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Hospital ship
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Early examples</h3> <p>Hospital ships possibly existed in ancient times. The <a href="/facts/Athenian_military/hSxF0GcI">Athenian Navy</a> had a ship named <i>Therapia</i>, and the <a href="/facts/Roman_Navy/hpCKsHov">Roman Navy</a> had a ship named <i>Aesculapius</i>, their names indicating that they may have been hospital ships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The earliest British hospital ship may have been the vessel <i>Goodwill</i>, which accompanied a <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a> squadron in the Mediterranean in 1608 and was used to house the sick sent aboard from other ships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> However this experiment in medical care was short-lived, with <i>Goodwill</i> assigned to other tasks within a year and her complement of convalescents simply left behind at the nearest port.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> It was not until the mid-seventeenth century that any Royal Navy vessels were formally designated as hospital ships, and then only two throughout the fleet. These were either hired merchant ships or elderly <a href="/facts/Sixth_rate/0yP3kRMG">sixth rates</a>, with the internal <a href="/facts/Bulkhead_(partition)/0UudKUJy">bulkheads</a> removed to create more room, and additional ports cut through the deck and hull to increase internal ventilation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>In addition to their sailing crew, these seventeenth century hospital ships were staffed by a surgeon and four surgeon's mates. The standard issue of medical supplies was bandages, soap, needles and <a href="/facts/Bedpan/CLzzxBuz">bedpans</a>. Patients were offered a bed or rug to rest upon, and given a clean pair of sheets. These early hospital ships were for the care of the sick rather than the wounded, with patients quartered according to their symptoms and infectious cases quarantined from the general population behind a sheet of canvas. The quality of food was very poor. In the 1690s, the surgeon aboard <i>Siam</i> complained that the meat was in an advanced state of <a href="/facts/Putrefaction/VmJB2XDh">putrefaction</a>, the biscuits were weevil-ridden and bitter, and the bread was so hard that it stripped the skin off patients’ mouths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Hospital ships were also used for the treatment of wounded soldiers fighting on land. An early example of this was during an English operation to evacuate <a href="/facts/English_Tangier/qKeuBCbY">English Tangier</a> in 1683. An account of this evacuation was written by <a href="/facts/Samuel_Pepys/hDTU7fjk">Samuel Pepys</a>, an eyewitness. One of the main concerns was the evacuation of sick soldiers "and the many families and their effects to be brought off". The hospital ships <i>Unity</i> and <i>Welcome</i> sailed for England on 18 October 1683, with 114 invalid soldiers and 104 women and children, arriving at <a href="/facts/The_Downs_(ship_anchorage)/Tqqqy3bq">The Downs</a> on 14 December 1683.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>The number of medical personnel aboard Royal Navy hospital ships was slowly increased, with regulations issued in 1703 requiring that each vessel also carry six <a href="/facts/Landsman_(rank)/DITftFRJ">landsmen</a> to act as surgical assistants, and four washerwomen. A 1705 amendment provided for a further five male <a href="/facts/Nurse/xbmA4GNC">nurses</a>, and requisitions from the era suggest the number of sheets per patient was increased from one to two pairs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> On 8 December 1798, unfit for service as a warship, <a href="/facts/HMS_Victory/XwUkTIHm">HMS <i>Victory</i></a> was ordered to be converted to a hospital ship to hold wounded French and Spanish prisoners of war. According to <a href="/facts/Edward_Hasted/hWMCBICj">Edward Hasted</a> in 1798, two large hospital ships (also called <a href="/facts/Lazaretto/TqTYQq3A">lazarettos</a>), (which were the surviving hulks of forty-four gun ships) were moored in <a href="/facts/Lower_Halstow/FuM1FvGe">Halstow</a> Creek in <a href="/facts/Kent/aYfQI6Fc">Kent</a>. The creek is an inlet from the <a href="/facts/River_Medway/eRXIcwdR">River Medway</a> and the <a href="/facts/River_Thames/XnQWN52L">River Thames</a>. The crew of these vessels watched over ships coming to England, which were forced to stay in the creek under <a href="/facts/Quarantine/LyQM2k6K">quarantine</a> to protect the country from infectious diseases including the <a href="/facts/Plague_(disease)/4r7oe5lC">plague</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>From 1821 to 1870, the <a href="/facts/Seamen%2527s_Hospital_Society/dfycvd5b">Seamen's Hospital Society</a> provided <a href="/facts/HMS_Grampus_(1802)/Cm5Et9mV">HMS <i>Grampus</i></a>, <a href="/facts/HMS_Dreadnought_(1801)/7U9vNELC">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a> and <a href="/facts/HMS_Caledonia_(1808)/2e0gWxbY">HMS <i>Caledonia</i></a> (later renamed <i>Dreadnought</i>) as successive hospital ships moored at <a href="/facts/Deptford/uTa4akqE">Deptford</a> in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> In 1866, <a href="/facts/HMS_Hamadryad_(1823)/n4WjXI0f">HMS <i>Hamadryad</i></a> was moored in <a href="/facts/Cardiff/AHpRtKKg">Cardiff</a> as a seamen's hospital, replaced in 1905 by the <a href="/facts/Royal_Hamadryad_Hospital/NrIf0JEW">Royal Hamadryad Seamen's Hospital</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Other redundant warships were used as hospitals for convicts and prisoners of war. </p> <h3>Modern hospital ships</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a> institutionalised the use of hospital ships during the first half of the nineteenth century. Hospital ships were generally superior in their standard of service and sanitation to the medical provision available at the time for convalescent soldiers. The modern hospital ship began to emerge during the <a href="/facts/Crimean_War/v163wdr8">Crimean War</a> in the 1850s. The only military hospital available to the British forces fighting on the <a href="/facts/Crimean_Peninsula/GkM1qNVC">Crimean Peninsula</a> was at <a href="/facts/%25C3%259Csk%25C3%25BCdar/hGGETeEN">Scutari</a> near the <a href="/facts/Bosporus/3Id0Pfum">Bosphorus</a>. During the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%25E2%2580%259355)/bw0IutWh">Siege of Sevastopol</a> almost 15,000 wounded troops were transported there from the port at <a href="/facts/Balaklava/hcMuuLRF">Balaklava</a> by a squadron of converted hospital ships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>The first ships to be equipped with genuine medical facilities were the <a href="/facts/Steamship/Ay0fhKBW">steamships</a> HMS <i>Melbourne</i> and HMS <i>Mauritius</i>, staffed by the Medical Staff Corps and providing services to the <a href="/facts/Second_Opium_War/FXfrT3Ew">British expedition to China in 1860</a>. The ships provided relatively spacious accommodation for the patients, and were equipped with an operating theatre. Another early hospital ship was <a href="/facts/USS_Red_Rover/IHKyyYmv">USS <i>Red Rover</i></a> in the 1860s, which aided the wounded soldiers of both sides during the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>During the <a href="/facts/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%25E2%2580%259378)/KqxV0Co1">Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)</a>, the <a href="/facts/British_Red_Cross/8kDAT1Y4">British Red Cross</a> supplied a steel-hulled ship, equipped with modern surgery equipment including <a href="/facts/Chloroform/gvzuJMXa">chloroform</a> and other <a href="/facts/Anaesthetic/0xG7I2ou">anaesthetics</a>, and <a href="/facts/Carbolic_acid/ACJs5NIU">carbolic acid</a> for <a href="/facts/Antisepsis/ua05WK9M">antisepsis</a>. Similar vessels accompanied the <a href="/facts/Anglo-Egyptian_War_(1882)/364gCJpC">1882 British invasion of Egypt</a> and aided American personnel during the 1898 <a href="/facts/Spanish%25E2%2580%2593American_War/ScKbBPAv">Spanish–American War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <p>During a <a href="/facts/Smallpox/cxNeetP4">smallpox</a> outbreak in London in 1883, the <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Asylum_Board/T0HTsXRD">Metropolitan Asylum Board</a> (MAB) chartered and later purchased from the Admiralty two ships, <a href="/facts/HMS_Atlas_(1860)/Ab9rXp29">HMS <i>Atlas</i></a> and <a href="/facts/HMS_Endymion_(1865)/KeKBTTSw">HMS <i>Endymion</i></a>, and a paddle-steamer, <a href="/facts/PS_Castalia/M4ENzjYL">PS <i>Castalia</i></a>, which were moored in the Thames at <a href="/facts/Long_Reach%2c_Kent/TnzK8tmQ">Long Reach</a>, near <a href="/facts/Dartford/f6JpkLxn">Dartford</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> and remained in service until 1903.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>Hospital ships were used by both sides in the <a href="/facts/Russo-Japanese_War/YWIxIkE2">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–1905.The sighting by the Japanese of the Russian hospital ship <i>Orel</i>, illuminated in accordance with <a href="/facts/Law_of_war/utYdPbBD">regulations</a> for hospital ships, led to the decisive naval <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Tsushima/aLgzlCSF">Battle of Tsushima</a>. <i>Orel</i> was retained as a prize of war by the Japanese after the battle. </p> <h3>World Wars</h3> <p>During World War I and World War II, hospital ships were first used on a massive scale. Many <a href="/facts/Ocean_liner/U8tD4ow7">passenger liners</a> were converted for use as hospital ships. <a href="/facts/RMS_Aquitania/zeE5VF9H">RMS <i>Aquitania</i></a> and <a href="/facts/HMHS_Britannic/qNoIkn4W">HMHS <i>Britannic</i></a> were two famous examples of ships serving in this capacity. By the end of the First World War, the British Royal Navy had 77 such ships in service. During the <a href="/facts/Gallipoli_Campaign/EDePckSo">Gallipoli Campaign</a>, hospital ships were used to evacuate wounded personnel to <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, <a href="/facts/Malta/FsqM3M37">Malta</a> or England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a> operated hospital ships in both world wars. In World War I these included SS <i>Letitia</i> (I) and <a href="/facts/HMHS_Llandovery_Castle/cBAkYTmh">HMHS <i>Llandovery Castle</i></a> which was deliberately sunk by a German <a href="/facts/U-boat/GgjbMzMT">U-boat</a> with great loss of life, despite the hospital ship's clearly marked status. In World War II, Canada operated the hospital ship <a href="/facts/RMS_Lady_Nelson/jbaYoLUW">RMS <i>Lady Nelson</i></a> and <a href="/facts/SS_Letitia/13DM6Ux6">SS <i>Letitia (II)</i></a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <p>The first purpose-built hospital ship in the U.S. Navy was <a href="/facts/USS_Relief_(AH-1)/hMtzLFIp">USS <i>Relief</i></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> which was commissioned in 1921. During World War II both the United States Navy and Army operated hospital ships though with different purposes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Naval hospital ships were fully equipped hospitals designed to receive casualties direct from the battlefield and also supplied to provide logistical support to front line medical teams ashore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Army hospital ships were essentially hospital transports intended and equipped to evacuate patients from forward area Army hospitals to rear area hospitals or from those to the United States and were not equipped or staffed to handle large numbers of direct battle casualties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Three of the Navy hospital ships, <a href="/facts/USS_Comfort_(AH-6)/eB2VzEp5">USS <i>Comfort</i></a>, <a href="/facts/USS_Hope_(AH-7)/PwkBfgUW">USS <i>Hope</i></a>, and <a href="/facts/USS_Mercy_(AH-8)/rGpYoRtA">USS <i>Mercy</i></a>, were less elaborately equipped than other Navy hospital ships, medically staffed by Army medical personnel and similar in purpose to the Army model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <p>The last British <a href="/facts/Royal_yacht/racX89dU">royal yacht</a>, the post World War II <a href="/facts/HMY_Britannia/Ns7DDk2d">HMY <i>Britannia</i></a>, was constructed in a way as to be convertible to a hospital ship in wartime. After her decommissioning, <a href="/facts/Peter_Hennessy/aoNfk1f1">Peter Hennessy</a> discovered that her actual role would have been as <a href="/facts/Queen_Elizabeth_II/os6eB47B">Queen Elizabeth II</a>'s <a href="/facts/Operation_Candid/wu3l0HWo">refuge from nuclear weapons</a>, hiding amidst the <a href="/facts/Loch/UC7BgxUK">lochs</a> of western Scotland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>A development of the <a href="/facts/Lun-class_ekranoplan/kkXCNTFA">Lun-class ekranoplan</a> was planned for use as a mobile field hospital for rapid deployment to any ocean or coastal location at a speed of 297 knots (550 km/h, 341.8 mph). Work was 90% complete on this model, <i>Spasatel</i>, but Soviet military funding ceased and it was never completed. </p><p>Some hospital ships, such as <a href="/facts/SS_Hope/sgo6pnmc">SS <i>Hope</i></a> and <i><a href="/facts/Esperanza_del_Mar/6P6CxwGG">Esperanza del Mar</a></i>, belong to civilian agencies, and do not belong to a navy. <a href="/facts/Mercy_Ships/4DxwTLkw">Mercy Ships</a> is an international <a href="/facts/Non-governmental_organization/qxQSsxsI">non-governmental charity</a> (or NGO). </p> <h2 id="international-law">International law</h2> <p>Hospital ships were covered under the <a href="/facts/Hague_Convention_of_1907/h61yeIjd">Hague Convention X of 1907</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Articles of the Hague Convention X specified the provisions for a hospital ship: </p> <ul><li>Hospital-ships must be painted white. Military hospital ships must have a green band; ships operated by approved relief societies and similar must have a red band.</li> <li>Ships must fly a red cross flag in addition to their national flag.</li> <li>The ship should give medical assistance to wounded personnel of all nationalities.</li> <li>The ship must not be used for any military purpose, or interfere with or hamper enemy combatant vessels.</li> <li>Belligerents, as designated by the Hague Convention, can search any hospital ship to investigate violations of the above restrictions.</li></ul> <p>According to the <a href="/facts/San_Remo_Manual_on_International_Law_Applicable_to_Armed_Conflicts_at_Sea/yvlrxRzy">San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea</a>, a hospital ship violating legal restrictions must be duly warned and given a reasonable time limit to comply. If a hospital ship persists in violating restrictions, a belligerent is legally entitled to capture it or take other means to enforce compliance. A non-complying hospital ship may only be fired on under the following conditions: </p> <ul><li>Diversion or capture is not feasible</li> <li>No other method to exercise control is available</li> <li>The violations are grave enough to allow the ship to be classified as a military objective</li> <li>The damage and casualties will not be disproportionate to the military advantage.</li></ul> <p>In all other circumstances, attacking a hospital ship is a <a href="/facts/War_crime/36qQAugC">war crime</a>. </p><p>Modern hospital ships display large <a href="/facts/Emblems_of_the_International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement/Y45Se1Ew">Red Crosses</a> or <a href="/facts/Emblems_of_the_International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement/Y45Se1Ew">Red Crescents</a> to signify their <a href="/facts/Geneva_Convention/692ICAy0">Geneva Convention</a> protection under the <a href="/facts/Laws_of_war/utYdPbBD">laws of war</a>. Even so, marked vessels have not been completely free from attack. Notable examples of hospital ships deliberately attacked during wartime are <a href="/facts/HMHS_Llandovery_Castle/cBAkYTmh">HMHS <i>Llandovery Castle</i></a> in 1915, the <a href="/facts/Soviet_hospital_ship_Armenia/bY3fT6vI">Soviet hospital ship <i>Armenia</i></a> in 1941, and <a href="/facts/AHS_Centaur/0obh9BCH">AHS <i>Centaur</i></a> in 1943. </p> <h2 id="current-hospital-ships">Current hospital ships</h2> <p>While any ship can be designated and marked as a hospital ship, many ships are permanently dedicated to that function. </p> <h3>Current military hospital ships</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="6">Military hospital ships</th></tr><tr><th>Navy</th><th>Ship(class)</th><th>Year</th><th>Capacity</th><th>Capabilities</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="6"><a href="/facts/Brazilian_Navy/NDVXIu8d">Brazil</a><a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL"></a></td><td>U15 <i>Pará</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U16 <i>Doutor Montenegro</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U18 <i>Oswaldo Cruz</i>(<i>Oswaldo Cruz</i>)</td><td>1984</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U19 <i>Carlos Chagas</i>(<i>Oswaldo Cruz</i>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U21 <i>Soares de Meirelles</i></td><td>2009</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U28 <i>Tenente Maximiano</i></td><td>2010</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5"><a href="/facts/People%2527s_Liberation_Army_Navy/TUDdhVYC">China</a><a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p"></a></td><td><i>Nankang</i> (833)(<a href="/facts/Qiongsha-class_cargo_ship/LGK4URPL"><i>Qiongsha</i></a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Classed as an "ambulance transport"</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_medical_evacuation_ship_Zhuanghe/UBJ86QgW"><i>Zhuanghe</i></a> (865)</td><td>2004</td><td></td><td>Classed as a "medical evacuation ship", converted container ship with 14 "medical modules"</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_hospital_ship_Daishan_Dao/tYkY8w1s"><i>Daishan Dao</i></a> (866)(<a href="/facts/Type_920_hospital_ship/tYkY8w1s">Type 920</a>)</td><td>2008</td><td>300 hospital beds, 20 intensive care beds</td><td>8 operating theatres, X-ray, ultrasound, CT, hypothermia, hemodialysis, traditional Chinese medicine, and dental facilities</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Nanyi</i> (12)(<i>Anshen</i>)</td><td>2020</td><td></td><td>Classed as a "medium sized hospital ship"</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tba (13)(<i>Anshen</i>)</td><td>2020</td><td></td><td>Classed as a "medium sized hospital ship"</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><a href="/facts/Indonesian_Navy/vAFUbJw3">Indonesia</a><a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW"></a></td><td><a href="/facts/KRI_dr._Soeharso/dNXvGtKN">KRI <i>dr. Soeharso</i> (990)</a>(<i>Tanjung Dalpele</i>)</td><td>2003</td><td>Former <a href="/facts/Landing_platform_dock/PcVvBKu0">(LPD)</a>, capable of receiving up to 2000 patients</td><td>5 operating rooms, 6 polyclinics, 51 medical specialists</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/KRI_Semarang_(594)/vssBtvmB">KRI <i>Semarang</i> (594)</a>(<i><a href="/facts/Makassar-class_landing_platform_dock/WFvLzoyw">Makassar</a></i>)</td><td>2018</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/KRI_dr._Wahidin_Sudirohusodo/re6aaLan">KRI <i>dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo</i> (991)</a></td><td>2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KRI dr. Radjiman Wedyodiningrat (992)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td>2023</td><td>124 Beds, additional 350 Beds in Emergency Case</td><td>2 ERs, 5 ORs (+ Pre/ Post), ICU, HCU, X-ray & CT-scan, Pharmacy, 8 Polyclinics, and Laboratory.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Myanmar_Navy/Dp75U10c">Myanmar</a><a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE"></a></td><td>UMS <i>Shwe Pu Zun</i></td><td>2012</td><td>25</td><td>1 CT scanner, 1 minor eye operation room, 1 minor operation theater, 1 major operation theater, and 1 intensive care unit<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UMS <i>Thanlwin</i></td><td>2015</td><td>25</td><td>1 CT scanner, 1 minor eye operation room, 1 minor operation theater, 1 major operation theater, and 1 intensive care unit<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Peruvian_Navy/onkBvB4H">Peru</a><a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD"></a></td><td><a href="/facts/BAP_Puno/ubwpIneC">BAP <i>Puno</i></a></td><td>1976</td><td></td><td>Converted 1861 steamship, found on <a href="/facts/Lake_Titicaca/TMfyj2ss">Lake Titicaca</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Russian_Navy/6LA3GgUY">Russia</a><a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn"></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Russian_hospital_ship_Yenisey/vQ4c3gWE"><i>Yenisey</i></a>(<a href="/facts/Ob-class_hospital_ship/ujgV7UeM"><i>Ob</i></a>)</td><td>1981</td><td>100</td><td>7 operating rooms</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Russian_hospital_ship_Svir/pC9pgTXj"><i>Svir</i></a>(<a href="/facts/Ob-class_hospital_ship/ujgV7UeM"><i>Ob</i></a>)</td><td>1989</td><td>100</td><td>7 operating rooms</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Russian_hospital_ship_Irtysh/qh0pSYVe"><i>Irtysh</i></a>(<a href="/facts/Ob-class_hospital_ship/ujgV7UeM"><i>Ob</i></a>)</td><td>1990</td><td>100</td><td>7 operating rooms</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">United States</a><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a></td><td><a href="/facts/USNS_Mercy/so79PxIm">USNS <i>Mercy</i></a>(<a href="/facts/Mercy-class_hospital_ship/kvUQAf4k"><i>Mercy</i></a>)</td><td>1986</td><td>1,000</td><td>12 operating rooms, digital radiological services, a medical laboratory, a pharmacy, an optometry lab, an intensive care ward, <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy_Dental_Corps/oKlMmvwr">dental</a> services, a <a href="/facts/X-ray_computed_tomography/NusPJ2S8">CT scanner</a>, a <a href="/facts/Morgue/9NFwVn1P">morgue</a>, 2 oxygen-producing plants</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/USNS_Comfort/6x6tN8Ex">USNS <i>Comfort</i></a>(<a href="/facts/Mercy-class_hospital_ship/kvUQAf4k"><i>Mercy</i></a>)</td><td>1987</td><td>1,000</td><td>12 operating rooms, digital radiological services, a medical laboratory, a pharmacy, an optometry lab, an intensive care ward, <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy_Dental_Corps/oKlMmvwr">dental</a> services, a <a href="/facts/X-ray_computed_tomography/NusPJ2S8">CT scanner</a>, a <a href="/facts/Morgue/9NFwVn1P">morgue</a>, 2 oxygen-producing plants</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Vietnam_People%2527s_Navy/SAnFqx8u">Vietnam</a><a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq"></a></td><td><i>Khánh Hòa - 01</i>(Hospital Ship 561)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td>2013</td><td>200</td><td>Operating room with satelline connected, intensive care, pressure isolation room, medical laboratory, treatment room, defibrillator room, dental service, Endoscopic room, pharmacy, radiology.</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Current non-military hospital ships</h3> Non-military hospital ships<table><tbody><tr><th>Agency/<a href="/facts/Non-governmental_organization/qxQSsxsI">NGO</a></th><th>Ship(class)</th><th>Year</th><th>Capacity</th><th>Capabilities</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mercy_Ships/4DxwTLkw">Mercy Ships</a><a href="/facts/Mercy_Ships/4DxwTLkw"></a></td><td><a href="/facts/MV_Africa_Mercy/FPH0V3uo">MV <i>Africa Mercy</i></a></td><td>Converted 2007</td><td>82</td><td>5 <a href="/facts/Operating_theater/zydvRK06">operating theaters</a>, 1 intensive care unit, 1 ophthalmic unit, a <a href="/facts/X-ray_computed_tomography/NusPJ2S8">CT scanner</a>, <a href="/facts/X-ray/wseP79cN">x-ray</a>, laboratories<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/MV_Global_Mercy/uvW4QhqV">MV Global Mercy</a></td><td>2022</td><td>199</td><td>6 operating theatres, 102 acute care beds, 7 ICU beds, and 90 self-care beds. The hospital also features dedicated classroom spaces and simulator labs with state-of-the-art technology for enhanced training of local medical professionals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Labour_(Spain)/JXbLpfEs">Ministry of Labour (Spain)</a><a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY"></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Esperanza_del_Mar/6P6CxwGG">Esperanza del Mar</a></i></td><td>2001</td><td>17</td><td>1 operating theatre, ICU facility</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Juan de la Cosa [Wikidata]</i></td><td>2006</td><td>10</td><td>1 operating theatre, ICU facility</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="other-shipborne-hospitals">Other shipborne hospitals</h2> <p>It is common for naval ships, especially large ships such as <a href="/facts/Aircraft_carrier/90vrSN0V">aircraft carriers</a> and <a href="/facts/Amphibious_assault_ship/vLdXaKnE">amphibious assault ships</a> to have on-board hospitals. However, they are only one small part of the vessel's overall capability, and are used primarily for the ship's crew and its amphibious forces (and occasionally for relief missions). A warship with hospital facilities does not have the protected status of a hospital ship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> A primary example of the varied military-based hospital services available at sea is found aboard several types of US naval ships; </p> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">United States Navy</a>; <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gerald_R._Ford-class_aircraft_carrier/lzcanwCy"><i>Gerald R. Ford</i>-class aircraft carrier</a> – USS <i>Gerald R. Ford</i>, first in the class, has an on-board hospital that includes a full lab, pharmacy, operating room, 3-bed intensive care unit, 2-bed emergency room, and 41-bed hospital ward, staffed by 11 medical officers and 30 hospital corpsmen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier/Rw6CJ9IG"><i>Nimitz</i>-class aircraft carrier</a> – Each carrier has a 53-bed hospital ward, a three-bed <a href="/facts/Intensive_care_unit/j77VBgtt">ICU</a>, and acts as the hospital ship for the entire <a href="/facts/Carrier_strike_group/T7Khv8Q1">carrier strike group</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> In one year, the medical department of <a href="/facts/USS_George_Washington_(CVN-73)/sH6YKJ8Y">USS <i>George Washington</i></a> handled over 15,000 out-patient visits, drew almost 27,000 labs, filled almost 10,000 prescriptions, took about 2,300 x-rays and performed 65 surgical operations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> There is not much variation among the ships of the class. The first ship, <a href="/facts/USS_Nimitz/XE2LHJgq">USS <i>Nimitz</i></a> has 53 beds, plus 3 ICU beds, and the last ship, <a href="/facts/USS_George_H._W._Bush/QNWjcL5H">USS <i>George H.W. Bush</i></a> has 51 beds, plus 3 ICU beds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wasp-class_amphibious_assault_ship/rD8tMGWq"><i>Wasp</i>-class amphibious assault ship</a> (LHD) – These ships have 6 operating rooms, 14 ICU beds, 46 hospital beds, 4 battle dressing stations, <a href="/facts/Medical_imaging/pL6JyJEp">medical imaging</a> (i.e.:X-ray), a fully functional laboratory, and a blood bank.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The ship can expand its medical complement to 600 beds, making it the second largest hospital at sea, second only to actual hospital ships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/America-class_amphibious_assault_ship/yk7quK7W"><i>America</i>-class</a> amphibious assault ship (LHA) – This is the newest and largest class both in the USN and the world. However, the first two ships of the class, <a href="/facts/USS_America_(LHA-6)/uYKAD9BS">USS <i>America</i></a> and <a href="/facts/USS_Tripoli_(LHA-7)/7UGPkQY0">USS <i>Tripoli</i></a>, had the size of their medical facilities reduced, in favour of larger aviation facilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> The on-board hospitals of these first two vessels will have 2 operating rooms and 24 beds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> It is unknown if this design change will affect the expanded capability for additional beds, nor what size the medical facilities of future ships of the class will be.</li> <li><a href="/facts/San_Antonio-class_amphibious_transport_dock/rL7KbGE0"><i>San Antonio</i>-class</a> <a href="/facts/Amphibious_transport_dock/PcVvBKu0">amphibious transport dock</a> (LPD) – 24 hospital beds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Harpers_Ferry-class_dock_landing_ship/SsfI6gB8"><i>Harpers Ferry</i>-class</a> <a href="/facts/Dock_landing_ship/GRk0nf4I">dock landing ship</a> (LSD) – 11 hospital beds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Whidbey_Island-class_dock_landing_ship/kqNwpR3y"><i>Whidbey Island</i>-class</a> dock landing ship (LSD) – 8 hospital beds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bethesda-class_expeditionary_medical_ship/d12FarMh"><i>Bethesda</i>-class expeditionary medical ship</a> (EMS) - Will have four operating rooms and 124 medical beds, separated into acute care, acute isolation, <a href="/facts/Intensive_care_unit/j77VBgtt">ICU</a>, and ICU isolation spaces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li></ul> <p>More examples from various other national navies include; </p> <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk"></a> <a href="/facts/Argentine_Navy/ttbBM6hI">Argentine Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ARA_Almirante_Ir%25C3%25ADzar/JHEUPzGP">ARA <i>Almirante Irízar</i></a> – <a href="/facts/Icebreaker/jMGLK96X">Icebreaker</a> which can be deployed as a hospital ship.</li></ul> <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq"></a> <a href="/facts/Royal_Australian_Navy/AkYhdo4B">Royal Australian Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Canberra-class_landing_helicopter_dock/2FFlTfvd"><i>Canberra</i>-class landing helicopter dock</a> – This class is based on the <a href="/facts/Spanish_ship_Juan_Carlos_I_(L61)/F5wuWr2P"><i>Juan Carlos I</i>-class</a> design,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> and has 2 operating rooms and a hospital ward.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p"></a> <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Liberation_Army_Navy/TUDdhVYC">People's Liberation Army Navy</a> <ul><li>Several armed <a href="/facts/Qiongsha-class_cargo_ship/LGK4URPL">Qiongsha-class cargo ships</a> are fitted out as "ambulance transports".</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Type_0891A_training_ship/eAs0FArY">Shichang</a></i> – a multi-role training ship built in 1997. Deck space can accommodate modular medical units and can be used as a medical treatment facility, but the primary role is aviation training. The layout is very similar to RFA <i>Argus</i> (see below).</li></ul> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3"></a> <a href="/facts/French_Navy/hL9F15Wk">French Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mistral-class_amphibious_assault_ship/PwhtNpDW"><i>Mistral</i>-class</a> amphibious assault ship – On board <a href="/facts/Mistral-class_amphibious_assault_ship/PwhtNpDW">hospital</a> is <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a> Echelon level-3,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> with 69 hospital beds, 7 ICU beds, and an additional 50 beds if needed. The ship also has <a href="/facts/Medical_imaging/pL6JyJEp">medical imaging</a> capabilities, such as X-ray, CT-scan and ultrasound.</li></ul> <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF"></a> <a href="/facts/Italian_Navy/hFaazKk2">Italian Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Cavour/FaVNRR9K"><i>Cavour</i></a> aircraft carrier – Has an on-board hospital with 2 operating rooms, 1 intensive care unit, laboratory, pharmacy and a 32-bed hospital ward.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Italian_ship_Etna_(A_5326)/3m8NrSkr"><i>Etna</i></a> logistic ship – On-board hospital is <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a> ROLE-level 2+, with operating room, intensive care unit and a laboratory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT"></a> <a href="/facts/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force/PuSRom4Y">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Izumo-class_helicopter_destroyer/KwNcR04n"><i>Izumo</i>-class helicopter destroyer</a> – These ships have 2 operating rooms, 2 ICU beds, 35 hospital beds, 1 battle dressing station and several <a href="/facts/Medical_imaging/pL6JyJEp">medical imaging</a> (i.e.:X-ray) stations.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hy%25C5%25ABga-class_helicopter_destroyer/LHVMzL9m"><i>Hyūga</i>-class</a> helicopter destroyer – These ships have 1 operating room, 1 ICU bed, 8 hospital beds.</li> <li><a href="/facts/%25C5%258Csumi-class_tank_landing_ship/XxIt0dlH"><i>Ōsumi</i>-class</a> <a href="/facts/Tank_landing_ship/6neozMVf">tank landing ship</a> - These ships have 1 operating room, 2 ICU beds, 6 hospital beds.</li></ul> <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY"></a> <a href="/facts/Spanish_Navy/SY6dM5rE">Spanish Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Spanish_landing_helicopter_dock_Juan_Carlos_I/F5wuWr2P"><i>Juan Carlos I</i></a> – Has a 40-bed hospital on board.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2"></a> <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary/1J7t2o7K">Royal Fleet Auxiliary</a> ship <a href="/facts/RFA_Argus_(A135)/qYUjyzll">RFA <i>Argus</i></a> – This ship would be a hospital ship were it not for its armaments. However, it is instead designated as a 'Primary Casualty Receiving Ship' (PCRS). The vessel is classed as a NATO ROLE 3 Medical support vessel and is to be replaced in 2024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary/1J7t2o7K">Royal Fleet Auxiliary</a> Bay Class ships have a 14-bed medical facility which has the capability of being expanded in times of crisis as well as an operating theatre. The vessels are a classed as NATO Role 2 Medical support capable vessels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li></ul> <p><a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX"></a> <a href="/facts/German_Navy/gPB0Nrba">German Navy</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Berlin-class_replenishment_ship/IT7LCkp2">Berlin-class</a> replenishment ship <a href="/facts/German_ship_Berlin/GEQ45Ud1">Berlin</a> - Equipped with a container based version of the large modular hospital MERZ which stands for <i>Marineeinsatzrettungszentrum</i> (Englisch: Maritime Rescue Center) capable of holding 45 patients, plus 4 intensive care beds, clinical and microbiological laboratory and sterilisers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Berlin-class_replenishment_ship/IT7LCkp2">Berlin-class</a> replenishment ship <a href="/facts/German_ship_Frankfurt_am_Main/DjxIvPj7">Frankfurt am Main</a> - Following a fire destroying the Frankfurt's MERZ, the Navy opted to equip the Frankfurt am Main with a new generation integrated MERZ (iMERZ), build into the hull of the ship. It's equipped with two operating rooms, medical imaging capabilities and a hospital ward. The German Navy plans to equip the Frankfurt's two sister ships with an iMERZ during routine maintenance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> Lists <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_hospital_ships_sunk_in_World_War_I/4rCgLXkC">List of hospital ships sunk in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_hospital_ships_sunk_in_World_War_II/2TXVQqkB">List of hospital ships sunk in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Australian_hospital_ships/lTkkISCU">List of hospital ships of the Australian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Brazilian_Navy_hospital_ships/HkNSjyLz">List of hospital ships of the Brazilian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Type_920_hospital_ship/tYkY8w1s">List of hospital ships of the Chinese Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_hospitals_and_hospital_ships_of_the_Royal_Navy/yMzdYxfs">List of hospital ships of the Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_US_Navy_hospital_ships/BLPzuo73">List of hospital ships of the United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Army/Ado8n0ej">List of hospital ships of the United States Army</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hospital_Ships_of_the_Sanitary_Commission/qhH6CJUb">List of hospital ships of the United States Sanitary Commission</a></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mercy_Ships/4DxwTLkw">Mercy Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hospital_train/uDVde35f">Hospital train</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hague_Convention_on_Hospital_Ships/8wTWbtQM">Hague Convention on Hospital Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic/stKbj2Vx">Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Women_on_Waves/n65kIBzL">Women on Waves</a></li></ul> <p> <i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a> </i><a href="/facts/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships/1eWoFXWn">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a><i>. The entry can be found <a href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/r4/relief-vi.htm">here</a>.</i> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/centaur/index.htm">Australian War Memorial – Sinking of the Centaur</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121234225/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/centaur/index.htm">Archived</a> 2008-11-21 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726132246/http://www.med-dept.com/hosp_ships.php">WW2 US Hospital Ships</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/33217726/WWII-1944-Army-Hospital-Ships-History">US Army Hospital Ships in WWII</a></li> <li><a href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH1-Effo-t1-body-d7.html">New Zealand Hospital Ships (chapter of official history of WWI)</a></li></ul> <p> Media related to Hospital ships at Wikimedia Commons </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Hospital Ship[permanent dead link] (definition via WordNet, Princeton University) <a href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=hospital%20ship" target="_blank">http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=hospital%20ship</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea: Commentary of 2017, Article 22 : Notification and protection of military hospital ships". 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