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Fur Formation
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<h2 id="geology">Geology</h2> <p>The Fur Formation is a <a href="/facts/Geological_unit/y7m0WntA">unit</a> of diatomitic sediment approximately 60 meters thick consisting of <a href="/facts/Diatom/x2oEcP1P">diatoms</a> and <a href="/facts/Clay_mineral/A1Sod7Hp">clay minerals</a> with up to 180 layers of <a href="/facts/Volcanic_ash/c3cqgBfV">volcanic ash</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> In Danish literature the formation has informally been referred to as the <i>moler</i> (<i>Ler</i> means clay). The diatomite comprises 2/3 opal tests of diatoms and 1/3 clay, interbedded with layers of volcanic ash and a few <a href="/facts/Limestone/8ntvtFnR">limestone</a> horizons ('cementstones'), and has exceptionally complete fossil preservation. </p><p>It is known for its abundant <a href="/facts/Fossil/by7NzIA1">fossil</a> fish, insects, reptiles, birds and plants. The Fur Formation was deposited just above the <a href="/facts/Palaeocene/IWWoh8D9">Palaeocene</a>-<a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a> boundary, about 55 million years ago, and its tropical or sub-tropical flora indicate that the climate after the <a href="/facts/Paleocene-Eocene_Thermal_Maximum/QnPVzRR7">Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum</a> was moderately warm (approximately 4-8 degrees warmer than today). </p><p><a href="/facts/Glacial/alIAm38r">Glacial</a> activity has moved and folded all exposed <i>moler</i> in a complicated pattern which permits very precise mapping of glacial movement at the end of the <a href="/facts/Last_ice_age/acYQETg7">last ice age</a>, and has, due to the ash layers, created an extraordinary <a href="/facts/Pedagogy/t1LIfLeC">pedagogical</a> case for studying <a href="/facts/Tectonics/jPcFacFP">tectonics</a>. </p> <h3>Members</h3> <p>The Fur Formation is divided into two members: The lower Knudeklint Member was named for a location on the island of <a href="/facts/Fur_(island)/Gs7gmkKR">Fur</a>. The upper Silstrup Member was named for a location in <a href="/facts/Thy_(district)/1wcNNjq8">Thy</a>. The stratigraphy exposed at Knudeklint constitutes the unit that containing the <a href="/facts/Paleocene/IWWoh8D9">Paleocene</a>/<a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a> boundary informally named Stolleklint Clay, which grades up into the Fur Formation. </p> <h2 id="paleontological-significance">Paleontological significance</h2> <p>Fossils of great diversity and unique preservation (only 10 my. after the 'great extinction' of dinosaurs, ammonites etc.) Most unusual, if not unique, diversity of life from both ocean and land with extremely good preservation of details rarely seen, therefore very reliable reconstruction of palaeobiology. By far most of the "Danekræ" fossils (fossils that are considered of national importance and covered by a special law) since 1990 have been found in the Mo-clay area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h3>Birds</h3> <p>The earliest <a href="/facts/Paleogene/CNsEpdA4">Paleogene</a> fauna of any diversity, over 30 species, including some near complete, some preserved in 3-D, and some excellent bird-fossils (even with <a href="/facts/Feathers/sxbf96nF">feathers</a> and <a href="/facts/Chromatine/ha0TJheJ">chromatine</a>). Most are earliest known representatives of their <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">orders</a> (e.g. <a href="/facts/Trogons/va1bJUPQ">Trogons</a>, <a href="/facts/Swift_(bird)/VCEvAWuo">Swifts</a>, <a href="/facts/Ibises/94mwonYN">Ibises</a>) and all are terrestrial birds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>†<a href="/facts/Lithornithiformes/2tSBv6Kh">Lithornithiformes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Galliformes/VYG04bUD">Galliformes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gruiformes/K9zywYkn">Gruiformes</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Rallidae/PAcRfUIh">Rallidae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/facts/Messelornithidae/FdLCJzyt">Messelornithidae</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Apodiformes/TxYQgGgc">Apodiformes</a> (Swifts)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charadriiformes/N6EARGqd">Charadriiformes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Psittaciformes/u32QQjMe">Psittaciformes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Musophagiformes/cCrJgG27">Musophagiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Coliiformes/oJLYPWod">Coliiformes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Strigiformes/ShBp03ph">Strigiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Caprimulgiformes/mHGWkFSG">Caprimulgiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Coraciiformes/u3b5uo9W">Coraciiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trogoniformes/va1bJUPQ">Trogoniformes</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Primoscenidae</li> <li><a href="/facts/Trogonidae/va1bJUPQ">Trogonidae</a></li></ul> <ul><li>†<i>Septentrogon madseni</i></li></ul> <h3>Reptiles</h3> <p>Several fossil sea turtles are known from the Fur Formation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> In one of them, a large leatherback turtle (<i><a href="/facts/Eosphargis/lRbbvmFq">Eosphargis</a> breineri</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> remains of soft tissue and skin pigmentation have been recovered<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> A number of well-preserved turtle specimens have been recovered from the formation, two of which have been recognized to be a completely new species of the genus <i><a href="/facts/Tasbacka/KXAKMSSC">Tasbacka</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Sea snakes are also known from the formation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Palaeophis/U1LmFbwo">Palaeophis</a></i> (Sea snake)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Eosphargis/lRbbvmFq">Eosphargis</a> brenieri</i> (Leatherback turtle)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cheloniidae/yCnvQ7Yy">Cheloniidae</a> and <a href="/facts/Crown_group/fHDhwp5x">pan</a>-Cheloniidae<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Puppigerus/JDC15fH2">Puppigerus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Glarichelys/KaukhTJG">Glarichelys</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Tasbacka/KXAKMSSC">Tasbacka</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></i></li></ul> <h3>Fish</h3> <p>Large teleostean fauna, oceanic, possibly including earliest truly deepwater fish, a '<a href="/facts/Cetomimiformes/S4z5t6z4">whale-fish</a>'; earliest members of many living families and Tertiary diversity preserved as complete skeletons; some rare and sensational large and complete specimens (two 'bonytongues', one tarpon).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>The following taxa are known:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Location</th><th>Member</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td>?<i><a href="/facts/Analectis/F6od97R6">Analectis</a></i></td><td>?<i>A.</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Turkmenidae/Wtx6NtDu">turkmenid</a> <a href="/facts/Lampriformes/3WomFkaW">lampriform</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>?<i><a href="/facts/Antigonia_(fish)/7kzQdQpS">Antigonia</a></i></td><td>?<i>A.</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Caproidae/Klf9TnPl">boarfish</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Archaeozeus/yhgkkSBJ">Archaeozeus</a></i></td><td><i>A. skamolensis</i></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>An <a href="/facts/Archaeozeidae/yhgkkSBJ">archaeozeid</a> <a href="/facts/Zeiformes/NBhPwAwc">zeiform</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>?<i><a href="/facts/Arius_(fish)/8wzwAddc">Arius</a></i></td><td>?<i>A</i>. sp.</td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Ariidae/m488kjpG">sea catfish</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Atheriniformes/2W0fjbhR">Atheriniformes</a> indet.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>An atheriniform.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aulostomoidea/XX7NJqVy">Aulostomoidea</a> indet.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>An <a href="/facts/Aulostomoidea/XX7NJqVy">aulostomoid</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Brychaetoides</i></td><td><i>B. greenwoodi</i></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Bonytongue/2zAbxtvE">bonytongue</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cf. <i><a href="/facts/Brychaetus/AF3kNT3e">Brychaetus</a></i></td><td><i>B.</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>Stolle Klint</td><td>A bonytongue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Butyrumichthys</i></td><td><i>B. henricii</i></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Medusafish/29pEqHBI">medusafish</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Euzaphlegidae/EKVQGr9l">Euzaphlegidae</a> indet.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A euzaphlegid.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Exellia/IPc2nlYv">Exellia</a></i></td><td><i>E.</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>An exelliid <a href="/facts/Percomorpha/xDsdRavh">percomorph</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Furichthys</i></td><td><i>F. fieldsoei</i></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A bonytongue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Heterosteoglossum</i></td><td><i>H. foreyi</i></td><td></td><td>Fur, Stolle Klint</td><td>A bonytongue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Holosteus/gXoq4Dpa">Holosteus</a></i></td><td><i>H.</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Barracudina/rd9csla8">barracudina</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tarpon/gkXWjv6R">Megalopidae</a> indet.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Tarpon/gkXWjv6R">tarpon</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Mene/NL9jPDpW">Mene</a></i></td><td><i>M</i>. sp.</td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Mene/NL9jPDpW">moonfish</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Moclaybalistes</i></td><td><i>M. danekrus</i></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A moclaybalistid <a href="/facts/Tetraodontiformes/e65czV4A">tetraodontiform</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Moray_eel/S3fv3sYU">Muraenidae</a> indet.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Moray_eel/S3fv3sYU">moray eel</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Osteoglossiformes/DekXqN05">Osteoglossiformes</a> indet.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A small-sized <a href="/facts/Osteoglossiformes/DekXqN05">osteoglossiform</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Palaeocentrotus/Saeh3B30">Palaeocentrotus</a></i></td><td><i>P. boeggildi</i></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A palaeocentrotid lampriform.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Palaeorhynchidae/qpjrCSba">Palaeorhynchidae</a> indet.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Billfish/c9zRGIY3">billfish</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>?<a href="/facts/Percopsiformes/L9G1hfXh">Percopsiformes</a> indet.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A potential percopsiform.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Polyspinatus</i></td><td><i>P. fluere</i></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Beardfish/9Ss7yIBd">beardfish</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Protozeus/dUnEnvqc">Protozeus</a></i></td><td><i>P. kuehnei</i></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A protozeid zeiform.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Ramphosus/g8N4dVW9">Rhamphosus</a></i></td><td><i>R.</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Syngnathiformes/Q6fVGHfS">syngnathiform</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Rhinocephalus/rDEYlwsn">Rhinocephalus</a></i></td><td><i>R.</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Hake/FSJY5GpD">hake</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>?<i><a href="/facts/Redmouth_whalefish/wYJ95nQd">Rondeletia</a></i></td><td>?<i>R.</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Cetomimiformes/S4z5t6z4">whalefish</a>, possibly a <a href="/facts/Redmouth_whalefish/wYJ95nQd">redmouth whalefish</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>?<a href="/facts/Salmonidae/gAw219CG">Salmonidae</a> indet.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A potential <a href="/facts/Salmonidae/gAw219CG">salmonid</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>?<i><a href="/facts/Sardinella/dGdAxNSQ">Sardinella</a></i></td><td>?<i>S.</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Clupeidae/rdyaTega">clupeid</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>?<a href="/facts/Scorpaeniformes/HcPKcYLL">Scorpaeniformes</a> indet.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A potential scorpaeniform.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Surlykus</i></td><td><i>S. longigracilis</i></td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>An <a href="/facts/Argentiniformes/58wjw3L2">argentiniform</a>, the most common fish in the Mo-Clay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>?<i><a href="/facts/Vomeropsis/XCY4N2gG">Vomeropsis</a></i></td><td>?<i>V</i>. sp.</td><td></td><td>Fur</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Carangidae/W30IdABI">carangid</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Xosteoglossid</i></td><td><i>X. rebeccae</i></td><td></td><td>Stolle Klint</td><td>A bonytongue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li></li></ul> <h3>Insects</h3> <p>Huge fauna from land, over 200 species, many are oldest of their families; many with colour spots and eye lenses, some extraordinary preservation with stridulation (sound) apparatus in grasshoppers, and apparently migratory moth mass mortality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>Species described include: </p> <ul><li><i>Cimbrochrysa moleriensis</i> - a <a href="/facts/Chrysopidae/4T2M5ppG">green lacewing</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Cimbrophlebia_bittaciformis/t9YwuN0Q">Cimbrophlebia bittaciformis</a></i> - a <a href="/facts/Cimbrophlebiidae/CkFfEbNx">Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly</a></li> <li><i>Danochrysa madseni</i> - a <a href="/facts/Chrysopidae/4T2M5ppG">green lacewing</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Forficula_paleocaenica/QS1tjm9C">Forficula paleocaenica</a></i> - a <a href="/facts/Forficulidae/PLxvFSCW">forficulid earwig</a></li> <li><i>Furochrysa alisa</i> - a <a href="/facts/Chrysopidae/4T2M5ppG">green lacewing</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li><i>Limfjordia breineri</i> - a <a href="/facts/Dictyopharidae/EWAFoUAx">dictyopharid plant hopper</a></li> <li><i>Rhantus villumi</i> - a <a href="/facts/Dytiscidae/mUe6W6dM">water beetle</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li><i>Stephenbrooksia multifurcata</i> - a <a href="/facts/Chrysopidae/4T2M5ppG">green lacewing</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ypresiomyrma_rebekkae/Mre00rFC">Ypresiomyrma rebekkae</a></i> - a <a href="/facts/Myrmeciinae/1uHcX5jb">bull dog ant</a></li></ul> <h3>Crustacea</h3> <p>Extraordinary cirripeds (<a href="/facts/Barnacles/cF33rlfE">barnacles</a>), and the only fossil shrimps from Denmark.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h3>Molluscs</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Gari_(genus)/VqyQSGf4">Gari</a></i> sp.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Mytilus_(bivalve)/rYps5VHz">Mytilus</a></i> sp.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Nucula/QgeMkKWG">Nucula</a></i> sp.</li></ul> <h3>Land plants</h3> <p>Some members of the 'Arcto-Tertiary flora'; some with cuticle preservation and some flowers preserved. Large silicified trunks (up to 9 m) of redwood, and some very soft wood preserved. Some trunks with mussels and barnacles attached. Many seeds and fruits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p> <h3>Diatoms</h3> <p>Great diversity of unicellular, marine algae with siliceous (opal) tests, 130 species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ash-layers">Ash layers</h2> <p>More than 200 layers of <a href="/facts/Volcanic_ash/c3cqgBfV">volcanic ash</a> of predominantly <a href="/facts/Basalt/uhbwGPTb">basaltic</a> composition have been found within the Mo-clay of the Fur Formation. 179 of the most prominent ash layers have been numbered. Comparison with volcanic ash layers in <a href="/facts/Oil_well/mNNRJmuE">oil wells</a> in the <a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a> indicates that the Mo-clay is coeval with the Sele Formation and <a href="/facts/Balder_Formation/LX2kdEHn">Balder Formation</a> in the North Sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> The ash layers have also been found at other sites in <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a>, <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>, <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a> and the <a href="/facts/Bay_of_Biscay/nlsdKMBg">Bay of Biscay</a>. </p><p>The total eruption volume of this series have been calculated as 21,000 km3, which occurred in 600,000 years. The most powerful single eruption of this series took place 54.0 million years ago (Ma) and ejected ca. 1,200 km3 of ash material, which makes it one of the largest basaltic pyroclastic eruptions in geological history. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Denmark/vwpyUjHr">List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Denmark</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fur Formation. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"The Heritage Agency of Denmark". Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2010-12-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322030538/http://www.kulturarv.dk/verdensarv/english/candidates/the-diatomite-cliffs-moler/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120322030538/http://www.kulturarv.dk/verdensarv/english/candidates/the-diatomite-cliffs-moler/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Pedersen, G.K. & Surlyk, F. 1983: The Fur Formation, a late Paleocene ash-bearing diatomite from northern Denmark. Bulletin Geological Society of Denmark, 32, 43-65. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bonde, N., Andersen, S., Hals, N., and Jakobsen, S.T. (2008). Danekræ - Danmarks bedste fossiler. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. 224 pp. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>DYKE, G. J., WATERHOUSE, D. M. & KRISTOFFERSEN, A. V. 2004: Three new fossil landbirds from the early Paleogene of Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 51, 47–56. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>KRISTOFFERSEN, A. V. 2002b. An Early Paleogene trogon (Aves: Trogoniformes) from the Fur Formation, Denmark. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 661–666. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Pedersen, G. K., Pedersen, S. A. S., Bonde, N., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Larsen, L. M., Lindow, B., Madsen, H., Pedersen, A. K., Rust, J., Schultz, B. P., Storey, M. og Willumsen, P. S. 2012: Molerområdets geologi – sedimenter, fossiler, askelag og glacialtektonik. Geologisk Tidsskrift 2011, pp. 41–135, [1] <a href="http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/gt2011-41-135.pdf" target="_blank">http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/gt2011-41-135.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>LEONARD, L., DYKE, G. J., & TUINEN, M. V. 2005. A new specimen of the fossil palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Number 3491, 11 pp. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>LINDOW, B.,& DYKE, G. J. 2007. A small galliform bird from the Lower Eocene Fur Formation. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 55, 59-63.; LINDOW s 56-63 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Bertelli, Sara; Chiappe, Luis M.; Mayr, Gerald (2011). "A new Messel rail from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark (Aves, Messelornithidae)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (4): 551–562. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.538730. S2CID 84880556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>BERTELLI, S., LINDOW, B., DYKE, G. J., & CHIAPPE, L. M. 2010. A well-preserved 'Charadriiform-like' fossil bird from the early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark. Palaeontology, Vol. 53, part 3, 507-531.;LINDOW s 76-117 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>WATERHOUSE, D. M., LINDOW, B., ZELENKOV, N. V., & DYKE, G. J. 2008. Two new parrots (Psittaciformes) From the Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark. Palaeontology, Vol. 51, Part 3, 575-582. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>DYKE, G.J., WATERHOUSE, D. M., & KRISTOFFERSEN, A.V. 2004. Three new fossil landbirds from the early Paleogene of Denmark, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark. Vol. 51, 77-85. Copenhagen. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Pedersen, G. K., Pedersen, S. A. S., Bonde, N., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Larsen, L. M., Lindow, B., Madsen, H., Pedersen, A. K., Rust, J., Schultz, B. P., Storey, M. og Willumsen, P. S. 2012: Molerområdets geologi – sedimenter, fossiler, askelag og glacialtektonik. Geologisk Tidsskrift 2011, pp. 41–135, [1] <a href="http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/gt2011-41-135.pdf" target="_blank">http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/gt2011-41-135.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>NIELSEN, E. 1963. On the postcranial skeleton of Eosphargis breineri Nielsen. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening, 15, 281–328 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Lindgren, Johan; Sjövall, Peter; Carney, Ryan M.; Uvdal, Per; Gren, Johan A.; Dyke, Gareth; Schultz, Bo Pagh; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Barnes, Kenneth R.; Polcyn, Michael J. (2014). "Skin pigmentation provides evidence of convergent melanism in extinct marine reptiles". Nature. 506 (7489): 484–488. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..484L. doi:10.1038/nature12899. PMID 24402224. S2CID 4468035. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Karl, H.-V. & Madsen, H. (2012): Tasbacka danica n. sp., A new Eocene marine turtle of Denmark (Testudines: Chelonioidea).- Studia Palaeocheloniologica 4: 193-204 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>HOCH, E. 1975. Amniote remnants from the eastern part of the Lower Eocene North Sea Basin. Colloque International du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 218, 543–562. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Kristensen, H.V., Cuny, G., Rasmussen, A.R., ang Madsen, H., 2012: Earliest record of the fossil snake Palaeophis from the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in Denmark. Bull. Soc. géol. France, 2012, t. 183, no 6, p. 623-627 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>HOCH, E. 1975. Amniote remnants from the eastern part of the Lower Eocene North Sea Basin. Colloque International du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 218, 543–562. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Kristensen, H.V., Cuny, G., Rasmussen, A.R., ang Madsen, H., 2012: Earliest record of the fossil snake Palaeophis from the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in Denmark. Bull. Soc. géol. France, 2012, t. 183, no 6, p. 623-627 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>NIELSEN, E. 1963. On the postcranial skeleton of Eosphargis breineri Nielsen. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening, 15, 281–328 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>De La Garza, R. G.; Madsen, H.; Sjövall, P.; Osbӕck, F.; Zheng, W.; Jarenmark, M.; Schweitzer, M. H.; Engdahl, A.; Uvdal, P.; Eriksson, M. E.; Lindgren, J. (2022). "An ancestral hard-shelled sea turtle with a mosaic of soft skin and scutes". Scientific Reports. 12 (1). 22655. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1222655D. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26941-1. PMC 9805447. PMID 36587051. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9805447" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9805447</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Nielsen, E., 1959: Eocene Turtles from Denmark, Dansk Geologisk Forening, BD. 14, Hefte 2. p. 96-115 | http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull-1959-14-2-96-114.pdf <a href="http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull-1959-14-2-96-114.pdf" target="_blank">http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull-1959-14-2-96-114.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Danekræ side 12 – Københavns Universitet". geologi.snm.ku.dk. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001185009/http://geologi.snm.ku.dk/samlinger/danekrae/information/danekraeliste/side_12/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151001185009/http://geologi.snm.ku.dk/samlinger/danekrae/information/danekraeliste/side_12/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Danekræ side 12 – Københavns Universitet". geologi.snm.ku.dk. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001185009/http://geologi.snm.ku.dk/samlinger/danekrae/information/danekraeliste/side_12/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151001185009/http://geologi.snm.ku.dk/samlinger/danekrae/information/danekraeliste/side_12/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Karl, H.-V. & Madsen, H. (2012): Tasbacka danica n. sp., A new Eocene marine turtle of Denmark (Testudines: Chelonioidea).- Studia Palaeocheloniologica 4: 193-204 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Pedersen, G. K., Pedersen, S. A. S., Bonde, N., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Larsen, L. M., Lindow, B., Madsen, H., Pedersen, A. K., Rust, J., Schultz, B. P., Storey, M. og Willumsen, P. S. 2012: Molerområdets geologi – sedimenter, fossiler, askelag og glacialtektonik. Geologisk Tidsskrift 2011, pp. 41–135, [1] <a href="http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/gt2011-41-135.pdf" target="_blank">http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/gt2011-41-135.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>BONDE, N. 1997: A distinct fish fauna in the basal ashseries of the Fur/Ølst Formation (U. Paleocene, Denmark). Aarhus Geoscience, 6, 33–48. <a href="https://geo.au.dk/fileadmin/www.geo.au.dk/02_Forskning/Publikationer/Aarhus_Geoscience/vol_6/Pages_from_AARHUS_GEOSCIENCE_VOL._6_1997-2.pdf" target="_blank">https://geo.au.dk/fileadmin/www.geo.au.dk/02_Forskning/Publikationer/Aarhus_Geoscience/vol_6/Pages_from_AARHUS_GEOSCIENCE_VOL._6_1997-2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Pedersen, G. K., Pedersen, S. A. S., Bonde, N., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Larsen, L. M., Lindow, B., Madsen, H., Pedersen, A. K., Rust, J., Schultz, B. P., Storey, M. og Willumsen, P. S. 2012: Molerområdets geologi – sedimenter, fossiler, askelag og glacialtektonik. Geologisk Tidsskrift 2011, pp. 41–135, [1] <a href="http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/gt2011-41-135.pdf" target="_blank">http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/gt2011-41-135.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>BONDE, N. 1997: A distinct fish fauna in the basal ashseries of the Fur/Ølst Formation (U. Paleocene, Denmark). Aarhus Geoscience, 6, 33–48. <a href="https://geo.au.dk/fileadmin/www.geo.au.dk/02_Forskning/Publikationer/Aarhus_Geoscience/vol_6/Pages_from_AARHUS_GEOSCIENCE_VOL._6_1997-2.pdf" target="_blank">https://geo.au.dk/fileadmin/www.geo.au.dk/02_Forskning/Publikationer/Aarhus_Geoscience/vol_6/Pages_from_AARHUS_GEOSCIENCE_VOL._6_1997-2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Bonde, Niels (2008). "Osteoglossomorphs of the marine Lower Eocene of Denmark – with remarks on other Eocene taxa and their importance for palaeobiogeography". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 295 (1): 253–310. doi:10.1144/SP295.14. ISSN 0305-8719. <a href="https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14" target="_blank">https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Bonde, Niels (2008). "Osteoglossomorphs of the marine Lower Eocene of Denmark – with remarks on other Eocene taxa and their importance for palaeobiogeography". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 295 (1): 253–310. doi:10.1144/SP295.14. ISSN 0305-8719. <a href="https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14" target="_blank">https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Schrøder, Ane Elise; Rasmussen, Jan Audun; Møller, Peter Rask; Carnevale, Giorgio (2022-09-30). "Butyrumichthys henricii gen. et sp. nov.: a new stromateiform fish from the lower Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (3). doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2171798. ISSN 0272-4634. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2023.2171798" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2023.2171798</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Carriol, René-Pierre; Bonde, Niels; Jakobsen, Sten L.; Høeg, Jens T. (2016). "New stalked and sessile cirripedes from the Eocene Mo Clay, northwest Jutland (Denmark)". Geodiversitas. 38 (1): 21–32. doi:10.5252/g2016n1a2. ISSN 1280-9659. <a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5252/g2016n1a2" target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5252/g2016n1a2</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Bonde, Niels (2008). "Osteoglossomorphs of the marine Lower Eocene of Denmark – with remarks on other Eocene taxa and their importance for palaeobiogeography". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 295 (1): 253–310. doi:10.1144/SP295.14. ISSN 0305-8719. <a href="https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14" target="_blank">https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Bonde, Niels (2008). "Osteoglossomorphs of the marine Lower Eocene of Denmark – with remarks on other Eocene taxa and their importance for palaeobiogeography". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 295 (1): 253–310. doi:10.1144/SP295.14. ISSN 0305-8719. <a href="https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14" target="_blank">https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Bonde, Niels (2008). "Osteoglossomorphs of the marine Lower Eocene of Denmark – with remarks on other Eocene taxa and their importance for palaeobiogeography". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 295 (1): 253–310. doi:10.1144/SP295.14. ISSN 0305-8719. <a href="https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14" target="_blank">https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Schrøder, Anne Elise (2023). "The argentiniform Surlykus longigracilis gen. et sp. nov., the most abundant fish from the Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark" (PDF). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark. 72: 18. <a href="https://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull72-1-18.pdf" target="_blank">https://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull72-1-18.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Bonde, Niels (2008). "Osteoglossomorphs of the marine Lower Eocene of Denmark – with remarks on other Eocene taxa and their importance for palaeobiogeography". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 295 (1): 253–310. doi:10.1144/SP295.14. ISSN 0305-8719. <a href="https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14" target="_blank">https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Pedersen, G. K., Pedersen, S. A. S., Bonde, N., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Larsen, L. M., Lindow, B., Madsen, H., Pedersen, A. K., Rust, J., Schultz, B. P., Storey, M. og Willumsen, P. S. 2012: Molerområdets geologi – sedimenter, fossiler, askelag og glacialtektonik. Geologisk Tidsskrift 2011, pp. 41–135, [1] <a href="http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/gt2011-41-135.pdf" target="_blank">http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/gt2011-41-135.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>ARCHIBALD, S. B. &MARKARKIN, V. N. 2006: Tertiary Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae): Revision and description of new taxa from Western North America and Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 4, 119–155. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>LARSSON, S.G., 1975: Palaeobiology and mode of burial of the insects of the Lower Eocene Mo-clay of Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 24 p. 193-209. [2] <a href="http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull24-03-04-193-209.pdf" target="_blank">http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull24-03-04-193-209.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Szwedo, J. (2008). "A new tribe of Dictyopharidae planthoppers from Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea), with a brief review of the fossil record of the family". Palaeodiversity. 1: 75–85. <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Makarkin, V. N.; Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). "Nothochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the early Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark, with description of a new genus". Zootaxa. 5433 (3): 529–545. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5433.4.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Makarkin, V. N.; Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). "Nothochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the early Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark, with description of a new genus". Zootaxa. 5433 (3): 529–545. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5433.4.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Makarkin, V. N.; Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). "Nothochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the early Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark, with description of a new genus". Zootaxa. 5433 (3): 529–545. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5433.4.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Prokin, A. 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