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Ottoman dynasty
Royal family of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, originated from the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turks in northwestern Anatolia and ruled the empire from circa 1299 until the abolition of the sultanate in 1922. Over time, power shifted from the absolute authority of the sultan to officials like the Grand Vizier, especially during the First and Second Constitutional Eras, when a constitutional monarchy was established. After the Turkish War of Independence, the dynasty was exiled, with members later allowed to return as private citizens in the modern Republic of Turkey, where the family is now known as the Osmanoğlu family.

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History

The Ottoman dynasty operated under several basic premises: that the Sultan governed the empire's entire territory, that every male member of the dynastic family was hypothetically eligible to become Sultan, and that only one person at a time could be the Sultan.3 Such rules were fairly standard for monarchic empires of the time. The certain processes through which men rose to the Sultanate, however, were very specific to the Ottoman Empire. To go into greater detail about these processes, the history of succession between Sultans can be divided into two eras: the period between the reign of Orhan (1323–1362), the first person to inherit the Ottoman sultanate, and the reign of Ahmed I (1603–1617); and the period following Ahmed I's reign.

The succession process during the first period was dominated by violence and intra-familial conflict, in which the various sons of the deceased Sultan fought until only one remained alive and, thus, inherited the throne. This tradition was known as fratricide in the Ottoman Empire but may have evolved from tanistry, a similar succession procedure that existed in many Turco-Mongolic dynasties predating the Ottomans.4 Sons of the Sultan were often given provincial territories to govern until the Sultan's death, at which point they would each vie for the throne.5 Each son had to, according to historian H. Erdem Cipa, "demonstrate that his fortune was superior to the fortunes of his rivals", a demonstration that often took the form of military accomplishment and ruthlessness.6 This violence was not considered particularly unexpected or unusual. As Cipa has noted, the Ottoman words for "successor" and "conflict" share the same Arabic root,7 and indeed, all but one of the successions in this roughly 200-year period involved a resolution by combat.8 Over time, the combat became increasingly prevalent and recognized, especially after a Janissary uprising negated Murad II's attempt to abdicate the throne peacefully to his son, Mehmed II, in 1444. During the eventual reign of Mehmed II (1451–1481), fratricide was legalized as an official practice; during the reign of Bayezid II (1481–1512), fratricide between Bayezid II's sons occurred before Bayezid II himself died;9 and after the reign of Murad III (1574–1595), his successor Mehmed III executed 19 brothers to claim the throne.10

During the second period, the tradition of fratricide was replaced by a simpler and less violent procedure. Starting with the succession from Ahmed I to Mustafa I in 1617, the Ottoman throne was inherited by the eldest male blood relative – not necessarily the son – of the Sultan, regardless of how many eligible family members were alive.11 The change in succession procedure was likely instigated by numerous factors, including fratricide's decline in popularity among Ottoman elites12 and Ahmed I's decision not to kill Mustafa when inheriting the throne from Mehmed III in 1603. With the door open for a policy change, a political debate arose between those who supported unrestricted Sultanic privilege and those who supported a stronger, centralized law system that would supersede even the Sultan's power to an extent. Historian Baki Tezcan has argued that the latter faction – with the help of the influential şeyhülislam Hocazade Esad Efendi – was able to prevail in this instance.13 The bloodless succession from Ahmed I to Mustafa I in 1617 "provided a reference for the eventual stabilization of the rule of Ottoman succession, the very regulation of which by an outside force was in effect a constitutional check on the dynastic prerogative," Tezcan has written.14 The precedent set in 1617 stuck, as the eldest living family member successfully inherited the throne in each of the following 21 successions, with relatively few instances of a son inheriting the throne.15

Succession practices

See also: War of succession § Ottoman Empire, and List of wars of succession

From the fourteenth through the late sixteenth centuries, the Ottomans practiced open succession – something historian Donald Quataert has described as "survival of the fittest, not eldest, son."16 During their father's lifetime, all adult sons of the reigning Osmanoğlu family's sultan were given provincial governorships in order to gain experience in administration (a practice commonly found in Central Asian tradition), accompanied and mentored by their retinues and tutors.17 Upon the death of their father, the reigning sultan, these sons would fight amongst themselves for the succession until one emerged triumphant.18 The first son to reach the capital and seize control of the court would usually become the new ruler.19 The proximity of a Şehzade (=Prince) to Constantinople improved his chances of success, simply because he could hear of his father's death, seize control of the Ottoman court in the capital, and declare himself Sultan first. A Sultan could thus hint at his preferred successor by giving a favourite son a closer governorship. Bayezid II, for instance, had to fight his brother Cem Sultan in the 1480s for the right to rule.

Occasionally, the half-brothers would begin the struggle even before the death of their father. Under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), strife between his sons Şehzade Mustafa and Şehzade Selim (later Selim II) caused such internal turmoil that Suleiman ordered the deaths of both Şehzade Mustafa and another son, Şehzade Bayezid, leaving Şehzade Selim the sole heir.

During the reigns of Suleiman I and Selim II, the Haseki Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: خاصکى سلطان) or chief consort rose to greater prominence. Gaining power within the Imperial Harem, the favourite was able to manoeuvre to ensure the succession for one of her sons. This led to a short period of effective primogeniture. However, unlike in the earlier period, when the sultan had already defeated his brothers and potential rivals for the throne in battle, these sultans had the problem of many half-brothers who could act as the focus for rival factions. Thus, to prevent attempts at seizing the throne, reigning sultans practiced fratricide upon accession, starting with Murad I in 1362.20 Both Murad III and his son Mehmed III had their half-brothers murdered. The killing of all the new sultan's brothers and half-brothers (who were usually quite numerous) was traditionally done by manual strangling with a silk cord. As the centuries passed, the ritual killing was gradually replaced by lifetime solitary confinement in the "Golden Cage" or kafes, a room in the harem from where the sultan's brothers could never escape, unless perchance they became heir presumptive. Some had already become mentally unstable by the time they were asked to reign.

Mehmed III was the last sultan to have previously held a provincial governorship. Sons now remained within the harem until the death of their father. This not only denied them the ability to form powerful factions capable of usurping their father but also denied them the opportunity to have children while their father remained alive. Thus, when Mehmet's son came to the throne as Ahmed I, he had no children of his own. Moreover, as a minor, there was no evidence he could have children. This had the potential to create a crisis of succession and led to a gradual end to fratricide. Ahmed had some of his brothers killed, but not Mustafa (later Mustafa I). Similarly, Osman II allowed his half-brothers Murad IV and Ibrahim to live. This led to a shift in the 17th century from a system of primogeniture to one based on agnatic seniority, in which the eldest male within the dynasty succeeded, also to guarantee adult sultans and prevent both fratricides as well as the sultanate of women. Thus, Mustafa succeeded his brother Ahmed; Suleiman II and Ahmed II succeeded their brother Mehmed IV before being succeeded in turn by Mehmed's son Mustafa II. Agnatic seniority explains why from the 17th century onwards a deceased sultan was rarely succeeded by his son, but usually by an uncle or brother. It also meant that potential rulers had to wait a long time in the kafes before ascending the throne, hence the old age of certain sultans upon their enthronement.21 Although attempts were made in the 19th century to replace agnatic seniority with primogeniture, they were unsuccessful, and seniority was retained until the abolition of the sultanate in 1922.22

Chronology of sultans

Further information: List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

The genealogy of the Ottoman Sultans including their mothers
Süleyman Şâh/ Gündüz Âlp23( ?–1227)?
Ertuğrul Gazi24 أرطغرل غازی(1227–1281)Unknown25
1.26Osman Gazi27عثمان غازى1281-1326Malhun Hatun (unclear)
2.Orhan Gaziاورخان غازی1326-1359Nilüfer Hatun
3.Murad Iمراد اول خداوندگار1359-1389Gül-Çiçek Hatun
4.Bayezid Iییلدیرم بايزيد الأول1389-1403Devlet Hatun
5.Mehmed Iچلبی محمد1413-1421Emine Valide Hatun
6.Murad IIمراد ثانى1421-1451Hadice ÂlimeHümâ Valide Hatun
7.Mehmed IIمحمد الثانى الفاتح1451-1481Emîne Gül-Bahar Valide Hatun(Own mother)2829 & Sitt-îMükrîme Hatun(Stepmother)30
8.Bayezid IIبايزيد ثانى1481-1512Gül-Bahar Hatun (Own mother)31 & Ayşe Hatun(Stepmother)3233
9.Selim Iسليم الأول1512-1520The FirstOttoman Caliph(1517-1520)Hafîze(Ayşe Hafsa) Vâlide Sultân
10.Suleiman Iالقانونى‎ سليمان1520-1566Hürrem Haseki Sultânخرم سلطان
11.Selim IIسليم ثانى1566-1574Afîfe Nûr-BanûVâlide Sultân
12.Murad IIIمراد ثالث1574-1595Sâfiye Vâlide Sultân
Handan Vâlide Sultân 13.Mehmed IIIمحمد ثالث1595-1603Hâlime /Fûl-DâneVâlide Sultân34
Mâhirûze HadiceVâlide Sultânماہ فروز خاتون3536 14.Ahmed Iاحمد اول1603-1617Mâh-PeykerKösemVâlide Sultân37كوسم سلطان 15.Mustafa Iمصطفى اول1617-16181622-1623
16.Osman IIعثمان ثانى1618-1622 17.Murad IVمراد رابع1623-1640Turhan HaticeVâlide Sultânتورخان سلطان‎ 18.Ibrahimابراهيم اول1640-1648Sâliha Dil-Âşûb Vâlide Sultânصالحه دل اشوب سلطان3839Hatice Mû'azzezSecond HasekiSultânمعزز سلطان
Meh-PâreUmmetullah (Emetullah)Râbi'a Gül-Nûş Vâlide Sultân40رابعه کلنوش سلطان‎ 19.Mehmed IVمحمد رابع1648-1687Vak'a-i Vakvakiye:26 February 1656 20.Suleiman IIسليمان ثانى1687-1691 21.Ahmed IIاحمد ثانى1691-1695
Sâliha Sebkat-î Vâlide Sultânصالحه سلطان414243 22.Mustafa IIمصطفى ثانى1695-1703Edirne Vak'ası:15 July 1703 -22 August 1703Şâh-Süvar Vâlide Sultânشھسوار سلطانEmine Mihr-î-Şâh Second Kadın Efendiامینه مھرشاہ قادین 23.Ahmed IIIاحمد ثالث1703-1730Patrona HalilRebellion:28 September 1730Râbi'a Şerm-îKadın Efendiرابعہ شرمی قادین
24.Mahmud Iمحمود اول1730-1754 25.Osman IIIعثمان ثالث1754-1757Mihr-î-ŞâhVâlide Sultânمھرشاہ سلطان 26.Mustafa III مصطفى ثالث 1757-1774AyşeSine-Pervar(Seniyeperver)Vâlide Sultânعایشه سینه پرور سلطان44 27.Abdul Hamid Iعبد الحميد اول 1774-1789Nakş-î-DilVâlide Sultân نقش دل سلطان45464748
28.Selim IIIسليم ثالث 1789-1807Kabakçı Mustafaİsyanı:25 May 1807 29.Mustafa IVمصطفى رابع 1807-1808Bezm-î ÂlemVâlide Sultân 30.Mahmud IIمحمود ثانى 1808-1839Vak'a-i Hayriye:16 June 1826Pertav-Nihâl(Pertevniyâl)Vâlide Sultân
Şevk-EfzâVâlide SultânTîr-î-MüjganThirdKadın Efendi(Own mother) & Rahîme Pîristû Vâlide Sultân(Adoptive mother) 31.Abdulmejid Iعبد المجيد اول 1839-1861Gül-CemâlFourthKadın EfendiGül-İstü (Gülistan Münire) ForrthKadın Efendi 32.Abdulazizعبد العزيز1861-1876Hayrân-î-DilKadın Efendi
33.Murad Vمراد خامس 1876 34.Abdul Hamid IIعبد الحميد ثانی 31 August 1876 - 27 Nisan 1909First Meşrûtiyyet:23 November 1876 -13 February 1878Second Meşrûtiyyet:3 July 190831 March Vak'ası:13 April 1909 35.Mehmed V محمد خامس1909-1918Çanakkale Savaşı: 18 March 1915 36.Mehmed VIمحمد سادس 4 July 1918 - 18 November 1922Moudros armistice:30 October 1918Istanbul'sOccupation:13 November 1918Treaty of Sèvres:10 August 1920Abolition of theOttoman Sultanate:1 November 1922 Abdulmejid II عبد المجيد الثانى18 November 1922 -Caliphate's Abolition:3 March 1924

List of heirs since 1922

Main article: Osmanoğlu family

The Ottoman dynasty was expelled from Turkey in 1924 and most members took on the surname Osmanoğlu, meaning "son of Osman."49 The female members of the dynasty were allowed to return after 1951,50 and the male members after 1973.51 Below is a list of people who would have been heirs to the Ottoman throne following the abolition of the sultanate on 1 November 1922.52 These people have not necessarily made any claim to the throne; for example, Ertuğrul Osman said "Democracy works well in Turkey."53

NameTitleRelationship to predecessor and SultanHead of the House of OsmanDuration as Head of the House of Osman
Mehmed VILast Ottoman Sultan and Caliph (1918–1922)36th Head of the House of Osman (1922–1926)54Son of Sultan Abdulmejid I, grandson of Sultan Mahmud II, younger brother of Murad V, Abdul Hamid II and Mehmed V.1 November 1922 – 16 May 19263 years, 196 days
Abdulmejid IILast Ottoman Caliph (1922–1924)37th Head of the House of Osman following Mehmed VI's death (1926–1944)First cousin of Mehmed VI, son of Sultan Abdülaziz.5516 May 1926 – 23 August 194418 years, 99 days
Ahmed Nihad38th Head of the House of Osman (1944–1954)First cousin twice removed of Abdulmejid II, grandson of Sultan Murad V.5623 August 1944 – 4 June 19549 years, 285 days
Osman Fuad39th Head of the House of Osman (1954–1973)Younger half-brother of Ahmed Nihad, grandson of Sultan Murad V.574 June 1954 – 19 May 197318 years, 349 days
Mehmed Abdulaziz40th Head of the House of Osman (1973–1977)Second cousin twice removed of Osman Fuad, grandson of Sultan Abdülaziz.5819 May 1973 – 19 January 19773 years, 245 days
Ali Vâsib41st Head of the House of Osman (1977–1983)Second cousin twice removed of Mehmed Abdulaziz, great-grandson of Sultan Murad V.5919 January 1977 – 9 December 19836 years, 324 days
Mehmed Orhan42nd Head of the House of Osman (1983–1994)Second cousin once removed of Ali Vâsib, grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.609 December 1983 – 12 March 199410 years, 93 days
Ertuğrul Osman43rd Head of the House of Osman (1994–2009)First cousin of Mehmed Orhan, grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.6112 March 1994 – 23 September 200915 years, 195 days
Bayezid Osman44th Head of the House of Osman (2009–2017)Second cousin of Ertuğrul Osman, great-grandson of Sultan Mehmed V.6223 September 2009 – 6 January 20177 years, 105 days
Dündar Ali Osman45th Head of the House of Osman (2017–2021)Second cousin once removed of Bayezid Osman, great-grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.6 January 2017 – 18 January 20214 years, 12 days
Harun Osman46th Head of the House of Osman (2021–present)Younger brother of Dündar Ali Osman, great-grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.18 January 2021–present4 years, 77 days

Family tree, showing relationships among the heads of the Ottoman dynasty since 1922

See also

Notes

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References

  1. A claim which has come under criticism from many historians, who argue either that the Kayı genealogy was fabricated in the fifteenth century, or that there is otherwise insufficient evidence to believe in it.[1] ↩

  2. Shaw, Stanford (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. https://archive.org/details/historyottomanem00shaw ↩

  3. Çıpa, H. Erdem. The Making of Selim: Succession, Legitimacy, and Memory in the Early Modern Ottoman World. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2017. Page 29. ↩

  4. Fletcher, Joseph. Turco-Mongolian Monarchic Tradition in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Ukrainian Research Institute, 1979. Pages 236–251. ↩

  5. Tezcan, Baki. The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Page 46. ↩

  6. Çıpa. The Making of Selim. Page 31. ↩

  7. Çıpa. The Making of Selim. Page 29. ↩

  8. Peirce, Leslie P. The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Studies in Middle Eastern History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Page 21. ↩

  9. Tezcan. The Second Ottoman Empire. Page 46. ↩

  10. Çıpa. The Making of Selim. Page 30. ↩

  11. Tezcan. The Second Ottoman Empire. Page 47. ↩

  12. Peirce. The Imperial Harem. Page 102. ↩

  13. Tezcan. The Second Ottoman Empire. Page 47. ↩

  14. Tezcan. The Second Ottoman Empire. Page 77. ↩

  15. Peirce. The Imperial Harem. Page 22. ↩

  16. Quataert 2005, p. 90–91. sfn error: no target: CITEREFQuataert2005 (help) ↩

  17. Quataert 2005, p. 91. sfn error: no target: CITEREFQuataert2005 (help) ↩

  18. Quataert 2005, p. 91. sfn error: no target: CITEREFQuataert2005 (help) ↩

  19. Quataert 2005, p. 91. sfn error: no target: CITEREFQuataert2005 (help) ↩

  20. Quataert 2005, p. 91 - Quataert, Donald (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521839105. OCLC 59280221. Retrieved 18 April 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=OX3lsOrXJGcC ↩

  21. Quataert, p. 92 - Quataert, Donald (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521839105. OCLC 59280221. Retrieved 18 April 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=OX3lsOrXJGcC ↩

  22. Karateke 2005, p. 37–54 - Karateke, Hakan T. (2005). "Who is the Next Ottoman Sultan? Attempts to Change the Rule of Succession during the Nineteenth Century". In Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma (eds.). Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration: Studies in Honour of Butrus Abu-Manneb. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781850437574. OCLC 60416792. Retrieved 2 May 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=U7loMhnI5S8C ↩

  23. İnalcık, Halil (2007). "Osmanlı Beyliği'nin Kurucusu Osman Beg". Belleten (261). Ankara: 487–490. /wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k ↩

  24. Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 11, pages: 314-315, 1995. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ertugrul-gazi ↩

  25. Heath W. Lowry (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-7914-8726-6. 978-0-7914-8726-6 ↩

  26. İnalcık, Halil (2007). OSMAN I (PDF). Vol. 33. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 443–453. ISBN 978-9-7538-9590-3. 978-9-7538-9590-3 ↩

  27. Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 33, pages: 443-453, 2007. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/osman-i ↩

  28. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 112. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  29. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 136. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  30. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. pp. 113–117. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  31. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6. (It is disputed that the names of Âişe and Gül-Bahar belong to two different persons or they designate two different names for the own mother of Yavuz Sultan Selim.) 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  32. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 136. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6. (The name of the own mother of Yavuz Sultan Selim is registered as Âişe Hâtûn from The Beylik of Dulkadir in İzahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi of İsmail Hami Danişmend). 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  33. Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 36, pages: 407-414, 2009 (Âişe Hâtûn is the daughter of Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey from Dulkadiroğulları. (Although her name was indicated as Gül-Bahar bint-i Abdü's-Samed in some sources, it can easily be understood that this is not true.) https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/selim-i ↩

  34. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 221. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6. 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  35. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 238. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. (The name of Mâh-i Rûze in Persian is composed of Mâh=Moon and Rûz=Day.) 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  36. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 224. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. (The name of Mâh-Peyker in Persian is composed of Mâh=Moon and Peyker=Face/Countenance. It means Moon-Faced.) 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  37. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 224. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. (The name of Mâh-Peyker in Persian is composed of Mâh=Moon and Peyker=Face/Countenance. It means Moon-Faced.) 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  38. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 280. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  39. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. pp. 253–254. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  40. Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 14, pages: 248-249, 1996. (The name of Meh-Pâre in Persian is composed of Meh=Moon and Pâre=Piece. It means Piece of Moon.) https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/gulnus-emetullah-sultan ↩

  41. Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 36, pages: 45, 2009 https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/saliha-sultan ↩

  42. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 326. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  43. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 286. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. She is the daughter of a poor family in Azapkapı in Istanbul. 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  44. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 380. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. 978-9-753-29623-6 ↩

  45. Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 32, pages: 343-344, 2006. (She is of Caucasusian descent. It is untrue that she was from French royal family and her name was not Aimée du Buc de Rivéry.) https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/naksidil-sultan ↩

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