", in Onians, John (ed.), Atlas of World Art, Laurence King Publishing, p. 130 <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Architecture (Muhammadan), H. Saladin, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol.1, Ed. James Hastings and John Alexander, (Charles Scribner's son, 1908), 753. <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods, Robert Bedrosian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods from Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, Vol. I, Ed. Richard Hovannisian, (St. Martin's Press, 1999), 250. <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Lost in Translation: Architecture, Taxonomy, and the "Eastern Turks", Finbarr Barry Flood, Muqarnas: History and Ideology: Architectural Heritage of the "Lands of Rum, 96. <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-87436-885-7. <a href="978-0-87436-885-7" target="_blank">978-0-87436-885-7</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Hillenbrand 2021, p. 208 "The earliest illustrated Persian manuscript, signed by an artist from Khuy in north-west Iran, was produced between 1225 and 1250, almost certainly in Konya. (Cf. A. S. Melikian-Chirvani, ‘Le roman de Varqe et Golsâh’, Arts Asiatiques XXII (Paris, 1970))" - Hillenbrand, Carole (2021). The Medieval Turks: Collected Essays. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1474485944. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Blair, Sheila S. (19 January 2020). Islamic Calligraphy. Edinburgh University Press. p. 366. ISBN 978-1-4744-6447-5. <a href="978-1-4744-6447-5" target="_blank">978-1-4744-6447-5</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Necipoğlu, Gülru; Leal, Karen A. (1 October 2009). Muqarnas. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17589-1. <a href="978-90-04-17589-1" target="_blank">978-90-04-17589-1</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (14 May 2009). Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. OUP USA. p. 214–215. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. <a href="978-0-19-530991-1" target="_blank">978-0-19-530991-1</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Ettinghausen, Richard (1977). Arab painting. New York : Rizzoli. p. 91, 92, 162 commentary. ISBN 978-0-8478-0081-0. The two scenes in the top and bottom registers (...) may be strongly influenced by contemporary Seljuk Persian (...) like those in the recently discovered Varqeh and Gulshah (p.92) (...) In the painting the facial cast of these Turks is obviously reflected, and so are the special fashions and accoutrements they favored. (p.162, commentary on image from p.91){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) <a href="978-0-8478-0081-0" target="_blank">978-0-8478-0081-0</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Waley, P.; Titley, Norah M. (1975). "An Illustrated Persian Text of Kalīla and Dimna Dated 707/1307-8". The British Library Journal. 1 (1): 42–61. ISSN 0305-5167. JSTOR 42553970. A unique Seljùq manuscript in the Topkapi Sarayi Museum Library (Hazine 841) (fig. 7). This manuscript, the romance Varqa va Gulshah, probably dates from the early thirteenth century . The figures in the miniatures with the typical features of Central Asian people are squat and thickset with large round heads. They are to be seen again in a more sophisticated form in the so-called Turkman style miniatures produced in Shiraz c. 1460 – 1502 under the patronage of another dynasty of Turkman invaders. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42553970" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/42553970</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Ettinghausen, Richard (1977). Arab painting. New York : Rizzoli. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-0-8478-0081-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) <a href="978-0-8478-0081-0" target="_blank">978-0-8478-0081-0</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Sabuhi, Ahmadov Ahmad oglu (July–August 2015). "The miniatures of the manuscript "Varka and Gulshah" as a source for the study of weapons of XII–XIII centuries in Azerbaijan". Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (7–8): 14–16. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305236939" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305236939</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Sabuhi, Ahmadov Ahmad oglu (July–August 2015). "The miniatures of the manuscript "Varka and Gulshah" as a source for the study of weapons of XII–XIII centuries in Azerbaijan". Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (7–8): 14–16. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305236939" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305236939</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Gorelik, Michael (1979). Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art (in Islamic Arms and Armour). London: Robert Elgood. p. Fig.38. ISBN 978-0859674706. <a href="978-0859674706" target="_blank">978-0859674706</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Sabuhi, Ahmadov Ahmad oglu (July–August 2015). "The miniatures of the manuscript "Varka and Gulshah" as a source for the study of weapons of XII–XIII centuries in Azerbaijan". Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (7–8): 14–16. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305236939" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305236939</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Sabuhi, Ahmadov Ahmad oglu (July–August 2015). "The miniatures of the manuscript "Varka and Gulshah" as a source for the study of weapons of XII–XIII centuries in Azerbaijan". Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (7–8): 14–16. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305236939" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305236939</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Beihammer 2017, p. 20. - Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017). Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim–Turkish Anatolia, Ca. 1040–1130. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Pamuk 2000, p. 28. - Pamuk, Sevket (2000). A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Sinclair 2020, p. 41. - Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Sinclair 2020, p. 41. - Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Sinclair 2020, p. 41. - Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Sinclair 2020, p. 41. - Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Sinclair 2020, p. 41. - Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Canby et al. 2016, p. 69. - Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Maryam; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Canby et al. 2016, p. 69. - Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Maryam; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Canby et al. 2016, p. 69. - Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Maryam; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Canby et al. 2016, p. 69. - Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Maryam; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Shukurov 2016, p. 104. - Shukurov, Rustam (2016). The Byzantine Turks, 1204–1461. Brill. <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Sinclair 2020, p. 41. - Sinclair, Thomas (2020). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas. Routledge. <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Canby et al. 2016, p. 68. - Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Maryam; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Canby et al. 2016, p. 68. - Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Maryam; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Canby et al. 2016, pp. 68–69. - Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Maryam; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Canby et al. 2016, p. 69. - Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Maryam; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">After 1249 triple reign of three brothers <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî, Selcûḳnâme, (Muhammed Ramazânî Publications), Tahran 1332, p. 10. <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel%C3%A7ukn%C3%A2me" target="_blank">https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel%C3%A7ukn%C3%A2me</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ, (Ahmed Ateş Publications), Ankara 1960, vol. II/5, p. 5. <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" target="_blank">/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Râvendî, Muhammed b. Ali, Râhatü’s-sudûr, (Ateş Publications), vol. I, p. 85. <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Müstevfî, Târîḫ-i Güzîde, (Nevâî Publications), p. 426. <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016). MÛSÂ YABGU. Vol. EK-2. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 324–325. <a href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/musa-yabgu" target="_blank">https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/musa-yabgu</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Sevim, Ali (2010). SÜLEYMAN ŞAH I (PDF). Vol. 38. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 103–105. ISBN 978-9-7538-9590-3. <a href="978-9-7538-9590-3" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9590-3</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Faruk Sümer (2002). KUTALMIŞ (PDF). Vol. 26. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 480–481. ISBN 978-9-7538-9406-7. <a href="978-9-7538-9406-7" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9406-7</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Faruk Sümer (2002). KUTALMIŞ (PDF). Vol. 26. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 480–481. ISBN 978-9-7538-9406-7. <a href="978-9-7538-9406-7" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9406-7</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016). "MÛSÂ YABGU". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Supplement 2 (Kâfûr, Ebü'l-Misk – Züreyk, Kostantin) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 324–325. ISBN 978-975-389-889-8. <a href="978-975-389-889-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-889-8</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016). "MÛSÂ YABGU". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Supplement 2 (Kâfûr, Ebü'l-Misk – Züreyk, Kostantin) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 324–325. ISBN 978-975-389-889-8. <a href="978-975-389-889-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-889-8</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Faruk Sümer (2002). KUTALMIŞ (PDF). Vol. 26. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 480–481. ISBN 978-9-7538-9406-7. <a href="978-9-7538-9406-7" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9406-7</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Beyhakī, Târîḫ, (Behmenyâr), p. 71. <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Sevim, Ali (2010). SÜLEYMAN ŞAH I (PDF). Vol. 38. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 103–105. ISBN 978-9-7538-9590-3. <a href="978-9-7538-9590-3" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9590-3</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Sevim, Ali (2010). SÜLEYMAN ŞAH I (PDF). Vol. 38. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 103–105. ISBN 978-9-7538-9590-3. <a href="978-9-7538-9590-3" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9590-3</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Sümer, Faruk (2009). ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Sevim, Ali (2010). SÜLEYMAN ŞAH I (PDF). Vol. 38. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 103–105. ISBN 978-9-7538-9590-3. <a href="978-9-7538-9590-3" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9590-3</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Sevim, Ali (1993). "ÇAĞRI BEY" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 8 (Ci̇lve – Dârünnedve) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 183–186. ISBN 978-975-389-435-7. <a href="978-975-389-435-7" target="_blank">978-975-389-435-7</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Sümer, Faruk (2009). "SELÇUKLULAR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 365–371. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. <a href="978-975-389-566-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2002). KAVURD BEY (PDF). Vol. 25. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-9-7538-9403-6. <a href="978-9-7538-9403-6" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9403-6</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Sümer, Faruk (2009). Kirman Selçuks (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 377–379. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Sümer, Faruk (2009). Kirman Selçuks (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 377–379. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Sümer, Faruk (2009). Kirman Selçuks (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 377–379. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Sümer, Faruk (2009). ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Sümer, Faruk (2009). ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">Bezer, Gülay Öğün (2011). "TERKEN HATUN, the mother of MAHMÛD I" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 40 (Tanzi̇mat – Teveccüh) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 510. ISBN 978-975-389-652-8. Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I). <a href="978-975-389-652-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-652-8</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2004). "MELİKŞAH" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 54–57. ISBN 978-975-389-415-9. <a href="978-975-389-415-9" target="_blank">978-975-389-415-9</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">Özaydın, Abdülkerim (1992). "BERKYARUK" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5 (Balaban – Beşi̇r Ağa) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 514–516. ISBN 978-975-389-432-6. <a href="978-975-389-432-6" target="_blank">978-975-389-432-6</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">Sümer, Faruk (2009). SELÇUKLULAR (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 365–371. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">Sümer, Faruk (2009). ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Sümer, Faruk (2009). Kirman Selçuks (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 377–379. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">Sümer, Faruk (2009). Kirman Selçuks (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 377–379. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Sümer, Faruk (2009). Kirman Selçuks (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 377–379. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">Enverî, Düstûrnâme-i Enverî, pp. 78–80, 1464. <a href="/wiki/Enveri" target="_blank">/wiki/Enveri</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Sümer, Faruk (2009). ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">Sümer, Faruk (2009). "IRAK SELÇUKLULARI" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. <a href="978-975-389-566-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2003). "MAHMÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 27 (Kütahya Mevlevîhânesi̇ – Mani̇sa) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 371–372. ISBN 978-975-389-408-1. <a href="978-975-389-408-1" target="_blank">978-975-389-408-1</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Sümer, Faruk (2009). "IRAK SELÇUKLULARI" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. <a href="978-975-389-566-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Sümer, Faruk (2012). "TUĞRUL I" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6. <a href="978-975-389-713-6" target="_blank">978-975-389-713-6</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Sümer, Faruk (2009). "IRAK SELÇUKLULARI" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. <a href="978-975-389-566-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">Sümer, Faruk (2004). "MES'ÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 349–351. ISBN 978-975-389-415-9. <a href="978-975-389-415-9" target="_blank">978-975-389-415-9</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">Sümer, Faruk (2009). "IRAK SELÇUKLULARI" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. <a href="978-975-389-566-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">Sümer, Faruk (2009). "IRAK SELÇUKLULARI" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. <a href="978-975-389-566-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Sümer, Faruk (2009). "IRAK SELÇUKLULARI" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. <a href="978-975-389-566-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Sümer, Faruk (2009). "IRAK SELÇUKLULARI" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. <a href="978-975-389-566-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">Sümer, Faruk (2009). "IRAK SELÇUKLULARI" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. <a href="978-975-389-566-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">Sümer, Faruk (1991). "ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 404–406. ISBN 978-975-389-430-2. <a href="978-975-389-430-2" target="_blank">978-975-389-430-2</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">Sümer, Faruk (2009). "IRAK SELÇUKLULARI" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. <a href="978-975-389-566-8" target="_blank">978-975-389-566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">Sümer, Faruk (2012). "Ebû Tâlib TUĞRUL b. ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 342–344. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6. <a href="978-975-389-713-6" target="_blank">978-975-389-713-6</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">Grand Vizier Sāhīp Shams ad-Dīn Īsfahānī ruled the country on behalf of ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus II between 1246 and 1249 <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Isfahani" target="_blank">/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Isfahani</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">Grand Vizier Parwāna Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman ruled the country on behalf of Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kay Khusraw III between 1266 and 2 August 1277 (1 Rabi' al-awwal 676) <a href="/wiki/Perv%C3%A2ne" target="_blank">/wiki/Perv%C3%A2ne</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">Shukurov 2016, p. 108–109. - Shukurov, Rustam (2016). The Byzantine Turks, 1204–1461. Brill. <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">Between 1246 and 1249 ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus II reigned alone <a href="/wiki/Kaykaus_II" target="_blank">/wiki/Kaykaus_II</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus II was defeated on October 14, 1256 in Sultanhanı (Sultan Han, Aksaray) and he acceded to the throne on May 1, 1257 again after the departure of Baiju Noyan from Anatolia <a href="/wiki/Kaykaus_II" target="_blank">/wiki/Kaykaus_II</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">Between 1262 and 1266 Rukn ad-Dīn Kilij Arslan IV reigned alone <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_IV" target="_blank">/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_IV</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Between 1249 and 1254 triple reign of three brothers <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">According to İbn Bîbî, el-Evâmirü’l-ʿAlâʾiyye, p. 727. (10 Dhu al-Hijjah 675 – 17 Muharram 676) <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bibi" target="_blank">/wiki/Ibn_Bibi</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">According to Yazıcıoğlu Ali, Tevârih-i Âl-i Selçuk, p. 62. (10 Dhu al-Hijjah 677 – 17 Muharram 678) <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tev%C3%A2rih-i_%C3%82l-i_Sel%C3%A7uk" target="_blank">https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tev%C3%A2rih-i_%C3%82l-i_Sel%C3%A7uk</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">Sümer, Faruk (2009). ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Sümer, Faruk (2009). ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Sümer, Faruk (2009). ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8. <a href="978-9-7538-9566-8" target="_blank">978-9-7538-9566-8</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Sultanate of Rum open-in-new

Sultanate of Rum