Funnelbeaker culture

<h2 id="nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2>
The Funnelbeaker culture is named for its characteristic ceramics, beakers and amphorae with funnel-shaped tops, which were found in dolmen burials.

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Nordic_Stone_Age/PLbMvKHr">Nordic Stone Age</a>

The Funnelbeaker culture emerged in northern modern-day Germany c. 4100 BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> Archaeological evidence strongly suggests that it originated through a migration of colonists from the <a href="/facts/Michelsberg_culture/L5kgld7t">Michelsberg culture</a> of <a href="/facts/Central_Europe/VdxzSbJz">Central Europe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> The Michelsberg culture is archaeologically and genetically strongly differentiated from the preceding post-<a href="/facts/Linear_Pottery_culture/ogWxJkNx">Linear Pottery cultures</a> of Central Europe, being distinguished by increased levels of hunter-gatherer ancestry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> Its people were probably descended from farmers migrating into Central Europe out of <a href="/facts/Iberia/ztFXI8zt">Iberia</a> and modern-day France, who in turn were descended from farmers of the <a href="/facts/Cardial_Ware/yd8TaNao">Cardial Ware</a> cultures who had migrated westwards from the <a href="/facts/Balkans/5Hy8ly0d">Balkans</a> along the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean</a> coast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Connections between the Funnelbeakers and these farmers of the <a href="/facts/Atlantic/EI4uChIb">Atlantic</a> coast is supported by genetic evidence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
After its establishment, the Funnelbeaker culture rapidly spread into southern Scandinavia and Poland, in what appears to have been a well-organized colonizing venture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> In southern Scandinavia it replaced the <a href="/facts/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture/Q6cjaRm4">Ertebølle culture</a>, which had maintained a Mesolithic lifestyle for about 1500 years after farming arrived in Central Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> The emergence of the <a href="/facts/Neolithic_British_Isles/5gSI9LvF">Neolithic British Isles</a> through maritime colonization by Michelsberg-related groups occurred almost at the same time as the expansion of the Funnelbeaker culture into Scandinavia, suggesting that these events may be connected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Although they were largely of <a href="/facts/Early_European_Farmer/grdH7u43">Early European Farmer</a> (EEF) descent, people of the Funnelbeaker culture had a relatively high amount of hunter-gatherer admixture, particularly in Scandinavia, suggesting that hunter-gatherer populations were partially incorporated into it during its expansion into this region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> People of the Funnelbeaker culture often had between 30% and 50% hunter-gatherer ancestry depending on the region.
During later phases of the Neolithic, the Funnelbeaker culture re-expanded out of Scandinavia southwards into Central Europe, establishing several regional varieties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> This expansion appears to have been accompanied by significant human migration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The southward expansion of the Funnelbeaker culture was accompanied by a substantial increase in hunter-gatherer lineages in Central Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The Funnelbeaker communities in Central Europe which emerged were probably quite genetically and ethnically mixed, and archaeological evidence suggests that they were relatively violent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

From the middle of the 4th millennium BCE, the Funnelbeaker culture was gradually replaced by the <a href="/facts/Globular_Amphora_culture/lCkclGXF">Globular Amphora culture</a> on its southeastern fringes, and began to decline in Scandinavia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
In the early 3rd millennium BCE, the <a href="/facts/Corded_Ware_culture/mkshlGLV">Corded Ware culture</a> appeared in Northern Europe. Its peoples were of marked <a href="/facts/Steppe-related_ancestry/S7RecMnM">steppe-related ancestry</a> and traced their origins in cultures further east. This period is distinguished by the construction of numerous defensive palisades in Funnelbeaker territory, which may be a sign of violent conflict between the Funnelbeakers, Corded Ware, and Pitted Ware.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> By 2650 BCE, the Funnelbeaker culture had been replaced by the Corded Ware culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Genetic studies suggest that Funnelbeaker women were incorporated into the Corded Ware culture through intermixing with incoming Corded Ware males, and that people of the Corded Ware culture continued to use Funnelbeaker megaliths as burial grounds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Subsequent cultures of Late Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age Central Europe display strong maternal genetic affinity with the Funnelbeaker culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>

<h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2>
The TRB ranges from the <a href="/facts/Elbe/nCfafNDq">Elbe</a> catchment in <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> and <a href="/facts/Bohemia/Wbr8gt6l">Bohemia</a> with a western extension into the <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a>, to southern <a href="/facts/Scandinavia/KpLQ40kl">Scandinavia</a> (<a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a> up to <a href="/facts/Uppland/xV4CAU8q">Uppland</a> in <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a> and the <a href="/facts/Oslofjord/T3pPMVu2">Oslofjord</a> in <a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norway</a>) in the north, and to the <a href="/facts/Vistula/mnDW9Uqt">Vistula</a> catchment in <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a> and the area between Dnister and Western Bug headwaters in <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> in the east.
Variants of the Funnelbeaker culture in or near the Elbe catchment area include the Tiefstich pottery group in northern Germany as well as the cultures of the <a href="/facts/Baalberge_group/LGHXb0ej">Baalberge group</a> (TRB-MES II and III; MES = Mittelelbe-<a href="/facts/Saale/TsXT8HWA">Saale</a>), the <a href="/facts/Salzm%C3%BCnde_group/UskjVAd9">Salzmünde</a> and Walternienburg and <a href="/facts/Bernburg/Srtff8sI">Bernburg</a> (all TRB-MES IV) whose centres were in <a href="/facts/Saxony-Anhalt/XWDDbRvA">Saxony-Anhalt</a>.

<h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2>
<h3>Settlements</h3>

With the exception of some inland settlements such as the <a href="/facts/Alvastra_pile-dwelling/eB4jS1hq">Alvastra pile-dwelling</a>, the settlements are located near those of the previous Ertebølle culture on the coast. It was characterized by single-family <a href="/facts/Wattle_and_daub/GnjMKHg1">daubed</a> houses c. 12 m x 6 m.

<h3>Economy</h3>
Studies on plant use at Funnel Beaker sites are biased by the scarcity of sites with waterlogged preservation. Based on analysis from northern Germany, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands, the state of the art is that the crop analyses show assemblages that are dominated by <a href="/facts/Hordeum_vulgare/GH7X2qtG">Hordeum vulgare</a> var. nudum (naked barley) and <a href="/facts/Triticum_turgidum/rSKjJ1K3">Triticum turgidum</a> ssp. dicoccum (Triticum dicoccum, emmer). Moreover, <a href="/facts/Einkorn/tQ3MtIJN">Triticum monococcum</a> ssp. monococcum (Triticum monococcum, einkorn) and <a href="/facts/Triticum_aestivatum/kmtLeodc">Triticum aestivum</a> ssp. aestivum and/or <a href="/facts/Durum_wheat/rSKjJ1K3">Triticum turgidum</a> ssp. durum/turgidum (Triticum aestivum/Triticum turgidum, free-threshing wheat) frequently occur in small quantities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> <a href="/facts/Durum_wheat/rSKjJ1K3">Triticum durum</a>/turgidum (hard/rivet wheat) has been demonstrated at Frydenlund and in Albersdorf.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
Oil plants <a href="/facts/Flax/rm28CMyJ">Linum usitatissimum</a> (linseed) and <a href="/facts/Papaver_somniferum/C3qaRQYw">Papaver somniferum</a> ssp. setigerum (opium poppy) occur very scarcely, and mostly from the Middle Neolithic (c. 3300 BCE) onwards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> However, Linum and Papaver are probably underrepresented at Funnel Beaker sites. In contrast to starch-rich seeds/fruits, these oil-rich remains easily burn away when in contact with fire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
Wild fruit remains preserved as carbonised remains include e.g. <a href="/facts/Corylus_avellana/83bfMDbJ">Corylus avellana</a> (hazelnut), <a href="/facts/Malus_sylvestris/o6oaqnYV">Malus sylvestris</a> (crab apple), <a href="/facts/Crataegus_monogyna/wFXGSRXG">Crataegus monogyna</a> (common hawthorn) (also found in Wangels), <a href="/facts/Rubus_fruticosus/Q3uGxC0c">Rubus fruticosus</a> (blackberry), <a href="/facts/Rubus_idaeus/ljxFxIhS">Rubus idaeus</a> (raspberry), and <a href="/facts/Viscum_album/W0jYFnew">Viscum album</a> (mistletoe), while use of <a href="/facts/Prunus_spinosa/NtD0Y4zd">Prunus spinosa</a> (sloe) is suggested by a single imprint.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
In a recent paper, scientists from <a href="/facts/Kiel_University/1oU4RAYX">Kiel University</a> (Collaboarative Research Centre 1266) have found that although there are general similarities in used plants, differences in the production are evident. This is shown by two recently investigated sites.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> In Frydenlund, Funen, Denmark, the grinding stones were used to grind wild plants only. In <a href="/facts/Oldenburg_in_Holstein/FjoS34Kw">Oldenburg</a>, Germany, grain was processed. In Frydenlund, the absence of cereal grinding combined and an abundance of carbonised cereals from soil samples indicates that probably grain was processed to a porridge-like meal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> In Oldenburg, in contrast, bread (possible flat bread) was produced in addition to porridge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
The Funnelbeaker culture was dominated by animal husbandry of <a href="/facts/Sheep/cjkJyI4f">sheep</a>, <a href="/facts/Cattle/44qV9B6S">cattle</a>, <a href="/facts/Pig/b5wxwdDY">pigs</a> and <a href="/facts/Goat/BrsPJmdX">goats</a>, but there was also hunting and fishing.
There was also flint mining (in the <a href="/facts/Malm%C3%B6/Ax5CCPu0">Malmö</a> region) and collection of <a href="/facts/Flint/RkMoXqjb">flintstone</a> (<a href="/facts/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Mountains/gzD2wuCB">Świętokrzyskie Mountains</a>), which was traded into regions lacking the stone, such as the Scandinavian hinterland. Huge flint axes from Denmark or northern Germany were distributed to Dutch groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

The culture used <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a>, especially <a href="/facts/Dagger/bKxEtuKD">daggers</a> and <a href="/facts/Axe/caIr6REq">axes</a>. In contrast to earlier beliefs that the copper originated in the Austian Alps, recent studies established that the early copper (4100-3000 BCE) was mined in Serbian and Bulgarian mines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> After this early phase, the number of copper artefacts decrease significantly between 3300 and 2800 BCE and are almost absent between 2800 and 2300 BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>

<h3>Technology</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Bullock_cart/PzXuyWY0">Bullock cart</a>, <a href="/facts/Wagon/RUVs11Yb">Wagon</a>, and <a href="/facts/Wheel/SlIWX3xd">Wheel</a>
The Funnelbeaker Culture preserves the oldest dated evidence of wheeled vehicles in middle Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> One example is the engraving on a ceramic tureen from <a href="/facts/Bronocice_pot/uGwaYNxx">Bronocice</a> in Poland on the northern edge of the Beskidy Mountains (northern Carpathian ring), which is indirectly dated to the time span from 3636 to 3373 BCE and is the oldest evidence for covered carriages in Central Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> They were drawn by cattle, presumably oxen whose remains were found with the pot. Today it is housed in the Archaeological Museum of Cracow (Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie), Poland.
The Funnel Beaker Culture is associated with skilfully crafted objects such as flint axes or battle axes.
At <a href="/facts/Flintbek/WFwooz0M">Flintbek</a> in northern Germany cart tracks dating from c. 3400 BCE were discovered underneath a megalithic long barrow. This is the earliest known direct evidence for wheeled vehicles in the world (i.e. not models or images).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

<h3>Graves</h3>

Houses were centered on a monumental grave, a symbol of social cohesion. Burial practices were varied depending on region and changed over time. <a href="/facts/Inhumation/Pwz8EyUx">Inhumation</a> seems to have been the rule.
The oldest graves consisted of wooden <a href="/facts/Chambered_cairn/Vv48eMyS">chambered cairns</a> inside long barrows, but were later made in the form of <a href="/facts/Passage_grave/RqpFg5ce">passage graves</a> and <a href="/facts/Dolmen/2QpLRvG3">dolmens</a>. Originally, the structures were probably covered with a mound of earth and the entrance was blocked by a stone.
Before medieval and modern church building required stone, and before modern land use began, the number of megaliths in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia was much higher than today. In Denmark, 2,800 monuments have been recorded, and about 7,300 other examples existed. In northern Germany, <a href="/facts/Johannes_M%C3%BCller_(archaeologist)/uPEcw3z6">Johannes Müller</a> reports 11,658 known monuments. He assumes that about 75,000 megaliths were originally constructed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>

The Funnelbeaker culture marks the appearance of megalithic tombs at the coasts of the Baltic and of the North sea, an example of which are the <a href="/facts/Sieben_Steinh%C3%A4user/tl8VwN8P">Sieben Steinhäuser</a> in northern <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>. The megalithic structures of Ireland, France and Portugal are somewhat older and have been connected to earlier archeological cultures of those areas. At graves, the people sacrificed ceramic vessels that contained food along with amber jewelry and flint-axes.
Genetic analysis of several dozen individuals found in the Funnelbeaker passage grave Frälsegården in Sweden suggest that these burials were based on a <a href="/facts/Patrilineality/DRID1Ly4">patrilineal</a> social organisation, with the vast majority of males being ultimately descended from a single male ancestor while the women were mostly unrelated who presumably married into the family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>

<h3>Religion</h3>
Flint-axes and vessels were also deposited in streams and lakes near the farmlands, and virtually all of Sweden's 10,000 flint axes that have been found from this culture were probably sacrificed in water. They also constructed large cult centres surrounded by pales, earthworks and moats. The largest one is found at Sarup on <a href="/facts/Fyn/Vap0K3Vn">Fyn</a>. It comprises 85,000 m2 and is estimated to have taken 8000 workdays. Another cult centre at Stävie near <a href="/facts/Lund/t67P9nm8">Lund</a> comprises 30,000 m2.

<h2 id="ethnicity">Ethnicity</h2>
In the context of the <a href="/facts/Kurgan_hypothesis/Vrf8emue">Kurgan hypothesis</a> (or steppe hypothesis), the culture is seen as non-Indo-European, representing a culture of Neolithic origin, as opposed to the Indo-European-language-speaking peoples (see <a href="/facts/Yamna_culture/NeNAqJx8">Yamna culture</a>) who later intruded from the east.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>
<a href="/facts/Marija_Gimbutas/ltT2brqS">Marija Gimbutas</a> postulated that the political relationship between the aboriginal and intrusive cultures resulted in quick and smooth cultural morphosis into the <a href="/facts/Corded_Ware/mkshlGLV">Corded Ware culture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
In the past, a number of other archaeologists proposed that the <a href="/facts/Corded_Ware_culture/mkshlGLV">Corded Ware culture</a> was a purely local development of the Funnelbeaker culture,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> but genetic evidence has since demonstrated that this was not the case.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>

<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="genetics">Genetics</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Early_European_Farmers/grdH7u43">Early European Farmers</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Pitted_Ware_culture/4tkrC2Ad">Pitted Ware culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_Axe_culture/KuB4uBS5">Battle Axe culture § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/facts/Single_Grave_culture/FzhvYBSx">Single Grave culture § Genetics</a>
<a href="/facts/Ancient_DNA/CVKj1QhD">Ancient DNA</a> analysis has found the people who produced the Funnelbeaker culture to be genetically different from earlier hunter-gather inhabitants of the region, and are instead closely related to other <a href="/facts/Early_European_Farmers/grdH7u43">European Neolithic farmers</a>, who ultimately traced most of their ancestry from early farmers in <a href="/facts/Anatolia/vMkrLrPr">Anatolia</a>, with some <a href="/facts/Genetic_admixture/WsJroSoA">admixture</a> from European hunter-gatherer groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> Genetic analysis suggests that there was some minor <a href="/facts/Gene_flow/EuvXPhHt">gene flow</a> between the producers of the Funnelbeaker culture and those of the hunter-gatherer <a href="/facts/Pitted_Ware_culture/4tkrC2Ad">Pitted Ware culture</a> (which descended from earlier <a href="/facts/Scandinavian_hunter-gatherer/bf3Ioj9d">Scandinavian hunter-gather</a> groups) to the north.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>
A total of 62 males from sites attributed to the Funnelbeaker culture in Scandinavia and Germany have been sequenced for ancient DNA. Most belonged to haplogroup <a href="/facts/Haplogroup_I-M438/3mc2BPHS">I2</a> while a smaller number belonged to R1b-V88, Q-FTF30 and G2a. MtDNA haplogroups included U, H, T, R and K.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Linear_Pottery_culture/ogWxJkNx">Linear Pottery culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Salzm%C3%BCnde_group/UskjVAd9">Salzmünde group</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Walternienburg-Bernburg_culture/X4EE1R5y">Walternienburg-Bernburg culture</a></li>
<li>Schönfeld culture</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Pit%E2%80%93Comb_Ware_culture/UCuxEPo0">Pit–Comb Ware culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Cardium_pottery/yd8TaNao">Cardium Pottery culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Vlaardingen_culture/jGzIuqDf">Vlaardingen culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Poland/loa1mx97">Prehistory and protohistory of Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stone_Age_Poland/pLAP29P6">Stone Age Poland § Neolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Scandinavian_prehistory/eQAyYlN5">Scandinavian prehistory</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Prehistoric_Germany/wpsDxebT">Prehistoric Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Prehistoric_Europe/4LL71176">Prehistoric Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Old_Europe_(archaeology)/dLTenXg5">Old Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Neolithic_Europe/rK7oRvBP">Neolithic Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Invention_of_the_wheel/SlIWX3xd">Invention of the wheel</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>

<ul><li>Alt, Kurt W.; et al. (February 7, 2020). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7005801">"A massacre of early Neolithic farmers in the high Pyrenees at Els Trocs, Spain"</a>. <a href="/facts/Scientific_Reports/Soz0eqy5">Scientific Reports</a>. 10 (2131). <a href="/facts/Nature_Research/eTRtG9m7">Nature Research</a>: 2131. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10.2131A">2020NatSR..10.2131A</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-58483-9">10.1038/s41598-020-58483-9</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7005801">7005801</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32034181">32034181</a>.</li>
<li>Beau, Alice; et al. (July 5, 2017). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5497962">"Multi-scale ancient DNA analyses confirm the western origin of Michelsberg farmers and document probable practices of human sacrifice"</a>. <a href="/facts/PLOS_One/fTQQQbTr">PLOS One</a>. 12 (7). <a href="/facts/PLOS/HycfC8Ph">PLOS</a>: e0179742. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1279742B">2017PLoSO..1279742B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0179742">10.1371/journal.pone.0179742</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5497962">5497962</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28678860">28678860</a>.</li>
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<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Funnelbeaker culture.

<ul><li><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370657943_The_origin_of_Neolithic_copper_on_the_central_Northern_European_plain_and_in_Southern_Scandinavia_Connectivities_on_a_European_scale">The origin of Neolithic copper on the central Northern European plain and in Southern Scandinavia: Connectivities on a European scale (Brozio et al. 2023)</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

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<li id="fn:13">Beau et al. 2017, p. 10. "The H-G legacy resurgence observed in the Bernburg context has been linked to the important admixture demonstrated between H-G and farmers in Scandinavia (in the North European Plain), one millennium earlier, in the context of the emergence of the Funnel Beaker Culture... The Bernburg groups, a late representative of the TRB groups in Central Europe, must have inherited their important frequencies of H-G haplogroups from their northern ancestors. - Beau, Alice; et al. (July 5, 2017). "Multi-scale ancient DNA analyses confirm the western origin of Michelsberg farmers and document probable practices of human sacrifice". PLOS One. 12 (7). PLOS: e0179742. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1279742B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179742. PMC 5497962. PMID 28678860. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5497962" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5497962</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Brandt et al. 2013, pp. 3–4. - Brandt, Guido; et al. (December 10, 2013). "Ancient DNA Reveals Key Stages in the Formation of Central European Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity". Science. 342 (6155). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 257–261. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..257B. doi:10.1126/science.1241844. PMC 4039305. PMID 24115443. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039305" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039305</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Alt et al. 2020, Supplementary Materials, p. 13. "The hunter-gatherer groups of central Europe apparently largely retreated to northern Europe when the early farmers arrived. From a genetic perspective, there was hardly any admixture between indigenous groups and migrant opopulations in the Early Neolithic, and the same can be said for the Carpatian Basin. It was not until the 4th millennium BCE that there was a population reflux of hunter-gatherer lineages by way of the Funnel Beaker Cultures from southern Scandinavia into central Europe. The encounter of these two worlds that in some ways were ethnically and culturally quite diverse, was characterized by an increase in violent events throughout Europe. However, this general development notwithstanding, certain parallel communities of hunter-gatherers and farmers were also established in some places. The introgression of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the 4th millennium BCE, appears to have marked the beginning of a heterogenous multi-ethnic society at least from a genetic point of view." - Alt, Kurt W.; et al. (February 7, 2020). "A massacre of early Neolithic farmers in the high Pyrenees at Els Trocs, Spain". Scientific Reports. 10 (2131). Nature Research: 2131. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.2131A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58483-9. PMC 7005801. PMID 32034181. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7005801" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7005801</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:28">An, Jingping; Chevalier, Alexandre; Brozio, Jan Piet; Müller, Johannes; Kirleis, Wiebke (February 1, 2025). "Functional exploration of grinding and polishing stones from the Neolithic settlement site of Oldenburg LA77, Northern Germany − evidence from plant microfossil analysis". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 61: 104913. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104913. ISSN 2352-409X. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X24005418" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X24005418</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Out, Welmoed A.; García-Granero, Juan José; Andreasen, Marianne H.; Patús, Cristina N.; Kirleis, Wiebke; Barfod, Gry H.; Andersen, Niels H. (December 16, 2024). "Plant use at Funnel Beaker sites: combined macro- and microremains analysis at the Early Neolithic site of Frydenlund, Denmark (ca. 3600 bce)". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. doi:10.1007/s00334-024-01020-9. ISSN 1617-6278. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00334-024-01020-9" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00334-024-01020-9</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">An, Jingping; Chevalier, Alexandre; Brozio, Jan Piet; Müller, Johannes; Kirleis, Wiebke (February 1, 2025). "Functional exploration of grinding and polishing stones from the Neolithic settlement site of Oldenburg LA77, Northern Germany − evidence from plant microfossil analysis". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 61: 104913. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104913. ISSN 2352-409X. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X24005418" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X24005418</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Not Only Cereals: Revealing the menu of 5000 years ago". Uni Kiel. January 27, 2025. Retrieved January 27, 2025. <a href="https://www.uni-kiel.de/en/details/news/005-nicht-nur-getreide" target="_blank">https://www.uni-kiel.de/en/details/news/005-nicht-nur-getreide</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Carvajal, Guillermo (December 27, 2024). "Neither Bread Nor Beer: What Did Early Farmers in Northern Europe Actually Eat?". LBV Magazine English Edition. Retrieved January 27, 2025. <a href="https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/12/neither-bread-nor-beer-what-did-early-farmers-in-northern-europe-actually-eat/" target="_blank">https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/12/neither-bread-nor-beer-what-did-early-farmers-in-northern-europe-actually-eat/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Not Only Cereals: Revealing the menu of 5000 years ago". Uni Kiel. January 27, 2025. Retrieved January 27, 2025. <a href="https://www.uni-kiel.de/en/details/news/005-nicht-nur-getreide" target="_blank">https://www.uni-kiel.de/en/details/news/005-nicht-nur-getreide</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">An, Jingping; Chevalier, Alexandre; Brozio, Jan Piet; Müller, Johannes; Kirleis, Wiebke (February 1, 2025). "Functional exploration of grinding and polishing stones from the Neolithic settlement site of Oldenburg LA77, Northern Germany − evidence from plant microfossil analysis". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 61: 104913. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104913. ISSN 2352-409X. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X24005418" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X24005418</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Müller, Michael (2024). Die Deponierungen der Trichterbecherkultur [The Depositions of the Funnel Beaker Culture] (in German). Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH. ISBN 978-3-7749-4302-5. <a href="978-3-7749-4302-5" target="_blank">978-3-7749-4302-5</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Brozio, Jan Piet; Stos-Gale, Zofia; Müller, Johannes; Müller-Scheeßel, Nils; Schultrich, Sebastian; Fritsch, Barbara; Jürgens, Fritz; Skorna, Henry (May 10, 2023). "The origin of Neolithic copper on the central Northern European plain and in Southern Scandinavia: Connectivities on a European scale". PLOS ONE. 18 (5): e0283007. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283007. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10171686. PMID 37163484. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10171686" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10171686</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:38">Compare Anthony, David A. (2007). The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0691058870. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Holm, Hans J. J. G. (2019): The Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Series Minor 43. Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány. ISBN 978-615-5766-30-5, with a representative chronological and geographical information. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"3400 BCE: The oldest evidence for the use of the wheel and wagon originates from Northern Germany". Kiel University. 2022. <a href="https://www.uni-kiel.de/en/details/news/051-wheel-tracks" target="_blank">https://www.uni-kiel.de/en/details/news/051-wheel-tracks</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:42">Bockmeyer, Sarah (2016). "The earliest evidence of wheels and wagons in Neolithic Central Europe and the Early Bronze Age of the northern Pontic areas (3500–2200 BCE)". <a href="https://www.academia.edu/24294429" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/24294429</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:50">Malmström et al. 2020, pp. 8–9. - Malmström, Helena; et al. (June 4, 2020). "The Neolithic Pitted Ware culture foragers were culturally but not genetically influenced by the Battle Axe culture herders". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 172 (4). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 638–649. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24079. PMID 32497286. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.24079" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.24079</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:52">Seersholm, Frederik Valeur; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Koelman, Julia; Blank, Malou; Svensson, Emma M.; Staring, Jacqueline; Fraser, Magdalena; Pinotti, Thomaz; McColl, Hugh; Gaunitz, Charleen; Ruiz-Bedoya, Tatiana; Granehäll, Lena; Villegas-Ramirez, Berenice; Fischer, Anders; Price, T. Douglas (August 2024). "Repeated plague infections across six generations of Neolithic Farmers". Nature. 632 (8023): 114–121. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07651-2. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11291285. PMID 38987589. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11291285" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11291285</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Malmström et al. 2020, pp. 8–9. - Malmström, Helena; et al. (June 4, 2020). "The Neolithic Pitted Ware culture foragers were culturally but not genetically influenced by the Battle Axe culture herders". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 172 (4). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 638–649. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24079. PMID 32497286. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.24079" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.24079</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Seersholm, Frederik Valeur; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Koelman, Julia; Blank, Malou; Svensson, Emma M.; Staring, Jacqueline; Fraser, Magdalena; Pinotti, Thomaz; McColl, Hugh; Gaunitz, Charleen; Ruiz-Bedoya, Tatiana; Granehäll, Lena; Villegas-Ramirez, Berenice; Fischer, Anders; Price, T. Douglas (August 2024). "Repeated plague infections across six generations of Neolithic Farmers". Nature. 632 (8023): 114–121. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07651-2. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11291285. PMID 38987589. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11291285" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11291285</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Lipson, Mark; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Pósa, Annamária; Stégmár, Balázs; Keerl, Victoria; Rohland, Nadin; Stewardson, Kristin; Ferry, Matthew; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Harney, Eadaoin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Llamas, Bastien (November 2017). "Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers". Nature. 551 (7680): 368–372. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..368L. doi:10.1038/nature24476. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5973800. PMID 29144465. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5973800" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5973800</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Fischer, Anders; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Ingason, Andrés; Macleod, Ruairidh; Rosengren, Anders; Schulz Paulsson, Bettina; Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup; Novosolov, Maria; Stenderup, Jesper; Price, T. Douglas; Fischer Mortensen, Morten; Nielsen, Anne Birgitte; Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel (January 2024). "100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark". Nature. 625 (7994): 329–337. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06862-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10781617. PMID 38200294. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10781617" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10781617</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Funnelbeaker culture open-in-new

Funnelbeaker culture