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List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
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<h2 id="politics-and-public-service">Politics and public service</h2> <h3>United States</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Degree</th><th>Degree year</th><th>Notability</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td>Lt. Gen. <a href="/facts/James_Alan_Abrahamson/1RB48NEt">James Alan Abrahamson</a> (USAF Ret'd)</td><td>B.S. – Aeronautical Engineering</td><td>1955</td><td>Director of <a href="/facts/Ronald_Reagan/z6AaKAad">President Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a href="/facts/Strategic_Defense_Initiative_Organization/qM0jrPXe">Strategic Defense Initiative</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">US Air Force</a> general</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ben_Bernanke/XPVRJRWT">Ben Bernanke</a></td><td>PhD – Economics</td><td>1979</td><td>Chair of the <a href="/facts/Federal_Reserve_Bank/5hUlvzMU">Federal Reserve Bank</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Samuel_Bodman/bPy6uPBm">Samuel Bodman</a></td><td>ScD – Chemical Engineering</td><td>1965</td><td><a href="/facts/Secretary_of_Energy/sU3Usc8s">Secretary of Energy</a> (2005–2009)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jun_Choi/WSm564Mj">Jun Choi</a></td><td>B.S. – Aeronautical/Astronautical Engineering</td><td>1994</td><td>Mayor of <a href="/facts/Edison,_New_Jersey/wzg9fkbt">Edison, New Jersey</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Henry_Cohen_(civil_servant)/IX52CKre">Henry Cohen</a></td><td>M.S. – Urban Planning</td><td>1949</td><td>Director of <a href="/facts/F%C3%B6hrenwald/hKwNctn4">Föhrenwald</a> displaced persons camp in the American sector of post-World War II Germany</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Leighton_I._Davis/GBNJeHnJ">Leighton I. Davis</a></td><td>M.S. – Aeronautical Engineering</td><td>1941</td><td><a href="/facts/US_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">US Air Force</a> general</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/John_M._Deutch/c3o96sYm">John M. Deutch</a></td><td>B.S. – Chemical Engineering,<p>PhD – Chemistry</p></td><td>1961<p>1966</p></td><td><a href="/facts/Director_of_Central_Intelligence/bWgpp3zY">Director of Central Intelligence</a> and <a href="/facts/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense/LN3JH23N">United States Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> under President <a href="/facts/Bill_Clinton/x5mwYkVh">Bill Clinton</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jimmy_Doolittle/s8CgTQyK">Jimmy Doolittle</a></td><td>M.S., DSc – Aeronautical Engineering</td><td>1924<p>1925</p></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">US Air Force</a> general</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/T._Coleman_du_Pont/JPuRQbkM">T. Coleman du Pont</a></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Senate/VyzXHE01">United States senator</a> from <a href="/facts/Delaware/4n4I3Rhu">Delaware</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Herbert_W._Ehrgott/hoJ4gava">Herbert W. Ehrgott</a></td><td>B.S. – Mechanical Engineering</td><td>1930</td><td><a href="/facts/US_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">US Air Force</a> general</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Luis_A._Ferr%C3%A9/9CDkdXKu">Luis A. Ferré</a></td><td>B.S., M.S. – Mechanical Engineering</td><td>1924<p>1925</p></td><td>3rd Governor of <a href="/facts/Puerto_Rico/jVStMyG4">Puerto Rico</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Julius_A._Furer/Vcq33ztP">Julius A. Furer</a></td><td>M.S. – Naval Architecture</td><td>1905</td><td><a href="/facts/US_Navy/xYK0fUou">US Navy</a> admiral</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/J._Michael_Gilmore/QB7s6amq">J. Michael Gilmore</a></td><td>B.S. – Physics</td><td></td><td>Director of the <a href="/facts/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Directorate/1LJ8AKs0">Operational Test and Evaluation Directorate</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jonathan_Gruber_(economist)/BFA6ECRq">Jonathan Gruber</a></td><td>B.S. – Economics</td><td>1987</td><td>Director of the Health Care Program at the <a href="/facts/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research/oQREczIe">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>, Professor of economics at MIT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kathleen_Hicks/hF3bE7eV">Kathleen Hicks</a></td><td>Ph.D. – Political science</td><td>2010</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense/LN3JH23N">U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> (2021–present)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jenn_Hill/KFjeeW7b">Jenn Hill</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>Member of the <a href="/facts/Michigan_House_of_Representatives/yB87Hzjm">Michigan House of Representatives</a> from the <a href="/facts/Michigan%27s_109th_House_of_Representatives_district/mEvlXRAP">109th</a> district</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chrissy_Houlahan/pmXyF0HM">Chrissy Houlahan</a></td><td>M.S. – Technology and Policy</td><td>1994</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_House_of_Representatives/cdBPb9pY">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania/HGqC5bBm">Pennsylvania</a>'s <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania%27s_6th_congressional_district/r0d5yBrq">6th</a> district</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Marcy_Kaptur/M1eKDdVp">Marcy Kaptur</a></td><td>PhD – Urban Planning</td><td>1981</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_House_of_Representatives/cdBPb9pY">U.S. House of Representatives</a> for <a href="/facts/Ohio/YutCnTlh">Ohio</a>'s <a href="/facts/Ohio%27s_9th_congressional_district/m5lXo3kK">9th</a> district</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Frank_Kowalski/gPsfghlA">Frank Kowalski</a></td><td>M.S. – Mechanical Engineering</td><td>1937</td><td>United States Representative from Connecticut</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jon_C._Kreitz/LcXelP22">Jon C. Kreitz</a></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/US_Navy/xYK0fUou">US Navy</a> admiral</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/John_M._Loh/DlzEfd6s">John M. Loh</a></td><td>M.S. – Aeronautical Engineering</td><td>1973</td><td>Retired four-star general in the United States Air Force; last served as Commander, Air Combat Command; 24th Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Herbert_B._Loper/04XgMe9S">Herbert B. Loper</a></td><td>B.S. – Civil Engineering</td><td>1922</td><td><a href="/facts/US_Army/WACWBEK9">US Army</a> general</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/N._Gregory_Mankiw/mFTjL6XN">N. Gregory Mankiw</a></td><td>PhD – Economics</td><td>1984</td><td>Chairman of President Bush's <a href="/facts/Council_of_Economic_Advisors/Pvdx5oyP">Council of Economic Advisors</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/William_Flynn_Martin/m2qr9sPV">William F. Martin</a></td><td>M.S. – "Without Course"</td><td>1974</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Energy/y1GAzn7S">Deputy Secretary of Energy</a> (1968–1988)<p>Executive Secretary of <a href="/facts/United_States_National_Security_Council/HYwSNFA6">National Security Council</a></p><p>Special Assistant to President Reagan</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Thomas_Massie/kj2XvTQb">Thomas Massie</a></td><td>B.S. – Electrical Engineering<p>M.S. – Mechanical Engineering</p></td><td>1993<p>1996</p></td><td>Member of the <a href="/facts/United_States_House_of_Representatives/cdBPb9pY">US House of Representatives</a><p>from <a href="/facts/Kentucky/DaTW05Rt">Kentucky</a>'s <a href="/facts/Kentucky%27s_4th_congressional_district/Y1INt7eB">4th</a> district</p></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mark_McClellan/9DfLChkU">Mark McClellan</a></td><td>PhD – Economics</td><td>1993</td><td>Head of the <a href="/facts/Centers_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Services/L3LgbCnx">Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services</a>, Commissioner of the <a href="/facts/Food_and_Drug_Administration/rCEnh9WB">Food and Drug Administration</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Katharine_McCormick/6UVpRmgy">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></td><td>B.S. – Biology</td><td>1904</td><td><a href="/facts/Suffragette/os71xaQq">Suffragette</a>, funded research for <a href="/facts/The_Pill/Wudd4dH7">the Pill</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lansing_McVickar/SjMLfUd4">Lansing McVickar</a></td><td></td><td>1918</td><td>Career officer with the United States Army</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bruce_Morrison/TEApukzB">Bruce Morrison</a></td><td>B.S. – Chemistry</td><td>1965</td><td><a href="/facts/US_House_of_Representatives/cdBPb9pY">US House of Representatives</a> for Connecticut</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/David_Nolan_(Libertarian_Party)/wNelssj0">David Nolan</a></td><td>B.S. – Political Science</td><td>1965</td><td>Founder of <a href="/facts/United_States_Libertarian_Party/Wf4brzDk">United States Libertarian Party</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/John_Olver/GTuA0dgU">John Olver</a></td><td>PhD – Chemistry</td><td>1961</td><td><a href="/facts/US_House_of_Representatives/cdBPb9pY">US House of Representatives</a> for Massachusetts</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/John_Birdsell_Oren/NDQpHHTV">John Birdsell Oren</a></td><td>M.S. – Marine Engineering</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/US_Coast_Guard/6d7SWTP9">US Coast Guard</a> admiral</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alex_Padilla/PeBHbEjK">Alex Padilla</a></td><td>B.S. – Mechanical Engineering</td><td>1994</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Senate/VyzXHE01">U.S. senator</a> from <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>, appointed by <a href="/facts/Gavin_Newsom/DHTUemBm">Governor Gavin Newsom</a> after <a href="/facts/Kamala_Harris/hqeaVyFQ">Kamala Harris</a> was elected <a href="/facts/United_States_Vice_President/tYWUGv0A">vice president</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Joseph_J._Romm/tggIYcUu">Joseph J. Romm</a></td><td>SB – Physics<p>PhD – Physics</p></td><td>1982<p>1987</p></td><td>Assistant Secretary of the US Department of Energy</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Francis_Sargent/d1sW0cNj">Francis Sargent</a></td><td>Dropped out; studied architecture</td><td>[1939]</td><td>64th <a href="/facts/Governor_of_Massachusetts/KvMAgzLs">governor of Massachusetts</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/George_Shultz/0e2LyVxh">George Shultz</a></td><td>PhD – Economics</td><td>1949</td><td><a href="/facts/Secretary_of_the_Treasury/00rHK0oI">Secretary of the Treasury</a> and <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_State/AgUe4Dkq">Secretary of State</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Phillips_Waller_Smith/M1hfQnWs">Phillips Waller Smith</a></td><td>M.S. – Ordnance Engineering</td><td>1935</td><td><a href="/facts/US_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">US Air Force</a> general</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Paul_Sohl/25Y1BUfJ">Paul Sohl</a></td><td>B.S. – Aeronautical Engineering</td><td>1985</td><td><a href="/facts/US_Navy/xYK0fUou">US Navy</a> admiral</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pete_Stark/NjqPMaSn">Pete Stark</a></td><td>B.S. – General Engineering</td><td>1956</td><td><a href="/facts/US_House_of_Representatives/cdBPb9pY">US House of Representatives</a> for California</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lawrence_Summers/QyDj7Eqt">Lawrence Summers</a></td><td>B.S. – Economics</td><td>1975</td><td>71st <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury/00rHK0oI">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chris_Sununu/Ssp9TsLl">Chris Sununu</a></td><td>B.S. – Civil/Environmental Engineering</td><td>1998</td><td>82nd <a href="/facts/Governor_of_New_Hampshire/5Go7rvlu">governor of New Hampshire</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/John_E._Sununu/maJS2rjv">John E. Sununu</a></td><td>B.S., M.S. – Mechanical Engineering</td><td>1987<p>1987</p></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_senator/VyzXHE01">United States senator</a> from <a href="/facts/New_Hampshire/DljxSg3H">New Hampshire</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/John_H._Sununu/A3xVMHsv">John H. Sununu</a></td><td>B.S., M.S., PhD – Mechanical Engineering</td><td>1961<p>1963</p><p>1966</p></td><td><a href="/facts/White_House_Chief_of_Staff/ISD7eMuo">White House Chief of Staff</a> under President <a href="/facts/George_H._W._Bush/Xk5UxRqp">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/facts/Governor_of_New_Hampshire/5Go7rvlu">governor of New Hampshire</a>, host of <i><a href="/facts/Crossfire_(U.S._TV_program)/Wl4P3VqT">Crossfire</a></i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sheila_Widnall/ruS17Cv1">Sheila Widnall</a></td><td>B.S., M.S., DSc – Aeronautical/Astronautical Engineering</td><td>1961<p>1961</p><p>1964</p></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force/Ec2kf5C0">United States Secretary of the Air Force</a> (1993–1997)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tom_Wolf/UAoUVgL0">Tom Wolf</a></td><td>PhD – Political Science</td><td>1981</td><td>47th <a href="/facts/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania/JXAXWxwr">Governor of Pennsylvania</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>International</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Degree</th><th>Year</th><th>Notability</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tadatoshi_Akiba/1R19vC29">Tadatoshi Akiba</a></td><td>PhD – Mathematics</td><td>1970</td><td>Mayor of <a href="/facts/Hiroshima,_Hiroshima/WuFDhz14">Hiroshima</a>; recipient of <a href="/facts/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award/gb8hAKwe">Ramon Magsaysay Award</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kofi_Annan/x5YdH5wX">Kofi Annan</a></td><td>M.S. – Management</td><td>1972</td><td>Former Secretary-General of the <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Moshe_Arens/oI4aPnn1">Moshe Arens</a></td><td>Engineering</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Defense_(Israel)/ngCFFGLR">Israel Minister of Defense</a> three times and once as <a href="/facts/Foreign_Affairs_Minister_of_Israel/JoJPDt9d">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pedro_Aspe/o1Kd7kw1">Pedro Aspe</a></td><td>PhD – Economics</td><td>1978</td><td>Mexican <a href="/facts/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit/KI2tNpAP">Secretary of Finance and Public Credit</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Virgilio_Barco/rMpSr7pI">Virgilio Barco</a></td><td>B.S. – Civil Engineering</td><td>1943</td><td><a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombian</a> president</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Youssef_Boutros_Ghali/4fSH9NQA">Youssef Boutros Ghali</a></td><td>PhD – Economics</td><td>1981</td><td>Former <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egyptian</a> <a href="/facts/Minister_of_Finance_(Egypt)/rlrvkx9N">Minister of Finance</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ahmed_Chalabi/Ct7VKmLt">Ahmed Chalabi</a></td><td>B.S. – Mathematics</td><td>1965</td><td>Controversial <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraqi</a> politician; deputy prime minister of Iraq</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Asim_Dasgupta/uUKzhIQw">Asim Dasgupta</a></td><td>PhD – Economics</td><td>1975</td><td>Former Finance Minister of the Indian state of <a href="/facts/West_Bengal/0B5bxvbW">West Bengal</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Harold_Demuren/hvxmLext">Harold Demuren</a></td><td>PhD – Aeronautical Engineering</td><td>1975</td><td>Director General of the <a href="/facts/Nigerian_Civil_Aviation_Authority/rDSF5cIY">Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority</a>; first African elected as President of <a href="/facts/ICAO/TzrL1mLr">ICAO</a> General Assembly</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mario_Draghi/wqQwPmFL">Mario Draghi</a></td><td>PhD – Economics</td><td>1977</td><td>Former president of the <a href="/facts/European_Central_Bank/Igwby5Ee">European Central Bank</a>; former <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Italy/LRTyxot6">Prime Minister of Italy</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer/p19pGPkp">José Figueres Ferrer</a></td><td></td><td>1926</td><td>Former (three-time) President of <a href="/facts/Costa_Rica/baw0GTI1">Costa Rica</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pervez_Hoodbhoy/TmmeYInr">Pervez Hoodbhoy</a></td><td>SB, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, M.S. – Solid-State Physics, PhD – Nuclear Physics</td><td>1973<p>1978</p></td><td>Faculty member at the <a href="/facts/Quaid-e-Azam_University/Kcd2KXYA">Quaid-e-Azam University</a> since 1973; renowned <a href="/facts/Nuclear_physics/fzQbt1aF">nuclear</a> <a href="/facts/Research_scientist/JDvthEFM">research scientist</a> in Pakistan</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C.D._Howe/6dGgM2UN">C.D. Howe</a></td><td></td><td>1907</td><td><a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canadian</a> politician and cabinet minister</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Janet_Keeping/gbXfwJNC">Janet Keeping</a></td><td>B.S. – Architecture</td><td>1971</td><td>Lawyer; faculty member at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Calgary/CXY7Ab7e">University of Calgary</a>; Leader of the <a href="/facts/Green_Party_of_Alberta_(2011%E2%80%93present)/CXcd0zLe">Green Party of Alberta</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Uzi_Landau/pLTW0KII">Uzi Landau</a></td><td>PhD – Engineering</td><td>1976</td><td><a href="/facts/National_Infrastructure_Minister_of_Israel/beUDMxFq">National Infrastructure Minister of Israel</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pita_Limjaroenrat/nhCrjNBP">Pita Limjaroenrat</a></td><td>MBA – Strategy</td><td>2011</td><td>Thai politician and leader of <a href="/facts/Move_Forward_Party/j7cV93eJ">Move Forward Party</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mao_Chi-kuo/hBdw6Vn5">Mao Chi-kuo</a></td><td>PhD – Civil Engineering</td><td>1982</td><td>Former premier of the <a href="/facts/Republic_of_China/VcJoUD8w">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a> (2014–2016)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/David_Miliband/NF08yDKb">David Miliband</a></td><td>M.S. – Political Science</td><td>1990</td><td>British politician, <a href="/facts/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs/K4Sr7QwU">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Yahya_Muhaimin/BY8vwxjM">Yahya Muhaimin</a></td><td>Ph.D.</td><td>1982</td><td>Former Minister of Education and Culture, <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Republic of Indonesia</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mohammad_Ali_Najafi/XGUdnm4u">Mohammad Ali Najafi</a></td><td>M.S. – Mathematics</td><td>1979</td><td>Former vice president of <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Benjamin_Netanyahu/581DW7MB">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></td><td>B.S. – Architecture,<p>M.S. – Management</p></td><td>1975, 1976</td><td><a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Israel/NcrzDyr9">Prime Minister of Israel</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala/wVyhkPrg">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a></td><td>MCP – City Planning, PhD – Urban Studies & Planning</td><td>1978<p>1981</p></td><td><a href="/facts/Finance_Minister_of_Nigeria/f09LPyo2">Finance Minister of Nigeria</a> (2003–2006) (2011–2015), <a href="/facts/Foreign_Minister_of_Nigeria/Cyrnmkpg">Foreign Minister of Nigeria</a> (2006)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lucas_Papademos/hA1Uzmea">Lucas Papademos</a></td><td>B.S. – Physics, M.S. – Electrical Engineering, PhD – Economics</td><td>1970<p>1972</p><p>1978</p></td><td>Vice president of the <a href="/facts/European_Central_Bank/Igwby5Ee">European Central Bank</a> (2002–2010) and <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Greece/FRFuTn6y">Prime Minister of Greece</a> (2011–2012)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rachid_Mohamed_Rachid/AxST7uLz">Rachid Mohamed Rachid</a></td><td>PhD – Management</td><td>1993</td><td>Former <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egyptian</a> Minister of Trade and Industry</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raghuram_Rajan/pkf9jt1c">Raghuram Rajan</a></td><td>PhD – Economics</td><td>1991</td><td>23rd Governor of <a href="/facts/Reserve_Bank_of_India/zG1bMYY0">Reserve Bank of India</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Omar_Razzaz/C4kjppUR">Omar Razzaz</a></td><td>M.A. – City Planning</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Prime Minister of <a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ali_Akbar_Salehi/ehzYPLhd">Ali Akbar Salehi</a></td><td>PhD – Nuclear Engineering</td><td>1977</td><td>Minister of Foreign Affairs of <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> (2012–present)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sumana_Shrestha/tmsAFVrm">Sumana Shrestha</a></td><td>MBA</td><td>2011</td><td>Minister of Education, Science and Technology, <a href="/facts/Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Nepal/yWCzTBR2">Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aafia_Siddiqui/PyrVYzqU">Aafia Siddiqui</a></td><td>BS</td><td></td><td>Termed "Lady al-Qaeda", serving an 86-year sentence at the <a href="/facts/Federal_Medical_Center,_Carswell/ksIvj6qo">Federal Medical Center, Carswell</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chadchart_Sittipunt/7d9coFfY">Chadchart Sittipunt</a></td><td>M.S. – Structural Engineering</td><td></td><td>Current <a href="/facts/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration/rFkplGrw">Governor of Bangkok</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Palanivel_Thiagarajan/Rx6koyzw">Palanivel Thiagarajan</a></td><td>MBA – Financial Management</td><td>1990</td><td>Finance Minister of <a href="/facts/Tamil_Nadu/ouqcjUKE">Indian State of Tamil Nadu</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Milen_Velchev/FKBuu8PI">Milen Velchev</a></td><td>M.S. – Management</td><td>1995</td><td><a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgarian</a> financial minister (2001–2005)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Luis_Videgaray/PmVkaFjN">Luis Videgaray</a></td><td>PhD – Economics</td><td>1998</td><td>Mexican <a href="/facts/Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)/cqRb4Nqa">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> (2017–2018); Secretary of Finance and Public Credit (2012–2016)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/David_Walter_(British_journalist_and_politician)/Ars1NAwl">David Walter</a></td><td>M.S. – Political Science</td><td>circa 1970</td><td><a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">British</a> <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a> and <a href="/facts/ITN/SYYJ94jL">ITN</a> correspondent and later political advisor</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Robert_Winters/Kt5F0MUz">Robert Winters</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>Canadian politician</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tony_Tan_Keng_Yam/nef58cJx">Tony Tan Keng Yam</a></td><td>M.S. – Operations Research</td><td>1964</td><td>President of the <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Republic of Singapore</a>; held various cabinet positions</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sel%C3%A7uk_Bayraktar/yW8RxM8G">Selçuk Bayraktar</a></td><td>MAE -Aerospace Engineering</td><td>2006</td><td>Chairman of the Board and Chief Technology Officer, <a href="/facts/Baykar/DR4kUNYN">Baykar</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="architecture-and-design">Architecture and design</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Christopher_Charles_Benninger/d3Wv6fJp">Christopher Charles Benninger</a> (MCP 1971) – award-winning architect and urban planner in India, Sri Lanka, prepared capital plan of Bhutan</li> <li><a href="/facts/Walter_Danforth_Bliss/TCEJcN1N">Walter Danforth Bliss</a> – architect from California, with many buildings on the National Register of Historic Places</li> <li><a href="/facts/George_Burnap/QsRzhYwQ">George Burnap</a> (SB, 1906) – landscape architect of <a href="/facts/Meridian_Hill_Park/n6B6DdVX">Meridian Hill Park</a> and the first <a href="/facts/White_House_Rose_Garden/dutWUkRN">White House Rose Garden</a> in Washington, D.C.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gordon_Bunshaft/cRWqcCdM">Gordon Bunshaft</a> (BArch 1933, MArch 1935) – architect of <a href="/facts/Lever_House/kClmvRdk">Lever House</a> (New York City), <a href="/facts/Beinecke_Library/ss1ewuwk">Beinecke Library</a> (<a href="/facts/Yale/KUdS6jt1">Yale</a>), <a href="/facts/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden/YbzasECM">Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</a> (Washington DC); <a href="/facts/Pritzker_Prize/g7tzyDc2">Pritzker Prize</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Vishaan_Chakrabarti/FhqRmudc">Vishaan Chakrabarti</a> (MCP 1993)— architect and dean of <a href="/facts/UC_Berkeley_College_of_Environmental_Design/7mPhyDq8">UC Berkeley's College of Environmental Design</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ogden_Codman,_Jr./QnyMsnmw">Ogden Codman, Jr.</a> (1884) – <a href="/facts/Beaux_arts_architecture/fgwS00Tr">Beaux-Arts</a> domestic architect, interior designer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Davis_%26_Davis/nSESRzWt">Walter S. Davis</a> (BArch 1910, MArch 1911) – designed numerous buildings in <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles,_California/pyXpYEX9">Los Angeles, California</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Desmond/HThNTaaU">John Desmond</a> (MArch) – designed numerous public buildings in <a href="/facts/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana/21SGK7VC">Baton Rouge</a>, including the River Center</li> <li><a href="/facts/Daniel_Chester_French/xnXVJW89">Daniel Chester French</a> (1871, one year) – sculptor of <i><a href="/facts/Abraham_Lincoln_(1920_statue)/7beRoudc">Abraham Lincoln</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Lincoln_Memorial/luwwCTEc">Lincoln Memorial</a>), <i><a href="/facts/John_Harvard_(clergyman)/pbUEmfx4">John Harvard</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Harvard_Yard/kfFYh1Tj">Harvard Yard</a>), <i><a href="/facts/Old_North_Bridge/z80bTtmQ">Minute Man</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Concord,_Massachusetts/c9vUdRfy">Concord, Massachusetts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cass_Gilbert/FdSusGPs">Cass Gilbert</a> (1880) – architect of the <a href="/facts/US_Supreme_Court/rJHothwW">US Supreme Court</a> Building, <a href="/facts/Woolworth_Building/8PDP0YEr">Woolworth Building</a> (New York City)</li> <li>Greta Gray (1880–1961) – Bachelor of Architecture, home economist at UCLA, author and academic</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Sumner_Greene/EWmKdf89">Charles Sumner Greene</a> (1891) – partner in <a href="/facts/Greene_and_Greene/EWmKdf89">Greene and Greene</a>, domestic architects of <a href="/facts/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement/nvYzhGJp">Arts & Crafts</a> style, <a href="/facts/Gamble_House_(Pasadena,_California)/nJQSMsB7">Gamble House</a> (Pasadena)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Mather_Greene/EWmKdf89">Henry Mather Greene</a> (1891) – partner in Greene and Greene, domestic architects of Arts & Crafts style, Gamble House (Pasadena)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Marion_Mahony_Griffin/tDcVewt4">Marion Mahony Griffin</a> (1894) – co-designer of the master plan for <a href="/facts/Canberra,_Australia/V2PldFRs">Canberra, Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nathanael_Herreshoff/QRseps4b">Nathanael Herreshoff</a> (B.S. 1870) – naval architect-engineer, yacht designer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Raymond_Hood/wM1zszw1">Raymond Hood</a> (1903) – architect of <a href="/facts/Rockefeller_Center/pLSH8Mld">Rockefeller Center</a> (New York City), <a href="/facts/Tribune_Tower/E7dEVjW6">Tribune Tower</a> (Chicago)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lois_Lilley_Howe/vqP8QQob">Lois Lilley Howe</a> (B.S. 1890) – second woman in the US to found an architecture firm</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jarvis_Hunt/5NPc5wJ3">Jarvis Hunt</a> – Chicago architect<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Myron_Hunt/zz9bnbIk">Myron Hunt</a> (B.S. 1893) – architect of <a href="/facts/Huntington_Library/5vLHTpSh">Huntington Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/facts/Rose_Bowl_(stadium)/Cxojp9Kk">Rose Bowl</a> (Pasadena)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Piotr_Kowalski/FqXvVt9H">Piotr Kowalski</a> (B.S. 1952) – artist, sculptor, architect, professor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Roger_K._Lewis/DnHfmzoQ">Roger K. Lewis</a> (BArch 1964; MArch 1967) – architect, urban planner, professor, author</li> <li><a href="/facts/Austin_W._Lord/vhXkJvMt">Austin W. Lord</a> (1888) – architect of the administration buildings, <a href="/facts/Isthmian_Canal_Commission/scaEVuz9">Isthmian Canal Commission</a>, <a href="/facts/Panama/GckVVhnp">Panama</a>; director of the <a href="/facts/Columbia_Graduate_School_of_Architecture,_Planning_and_Preservation/LLoXdxKz">School of Architecture at Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kevin_A._Lynch/URV5jVz5">Kevin A. Lynch</a> (B.S. 1947) – urban planner, author of the seminal book <i><a href="/facts/The_Image_of_the_City/NN7vn413">The Image of the City</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_O._Merrill/qGGyFl93">John O. Merrill</a> (B.S. 1921) – <a href="/facts/Structural_engineer/6uVVnoKG">structural engineer</a>, architect, leader of <a href="/facts/Skidmore,_Owings_and_Merrill/nzd6KsqJ">Skidmore, Owings and Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eleanor_Manning_O%27Connor/JPP9ImpN">Eleanor Manning O'Connor</a> (B.S. 1906) – architect, educator, public housing advocate</li> <li><a href="/facts/Neri_Oxman/BPSXgLaz">Neri Oxman</a> (1976– ) – Ph.D. Architectural Design (2010)</li> <li><a href="/facts/I._M._Pei/IFhNJsSA">I. M. Pei</a> (BArch 1940) – architect, <a href="/facts/Louvre_Pyramid/G5dYYvay">Louvre Pyramid</a> (Paris), <a href="/facts/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame/6hRagsTD">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> (Cleveland), <a href="/facts/Bank_of_China/PfKykcVk">Bank of China</a> (Hong Kong), MIT Buildings 18, 54, 66, E15; <a href="/facts/AIA_Gold_Medal/WBHeDAGH">AIA Gold Medal</a> (1979), <a href="/facts/Pritzker_Prize/g7tzyDc2">Pritzker Prize</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Frank_M._Riley/apflpyNd">Frank M. Riley</a> (1900) – architect</li> <li><a href="/facts/Donald_W._Southgate/kTnrYwkf">Donald W. Southgate</a> (1887–1953) – architect in <a href="/facts/Nashville,_Tennessee/KvWAcNtd">Nashville, Tennessee</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sumner_Spaulding/EMDMFAat">Sumner Spaulding</a> (1892–1952) – architect, graduated in 1916, designed many buildings in California</li> <li><a href="/facts/Louis_Sullivan/62XWuk4T">Louis Sullivan</a> (one year) – influential founder of the <a href="/facts/Chicago_school_(architecture)/p8p1Iedt">Chicago School</a>; "father of skyscrapers"; "father of modernism"; <a href="/facts/AIA_Gold_Medal/WBHeDAGH">AIA Gold Medal</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Knox_Taylor/aEVfYEMd">James Knox Taylor</a> (1880) – <a href="/facts/Office_of_the_Supervising_Architect/EPrA4DPt">Supervisory Architect</a> of <a href="/facts/Denver_Mint/vMGv8aYj">Denver Mint</a>, <a href="/facts/Philadelphia_Mint/x9XGRIPW">Philadelphia Mint</a>, many post offices, court houses, other federal buildings</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Robinson_Taylor/EHXjcv7S">Robert Taylor</a> (1892) – MIT's first black graduate, architect of the <a href="/facts/Tuskegee_Institute/k0EELXz1">Tuskegee Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Harry_Weese/nnG5t0d3">Harry Mohr Weese</a> (BArch 1938) – architect, historic preservation advocate, designed first group of stations for <a href="/facts/Washington_Metro/xtx2ffeS">Washington Metro</a> system</li></ul> <h2 id="business-and-entrepreneurship">Business and entrepreneurship</h2> <i>See also List of companies founded by Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni</i> <h3>Computers and Internet</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Alsop/HfheyGSc">Joseph Alsop</a> (B.S. 1967) – co-founder of <a href="/facts/Progress_Software/WVakFV1x">Progress Software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Efi_Arazi/qBeF61tv">Efi Arazi</a> – Israeli industrialist and businessman, founder of Scitex Corporation</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shiva_Ayyadurai/sH0lbzeJ">Shiva Ayyadurai</a> (B.S. 1987, M.S. 1989, M.S. 1990, PhD 2007) – scientist and inventor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sanju_Bansal/1bNq35GD">Sanju Bansal</a> – co-founder of <a href="/facts/MicroStrategy/L6fIdPwS">MicroStrategy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hugo_Barra/XE67Yydc">Hugo Barra</a> – VP Global for <a href="/facts/Xiaomi/1u0fUnbN">Xiaomi</a>, former VP and product spokesman for <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Google Android</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Anant_Bhardwaj/MXV7EP6t">Anant Bhardwaj</a> (Ph.D. dropout) – founder of <a href="/facts/Instabase/MXV7EP6t">Instabase</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Katie_Bouman/tKPtH12h">Katie Bouman</a> (PhD 2017) – developer of the algorithm used in filtering the first images of a <a href="/facts/Black_hole/1r2lmkcF">black hole</a> taken by the <a href="/facts/Event_Horizon_Telescope/msJwLooR">Event Horizon Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Larry_DeMar/T32PW8H8">Larry DeMar</a> (B.S. 1979) – programmer for <a href="/facts/WMS_Industries/kfVWKka5">Williams</a>, co-creator of <i><a href="/facts/Defender_(video_game)/4Xw2K2Dq">Defender</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Robotron:_2084/0FErUqlt">Robotron: 2084</a></i>, and founder of Leading Edge Design</li> <li>Matt Denesuk (B.S. 1987) – SVP, Data Analytics & AI at <a href="/facts/Royal_Caribbean_Group/RBS1dWve">Royal Caribbean Group</a>; founder of Noodle.ai, Chief Data Science Officer of GE<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_J._Donovan/xlWyPTYk">John J. Donovan</a> (Postdoc 1969) – founder of <a href="/facts/Cambridge_Technology_Partners/Noy0v3BI">Cambridge Technology Partners</a>, and Open Environment Corporation</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eran_Egozy/WoxS0XIS">Eran Egozy</a> – co-founder, CTO, and VP of Harmonix Systems; now clarinetist and professor of music at MIT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Arash_Ferdowsi/n0RRBUBd">Arash Ferdowsi</a> (dropped out) – co-founder and CTO at <a href="/facts/Dropbox_(service)/1WHn5C7p">Dropbox</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Carly_Fiorina/f91PCYBt">Carly Fiorina</a> (M.S. 1989) – former CEO of <a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">Hewlett-Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Philip_Gale/safcSKel">Philip Gale</a> (1978–1998) – writer of TotalAccess, computer prodigy, and <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">Internet</a> software developer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gideon_Gartner/e8DnYjWg">Gideon Gartner</a> (B.S. 1956) — founder of <a href="/facts/Gartner/9hd9zakC">Gartner</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Andy_Gavin/QV1e3QT3">Andy Gavin</a> – co-founder of <a href="/facts/Naughty_Dog/hSxRh8tl">Naughty Dog</a> and creator of the first video game with a full 3D environment, <i><a href="/facts/Crash_Bandicoot/1pEeW9je">Crash Bandicoot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shuman_Ghosemajumder/JDVbYpgP">Shuman Ghosemajumder</a> – author of <a href="/facts/Open_Music_Model/zV2TuLXN">Open Music Model</a>, <a href="/facts/Click_fraud/suboHSvE">click fraud</a> czar at <a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cecil_H._Green/R0SPJMJC">Cecil H. Green</a> (B.S. 1924, M.S. 1924) – co-founder of <a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments/88NUhuHF">Texas Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Andrew_He/yhLmr9Wj">Andrew He</a> (B.S. 2019) – competitive programmer</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_R._Hewlett/sb18jed1">William R. Hewlett</a> (M.S. 1936) – co-founder of <a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">Hewlett-Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Danny_Hillis/MrA9p7TB">Danny Hillis</a> (B.S. 1978, M.S. 1981, PhD 1988) – co-founder of <a href="/facts/Thinking_Machines_Corporation/t1fQ0tRt">Thinking Machines</a> and former <a href="/facts/Disney/R8kCbAVc">Disney</a> Fellow</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mark_Alan_Horowitz/llXmKyuN">Mark Horowitz</a> (B.S. 1978, M.S. 1978) – founder of <a href="/facts/Rambus/0czHAfpf">Rambus</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Drew_Houston/Jr2WKj6D">Drew Houston</a> (B.S. 2006) – co-founder and CEO of Dropbox</li> <li><a href="/facts/Irwin_M._Jacobs/TF8QHYuc">Irwin M. Jacobs</a> (M.S. 1957, ScD 1959) – co-founder of Qualcomm with <a href="/facts/Andrew_Viterbi/4CtpIy97">Andrew Viterbi</a>, current chairman and former CEO; former MIT professor (1959–1966)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Brewster_Kahle/0Ptbwhuu">Brewster Kahle</a> (B.S. 1982) – internet archivist, founder of <a href="/facts/Alexa_Internet/GM1LI4IU">Alexa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mitch_Kapor/jpSDKvVK">Mitch Kapor</a> – software entrepreneur, founder of <a href="/facts/Lotus_Corporation/8k8vj9x2">Lotus Corporation</a></li> <li>Earl Killian – software architect with 26 patents, <a href="/facts/MIPS_architecture/efV4KgK4">MIPS</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Steve_Kirsch/2onhzUf8">Steve Kirsch</a> (B.S. 1980, M.S. 1980) – inventor of the <a href="/facts/Optical_mouse/qeXRlrop">optical mouse</a>, co-founder of <a href="/facts/Frame_Technology_Corporation/ClIJXRcx">Frame Technology Corporation</a> and founder of <a href="/facts/Infoseek_Corporation/URcvrdzN">Infoseek Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Kotok/uzbkQpAY">Alan Kotok</a> (B.S. 1962, M.S. 1962) – chief architect <a href="/facts/PDP-10/zlfam4wk">PDP-10</a>, associate chairman <a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web_Consortium/lGWmhF6M">World Wide Web Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Susan_Landau/z4U6ksqX">Susan Landau</a> (PhD 1983) – <a href="/facts/Guggenheim_Fellow/SuatTbVK">Guggenheim Fellow</a> and cybersecurity expert</li> <li><a href="/facts/Daniel_Lewin/CVupdy7y">Daniel Lewin</a> (M.S. 1998) – founder of <a href="/facts/Akamai_Technologies/4sWGQqrP">Akamai</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_N._Little/Mjhn70uP">Jack Little</a> (B.S. 1978) – co-founder of <a href="/facts/MathWorks/tLCq7ajV">MathWorks</a>, which created and sells <a href="/facts/MATLAB/qPjLISCk">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Steve_Mann_(inventor)/VujzprlU">Steve Mann</a> – co-creator of the <a href="/facts/SixthSense/ktnVnhsX">SixthSense</a> device</li> <li><a href="/facts/Patrick_Joseph_McGovern/FqRUre4B">Patrick McGovern</a> (B.S. 1960) – founder of <a href="/facts/International_Data_Group/WvwTlWHu">IDG</a>/<a href="/facts/Computerworld/fEvubHhX">Computerworld</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Steve_Meretzky/xsgzTkyB">Steve Meretzky</a> (B.S. 1979) – computer game designer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Metcalfe/qevKUjPd">Robert Metcalfe</a> (B.S. 1969) – entrepreneur, founder of <a href="/facts/3Com/Btwf1I4W">3Com</a>; inventor of <a href="/facts/Ethernet/nMfhU8tU">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pranav_Mistry/aeTI4WED">Pranav Mistry</a> (PhD) – co-creator of the SixthSense device</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nicholas_Negroponte/jjMajgFK">Nicholas Negroponte</a> (B.Arch, M.Arch 1966) – founder, <a href="/facts/MIT_Media_Lab/Vhgn9KFE">MIT Media Lab</a>, <a href="/facts/One_Laptop_per_Child/5YMMxho2">One Laptop per Child</a> Association</li> <li>Kathy Nelson (B.S. – Electrical Engineering 1993) – creator of world's first holographic video game<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Andrew_Ng/q0WyebIh">Andrew Ng</a> (M.S. 1998) – co-founder of education technology company <a href="/facts/Coursera/5Kp5AIuX">Coursera</a>, director of <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a>'s Artificial Intelligence Lab</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Noyce/J77WDDld">Robert Noyce</a> (PhD 1953) – <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuit</a> pioneer, co-founder of <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a>, <a href="/facts/Draper_Prize/IAXMYVsf">Draper Prize</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ken_Olsen/0v0p1kYV">Ken Olsen</a> (B.S. 1950, M.S. 1952) – founder of <a href="/facts/Digital_Equipment_Corporation/ztxs6keA">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Suhas_Patil/6AXp0s7M">Suhas Patil</a> (M.S. 1967, PhD 1970) — founder of <a href="/facts/Cirrus_Logic/yjRGFyp0">Cirrus Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Poduska/e6MBhW6z">William Poduska</a> (B.S. 1960, M.S. 1960, ScD 1962) – computer engineer and entrepreneur, founder of <a href="/facts/Prime_Computer/BnmgcHA8">Prime Computer</a> and <a href="/facts/Apollo_Computer/AyhaS46l">Apollo Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/William_A._Porter/uJAGBWeF">William A. Porter</a> (MBA 1967) – founder of <a href="/facts/E*TRADE/D8whk6dE">E*TRADE</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kanjun_Qiu/Sy65uck6">Kanjun Qiu</a> (M.S 2013) – founder of Imbue, an AI research lab<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Allen_Razdow/92twdNXL">Allen Razdow</a> (B.S. 1976) – founder of <a href="/facts/Mathsoft/92twdNXL">Mathsoft</a> Inc.; inventor of <a href="/facts/Mathcad/g3Dt6qdI">Mathcad</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alex_Rigopulos/2EyWzrEM">Alex Rigopulos</a> (B.S. 1994, M.S. 1994) – founder of <a href="/facts/Harmonix_Music_Systems/kRXHrfgw">Harmonix Music Systems</a>, developer of <a href="/facts/Guitar_Hero/V3K1VlIn">Guitar Hero</a> and <a href="/facts/Rock_Band_(video_game)/d2j9J8BX">Rock Band</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)/WoY2CXUr">Larry Roberts</a> (B.S. 1961, M.S. 1961, PhD 1963) – member of design group for original <a href="/facts/ARPANET/LyMGWurJ">ARPANET</a>, co-founder of Caspian Networks and Packetcom, former CEO of <a href="/facts/DHL/UoHyydxd">DHL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sheldon_Roberts/19gYPN3I">Sheldon Roberts</a> (M.S. 1949, ScD 1952) – one of the "<a href="/facts/Traitorous_eight/uGUhMUUw">traitorous eight</a>" who founded <a href="/facts/Fairchild_Semiconductor/TUD8v4P0">Fairchild Semiconductor</a>; co-founder of Amelco which later became <a href="/facts/Teledyne/F4UVx6ly">Teledyne</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Douglas_T._Ross/wKbeMNbA">Douglas T. Ross</a> (M.S. 1954) – founder of <a href="/facts/SofTech,_Inc./jsmHhNGE">SofTech, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_J._Saylor/JMdcsKWF">Michael J. Saylor</a> (B.S. Astronautics 1987, B.S. Science, Engineering, Technology 1987) – co-founder of <a href="/facts/MicroStrategy/L6fIdPwS">MicroStrategy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Megan_Smith/y44U4lgY">Megan Smith</a> (B.S. 1986, M.S. 1988) – Google executive; former CEO of <a href="/facts/PlanetOut/9v2jH4Sb">PlanetOut</a>, early smartphones at <a href="/facts/General_Magic/HBor9gPf">General Magic</a>, 3rd United States Chief Technology Officer (2014–17)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Spinrad/Bs7Qc7vG">Robert Spinrad</a> (PhD) – computer pioneer; director of the <a href="/facts/Xerox/qyxVVqaa">Xerox</a> <a href="/facts/Palo_Alto_Research_Center/fh2Su0k9">Palo Alto Research Center</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ray_Stata/PW2PPQQT">Ray Stata</a> (B.S. 1958, M.S. 1958) – founder of <a href="/facts/Analog_Devices/xWFzrkre">Analog Devices</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lisa_Su/yrNB3Ta5">Lisa Su</a> (B.S. 1990, M.S. 1991, PhD 1994) – CEO of <a href="/facts/Advanced_Micro_Devices/CB1G7QTb">Advanced Micro Devices</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eric_Swanson/dReBrpz6">Eric Swanson</a> – co-founder of <a href="/facts/Sycamore_Networks/xx5ryJfo">Sycamore Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Theodore_Tso/BVxQ3Cqc">Theodore Tso</a> – Google software engineer, maintainer of the <a href="/facts/Ext4/zFbQRpsh">ext4</a> filesystem</li> <li><a href="/facts/Philippe_Villers/SQPddHCr">Philippe Villers</a> (M.S. 1960) – founder of <a href="/facts/Computervision/AEk5aD4v">Computervision</a>, which is now part of <a href="/facts/Parametric_Technology_Corporation/QncuWHMl">PTC</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Andrew_Viterbi/4CtpIy97">Andrew Viterbi</a> (B.S. 1957, M.S. 1957) – electrical engineer; inventor of the <a href="/facts/Viterbi_algorithm/FYoyJ6YY">Viterbi algorithm</a>; co-founder of <a href="/facts/Qualcomm/v54S3UgA">Qualcomm</a>; former <a href="/facts/UCLA/KwPz7AK1">UCLA</a> and <a href="/facts/UCSD/srMClpNv">UCSD</a> professor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Brandon_Wade/tukxh1YB">Brandon Wade</a> (B.S. 1993) – founder of <a href="/facts/Seeking_Arrangement/2l4FULCU">Seeking Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Christopher_Weaver/wH4oaDUR">Christopher Weaver</a> (M.S. 1985) – founder of <a href="/facts/Bethesda_Softworks/T8dpn2M7">Bethesda Softworks</a> and co-founder of <a href="/facts/ZeniMax_Media/IruoIHdz">ZeniMax Media</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Zhang/SDUJdU9C">Charles Zhang</a> (PhD 1993) – Chairman of the Board and CEO of <a href="/facts/Sohu,_Inc./KuJ0mb2e">Sohu, Inc.</a></li></ul> <h3>Engineering</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Satya_N._Atluri/yA7uDAvm">Satya N. Atluri</a> (Sc.D Aeronautics & Astronautics, 1969) – engineer; recipient of 2013 Padma Bhushan 2013,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> 2015 Crichlow Trust Prize from AIAA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Colin_Angle/7jCFqc1j">Colin Angle</a> – co-founder of <a href="/facts/IRobot/7jCFqc1j">iRobot</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vanu_Bose/CfAMEc6S">Vanu Bose</a> (B.S. 1988, M.S. 1994, PhD. 1999) – electrical engineer, founder of Vanu Inc, and son of <a href="/facts/Amar_Bose/cAzX6sqy">Amar Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Karel_Bossart/TAqAYCdb">Karel Bossart</a> (M.S. 1927) – designer of the <a href="/facts/SM-65_Atlas/H4ULUgKf">SM-65 Atlas</a> missile</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_David_Coolidge/e37KoKrv">William David Coolidge</a> (B.S. 1896) – physicist who made major contributions to <a href="/facts/X-ray_machine/BUuA5JSl">X-ray machines</a>, director of the <a href="/facts/General_Electric_Research_Laboratory/GDGNWje5">General Electric Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_M._Crane/sg13Nq3o">Henry M. Crane</a> (B.S. 1895 and 1896) – automotive engineer associated with Crane Motor Car Company, <a href="/facts/Crane-Simplex/uhwPPn2c">Crane-Simplex</a>, <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Six/AxDU8V2Q">Pontiac Six</a>, and <a href="/facts/Wright-Martin/kIsrQj8C">Wright-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Stark_Draper/q284y0cg">Charles Stark Draper</a> (B.S. 1926, M.S. 1928, SD 1938) – engineer and inventor; the "father of <a href="/facts/Inertial_navigation_system/UzUTMhK2">inertial navigation</a>"; inducted into the <a href="/facts/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame/YIULqGDT">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> in 1981</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tiera_Guinn_Fletcher/shU7v4V8">Tiera Guinn Fletcher</a> – aerospace engineer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Crawford_Greenewalt/hpCD8SHs">Crawford Greenewalt</a> (B.S. 1922) – chemical engineer, president of <a href="/facts/DuPont/kCUfkJzE">DuPont</a>, lead DuPont engineer on the <a href="/facts/Manhattan_Project/gtg8yRK2">Manhattan Project</a> plutonium breeder reactors, ornithologist and photographer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Helen_Greiner/SQbLT64R">Helen Greiner</a> – co-founder of <a href="/facts/IRobot/7jCFqc1j">iRobot</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/J._Halcombe_Laning/UnEp8AX6">J. Halcombe Laning</a> (B.S. 1940, PhD 1947) — developer of <a href="/facts/Q-guidance/3Ly9G4BF">Q-guidance</a> system and <a href="/facts/Apollo_mission/IC1Ek1Ao">Apollo mission</a> guidance system</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Townsend_Ludington/jcBAEDy3">Charles Townsend Ludington</a> – aviation pioneer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shekar_Natarajan/qyx68W9R">Shekar Natarajan</a> – Supply chain executive and engineer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ernest_Boyd_MacNaughton/2h2xo9MV">Ernest Boyd MacNaughton</a> (B.S. 1902) – bank president; president of <i><a href="/facts/The_Oregonian/1LVoKdqG">The Oregonian</a></i>; president of <a href="/facts/Reed_College/ASQU5Dlf">Reed College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fred_Mannering/TjexXeRE">Fred Mannering</a> (PhD 1983) – professor <a href="/facts/University_of_South_Florida/AbTxgUXq">University of South Florida</a>; <a href="/facts/Clarivate/jqbJ2Vxl">Clarivate</a> <a href="/facts/Highly_Cited_Researcher/jqbJ2Vxl">Highly Cited Researcher</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>Jim Marggraff (B.S. Electrical Engineering, M.S. Computer Science) – inventor of the <a href="/facts/LeapPad/NjwfTLdL">LeapPad Learning System</a>, <a href="/facts/Fly_(pentop_computer)/uAwfEnBf">Fly pentop computer</a>, and <a href="/facts/Livescribe/AsCg0M9Y">Livescribe smartpen</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lissa_Martinez/zBUhXv3W">Lissa Martinez</a> (M.S. 1980) – ocean engineer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Regina_Murphy/alJI3g9v">Regina Murphy</a> (SB 1978, PhD 1989) – professor of chemical engineering at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison/Rfj54YvS">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mohammad_Modarres/NEhADMk9">Mohammad Modarres</a> – Eminent Professor of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park/Wmc5R1kM">University of Maryland</a>; founder of world's first graduate curriculum in <a href="/facts/Reliability_engineering/cd6AS5w3">reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Paynter/Gfp2nxPP">Henry M. Paynter</a> (B.S. civil engineering 1944, M.S. mathematics and science 1949, ScD hydroelectric engineering 1951, all MIT) – inventor of <a href="/facts/Bond_graph/ePWCpEVX">bond graphs</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nicholas_A._Peppas/l44MP0Hx">Nicholas A. Peppas</a> – professor of engineering, <a href="/facts/University_of_Texas_at_Austin/6NApstxT">University of Texas at Austin</a>, pioneer in <a href="/facts/Drug_delivery/vDfboXeT">drug delivery</a>, <a href="/facts/Biomaterials/uBdFNr8I">biomaterials</a>, <a href="/facts/Hydrogels/t7eStnK0">hydrogels</a> and <a href="/facts/Nanobiotechnology/ScXT4ygG">nanobiotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thuan_Pham/SFSDMwre">Thuan Pham</a> (B.S. Computer Science & Engineering 1990, M.S. 1991) – CTO of <a href="/facts/Uber/qUk7gDdX">Uber</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RJ_Scaringe/fRANHInN">RJ Scaringe</a> (M.S., PhD) – CEO of <a href="/facts/Rivian_Automotive/fRANHInN">Rivian</a>, Plymouth, Michigan, United States</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tom_Scholz/Rkch4tld">Tom Scholz</a> – founder of the rock group <a href="/facts/Boston_(band)/TEjR4nGl">Boston</a> and <a href="/facts/Scholz_Research_%26_Development,_Inc./R2hEDXM9">Scholz Research & Development, Inc.</a>, manufacturers of <a href="/facts/Rockman_(music)/DeCN5c7p">Rockman</a> sound equipment</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dorian_Shainin/vW2cWJw9">Dorian Shainin</a> (B.S. 1936) – quality paradigm pioneer and guru; considered one of the world's foremost experts in the fields of industrial problem solving, product reliability and quality engineering; known for the creation and development of the "Red X" concept</li> <li>Mareena Robinson Snowden – first Black woman to earn a Ph.D. in nuclear engineering<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Suhas_Pandurang_Sukhatme/7YxHINCg">Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme</a> – former Chairman of <a href="/facts/Atomic_Energy_Regulatory_Board/84lC3aqo">Atomic Energy Regulatory Board</a> of India<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Suchatvee_Suwansawat/SjlI0Bfx">Suchatvee Suwansawat</a> (M.S. Policy and Technology, Sc.D Geotechnical Engineering 2002) – Thai Politicians, Professor of Engineering, former president of <a href="/facts/King_Mongkut%27s_Institute_of_Technology_Ladkrabang/LRKmgo3r">King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang</a> (KMITL), former of President of the Thai Council of Engineers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Christine_Taylor-Butler/CNwpNRNA">Christine Taylor-Butler</a> (civil engineering 1981) – children's author</li></ul> <h3>Manufacturing and defense</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Vaughn_Beals/YdTEpcS5">Vaughn Beals</a> – CEO of <a href="/facts/Harley-Davidson/sefsPLqR">Harley-Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Amar_Bose/cAzX6sqy">Amar Bose</a> – founder and chairman of <a href="/facts/Bose_Corporation/2cUEaEYh">Bose Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wesley_G._Bush/fdnNgYVz">Wesley G. Bush</a> – chairman, CEO and President of <a href="/facts/Northrop_Grumman/M6keKE1A">Northrop Grumman</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Morris_Chang/TGf1aKLt">Morris Chang</a> – chairman of the <a href="/facts/Taiwan_Semiconductor_Manufacturing_Company/B4BdojRk">Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company</a> (TSMC), the largest semiconductor foundry in the world</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nick_DeWolf/yAnbe0xd">Nick DeWolf</a> – co-founder of <a href="/facts/Teradyne/0EzUszdj">Teradyne</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Thompson_Dorrance/bJH9SfV7">John Dorrance</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/Campbell_Soup_Company/cCuwcyX4">Campbell Soup Company</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Donald_Wills_Douglas,_Sr./e2uRU5sh">Donald Douglas</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/Douglas_Aircraft_Company/vkkFDEhB">Douglas Aircraft Company</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pierre_S._du_Pont/ahpGXftt">Pierre S. du Pont</a> – Du Pont Company and General Motors executive</li> <li><a href="/facts/T._Coleman_du_Pont/JPuRQbkM">T. Coleman du Pont</a> – Du Pont Company president; US Senator</li> <li><a href="/facts/Armand_V._Feigenbaum/pmIKIxGf">Armand V. Feigenbaum</a> – quality expert</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Clay_Ford,_Jr./frDUuXvt">William Clay Ford, Jr.</a> – chairman of <a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford Motor Company</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bernardo_Garza_Sada/hnnBLQpp">Bernardo Garza Sada</a> – founder and president of the <a href="/facts/ALFA_(Mexico)/ba16VjK1">ALFA</a> <a href="/facts/Conglomerate_(company)/YBbUVg1d">conglomerate</a> of Mexico<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kenneth_Germeshausen/7Ifj8q4R">Kenneth Germeshausen</a> – co-founder, and the first "G", of the defense contractor <a href="/facts/EG%26G/7Ifj8q4R">EG&G</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bernard_Marshall_Gordon/BmNPwDLr">Bernard Marshall Gordon</a> (B.S. 1949, M.S. 1949) – electrical engineer, inventor, philanthropist, co-founded <a href="/facts/Analogic_Corporation/XXxXL1BC">Analogic Corporation</a>, <a href="/facts/National_Medal_of_Technology/yh1hThv4">National Medal of Technology</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/facts/George_Hatsopoulos/lUp6CbQC">George Hatsopoulos</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/Thermo_Electron_Corporation/HPTvTJKg">Thermo Electron Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Koch/FTcvJvWa">Charles Koch</a> – co-owner, chairman and CEO of <a href="/facts/Koch_Industries/oKjShMKB">Koch Industries</a>, the second largest private company in the US</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_H._Koch/ybXSCnuF">David H. Koch</a> – co-owner of <a href="/facts/Koch_Industries/oKjShMKB">Koch Industries</a>; Vice-Presidential candidate for the <a href="/facts/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)/Wf4brzDk">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jay_Last/fvTrqgBV">Jay Last</a> – one of the "<a href="/facts/Traitorous_eight/uGUhMUUw">traitorous eight</a>" who founded <a href="/facts/Fairchild_Semiconductor/TUD8v4P0">Fairchild Semiconductor</a>; co-founder of Amelco, which became <a href="/facts/Teledyne/F4UVx6ly">Teledyne</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Smith_McDonnell/e2kou9RD">James McDonnell</a> – co-founder of <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas/cplglcRH">McDonnell Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Mulally/tCG37SmW">Alan Mulally</a> – president and CEO of <a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford Motor Company</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Emery_Nickerson/3qC52AlU">William Emery Nickerson</a> – co-founder of <a href="/facts/Gillette_(brand)/cqB7Gjv0">Gillette</a>, now part of <a href="/facts/Procter_%26_Gamble/C6ssaBHl">Procter & Gamble</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Willard_Rockwell/Bg7zY4h7">Willard Rockwell</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/Rockwell_International/dPSf6G1b">Rockwell International</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Earl_Singleton/r3ucS6pB">Henry Singleton</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/Teledyne/F4UVx6ly">Teledyne</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alfred_P._Sloan,_Jr./JWvz2fGe">Alfred P. Sloan, Jr.</a> – automobile entrepreneur, former CEO of <a href="/facts/General_Motors_Corporation/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wong_Tsu/XpSkFSaL">Wong Tsu</a> – first engineer of the <a href="/facts/Boeing_Company/tF5sMe9F">Boeing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Uncas_Whitaker/TeSWRsGF">Uncas Whitaker</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/AMP_Incorporated/3HhApDqK">AMP Incorporated</a> (now a division of <a href="/facts/Tyco_International/uLoJvVWs">Tyco International</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Allen_Harvey_Woodward/vwRzU2ky">Rick Woodward</a> – president of <a href="/facts/Woodward_Iron_Company/mv9vnlHG">Woodward Iron Company</a>, owner of <a href="/facts/Birmingham_Barons/BddVpqHv">Birmingham Barons</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Finance and consulting</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Roger_Ward_Babson/CfWLTnRU">Roger Ward Babson</a> – entrepreneur, founder of Babson Institute (now Babson College), 1940 presidential nominee on the Prohibition Party ticket</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sam_Bankman-Fried/IBPwluS9">Sam Bankman-Fried</a> (B.S. 2014) – convicted fraudster and former CEO of the insolvent <a href="/facts/Cryptocurrency_exchange/PBbzsc11">cryptocurrency exchange</a> <a href="/facts/FTX_(company)/JBVfYqe0">FTX</a> and quantitative <a href="/facts/Cryptocurrency/Rg6JAS8y">cryptocurrency</a> trading firm <a href="/facts/Alameda_Research/J9p2E08x">Alameda Research</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_Brennan_(finance)/PCgasveN">Michael Brennan</a> – pioneering finance academic, former president of the <a href="/facts/American_Finance_Association/fIaaX9h9">American Finance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Carri%C3%B3n/vsaTrh2n">Richard Carrión</a> – CEO of <a href="/facts/Banco_Popular_de_Puerto_Rico/c1xC99AJ">Banco Popular de Puerto Rico</a>, and of <a href="/facts/Popular,_Inc./c1xC99AJ">Popular, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wesley_Chan/XY5YzN1J">Wesley Chan</a> – investment partner at <a href="/facts/Google_Ventures/AB0ladnj">Google Ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lisa_Endlich/add8bPIx">Lisa Endlich</a> – business author, former vice president of <a href="/facts/Goldman_Sachs/cKeyh6CP">Goldman Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mark_Gorenberg/HW4yqK7B">Mark Gorenberg</a> – partner of the venture capital firm <a href="/facts/Hummer_Winblad_Venture_Partners/pya6gAKG">Hummer Winblad Venture Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_Martin_Hammer/jnoXeGVh">Michael Hammer</a> – pioneer of <a href="/facts/Business_Process_Reengineering/sJlxUDBI">Business Process Reengineering</a>, founder of Hammer and Co.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_C._Hanck%C3%A9/SWYtgLV8">Robert C. Hancké</a> – <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgian</a> economist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mansoor_Ijaz/mAbCuaPN">Mansoor Ijaz</a> – founder and chairman of Crescent Investment Management Ltd; developer of the CARAT trading system</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shantanurao_Laxmanrao_Kirloskar/33Lqnd3q">Shantanurao Laxmanrao Kirloskar</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/Kirloskar_Group/ENjfLxXI">Kirloskar Group</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Arthur_Dehon_Little/u6TENfQW">Arthur Dehon Little</a> – entrepreneur, founder of the eponymous management consulting firm <a href="/facts/Arthur_D._Little/tTq774hb">Arthur D. Little</a> in 1886</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mark_Mobius/h11LzjUL">Mark Mobius</a> – emerging markets investor and fund manager</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kenichi_Ohmae/Kyeqy7db">Kenichi Ohmae</a> – former director of the Japan arm of <a href="/facts/McKinsey_%26_Company/LEjD93u2">McKinsey & Company</a>, management consultants</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Perkins_(businessman)/hpmT0IyS">Tom Perkins</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/Venture_capital/yeH3m7zo">venture capital</a> firm <a href="/facts/Kleiner,_Perkins,_Caufield_%26_Byers/jxKQqle1">Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_S._Reed/v25aJM4o">John S. Reed</a> – chairman of the <a href="/facts/New_York_Stock_Exchange/XgSV32lk">New York Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ed_Seykota/IB0AbYjX">Ed Seykota</a> – commodity trader</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jim_Simons/op947h9w">Jim Simons</a> – mathematician; philanthropist; founder of <a href="/facts/Renaissance_Technologies/7eoJmxFv">Renaissance Technologies</a> hedge fund</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Thain/C3Uo9RYW">John Thain</a> – former <a href="/facts/CEO/mg4A8y5M">CEO</a> of <a href="/facts/Merrill_Lynch/bwWt2DSs">Merrill Lynch</a>, former chief executive officer of the <a href="/facts/New_York_Stock_Exchange/XgSV32lk">New York Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Toy/LjTRRn52">William Toy</a> – director at <a href="/facts/Caisse_des_d%C3%A9p%C3%B4ts_et_consignations/aBRo2S4p">CDC</a>, New York and <a href="/facts/Goldman_Sachs/cKeyh6CP">Goldman Sachs</a>; developer of the <a href="/facts/Black%E2%80%93Derman%E2%80%93Toy_model/LjTRRn52">Black–Derman–Toy</a> interest rate model</li> <li><a href="/facts/C._S._Venkatakrishnan/VHqgf4d1">C. S. Venkatakrishnan</a> – CEO of <a href="/facts/Barclays/2M992GXz">Barclays</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gary_Wang_(American_businessman)/779Gg7Mk">Gary Wang</a> – former CTO at bankrupt cryptocurrency exchange <a href="/facts/FTX/SA8dQUeJ">FTX</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nigel_Wilson_(businessman)/Et4d7HWG">Nigel Wilson</a> – CEO of <a href="/facts/Legal_%26_General/XJEcERsV">Legal & General</a></li></ul> <h3>Healthcare and biotechnology</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Thomas_O._Bales_Jr./xrA1Vt4K">Thomas O. Bales Jr.</a> (BS <a href="/facts/Mechanical_engineering/cbId4fye">Mechanical engineering</a>) – medical technology inventor and entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Benaron/WAfPjWP9">David Benaron</a> – <a href="/facts/Digital_health/MfrXbWGJ">digital health</a> entrepreneur, physician</li> <li>George A. Herzlinger (B.S., PhD <a href="/facts/Physics/a7aH2y08">physics</a>) – medical innovation entrepreneur who invented and, with Regina, founded firms that built and sold an intra aortic balloon pump and a standard-of-care rapid infuser that have saved thousands of lives<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Regina_E._Herzlinger/XaP3kneP">Regina E. Herzlinger</a> (B.S. <a href="/facts/Economics/HYctA2Dn">economics</a>) – first woman to be tenured and chaired at HBS and to serve on large corporate health care boards of directors, including John Deere and Cardinal Health; author of three best-selling health care trade books; known as the "godmother of consumer-driven health care"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paul_F._Levy/RHzbGvhT">Paul F. Levy</a> (SB, MCP 1974) – former president of <a href="/facts/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center/V1W0uYCE">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</a> hospitals, former executive director of Boston's <a href="/facts/MWRA/SfqaHqvb">MWRA</a> Harbor Cleanup project</li> <li><a href="/facts/Neil_Pappalardo/83lvYzrV">Neil Pappalardo</a> (SB physics, <a href="/facts/Electrical_engineering/YYXW1KLW">electrical engineering</a> 1964) – Founder and chairman of <a href="/facts/Meditech/0GTpB4lF">MEDITECH</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bernard_Sherman/3HnyfIWS">Bernard Sherman</a> (PhD <a href="/facts/Astrophysics/krFPRWLA">astrophysics</a>) – Canadian billionaire, philanthropist, and founder of <a href="/facts/Apotex/73MEI4G9">Apotex</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_A._Swanson/K4wJRmYC">Robert A. Swanson</a> – co-founder of <a href="/facts/Genentech/DPahQBr4">Genentech</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ron_Williams/HWWzdXH6">Ron Williams</a> – CEO of <a href="/facts/Aetna/VEJ08Edw">Aetna</a></li></ul> <h3>Miscellaneous</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/David_A._Aaker/D0rfzHvY">David A. Aaker</a> – consultant and author of <i>Marketing</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aditya_Birla/SHLzE2PS">Aditya Birla</a> – industrialist, deceased son of <a href="/facts/Basant_Kumar_Birla/k65lMon3">Basant Kumar Birla</a> and father of Kumar Mangalam; head of <a href="/facts/Aditya_Birla_Group/T6R8pD5B">Aditya Birla Group</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Chung/wat83elT">Joseph Chung</a> – co-founder of <a href="/facts/Art_Technology_Group/wat83elT">Art Technology Group</a> with fellow MIT grad Jeet Singh</li> <li>Jack Crichton – <a href="/facts/Oil/fsgX2IRM">oil</a> and <a href="/facts/Natural_gas/9MYQ7NAP">natural gas</a> industrialist from Texas; Republican candidate for governor in 1964</li> <li><a href="/facts/Samuel_Face/fPADXt42">Samuel Face</a> – inventor and co-developer of advances in concrete and piezoelectric technologies</li> <li><a href="/facts/Victor_Fung_(businessman)/DKWpVfcS">Victor Kwok-king Fung</a> – prominent Hong Kong billionaire businessman and political figure</li> <li><a href="/facts/Antonio_Galloni/Ygth1KJG">Antonio Galloni</a> – wine critic and founder of Vinous</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eugenio_Garza_Sada/Yjs9KErR">Eugenio Garza Sada</a> – Mexican businessman, philanthropist and founder of the <a href="/facts/Tec_de_Monterrey/C7xEkI3I">Tec de Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Krisztina_Holly/GAXL880d">Krisztina "Z" Holly</a> (B.S. 1989, M.S. 1992) – co-founder of <a href="/facts/Stylus_Innovation/odYEAn8S">Stylus Innovation</a>, curator of first <a href="/facts/TEDx/Sc3JxnA1">TEDx</a>, founder of MIT <a href="/facts/Deshpande_Center_for_Technological_Innovation/Axp5m57L">Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation</a>, former vice provost for innovation at <a href="/facts/University_of_Southern_California/N0v9R5gs">University of Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Legere/9vHhGdBq">John Legere</a> – CEO of <a href="/facts/T-Mobile_US/tRY9PLtF">T-Mobile</a>, post-graduate school, received M.S. from MIT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nikolaos_Mavridis/dspLquj6">Nikolaos Mavridis</a> – founder of the <a href="/facts/Interactive_Robots_and_Media_Lab/BynqN7MP">Interactive Robots and Media Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/David_McGrath/HjlyNI6L">David McGrath</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/TAD_Resources/HjlyNI6L">TAD Resources</a>, now part of <a href="/facts/Adecco/HjlyNI6L">Adecco</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dana_G._Mead/hU05GTuy">Dana G. Mead</a> – former CEO and chair of <a href="/facts/Tenneco/zGPJEsw4">Tenneco</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hamid_R._Moghadam/NQFeDbgz">Hamid R. Moghadam</a> – co-founder, chairman and CEO of <a href="/facts/Prologis/5gBcdjvL">Prologis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stewart_Nelson_(hacker)/G9PU8WcL">Stewart Nelson</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/Systems_Concepts/egWFCqAv">Systems Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eric_P._Newman/Bmy2C1c0">Eric P. Newman</a> – <a href="/facts/Numismatics/gJDe3Lr5">numismatist</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Arthur_S._Obermayer/W0EVrFLl">Arthur S. Obermayer</a> – founder of the Moleculon Research Corporation; philanthropist<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Ofori-Tenkorang/68knTswq">John Ofori-Tenkorang</a> – Director General of the <a href="/facts/Social_Security_and_National_Insurance_Trust/MTJTG4GB">Social Security and National Insurance Trust</a>, <a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Generoso_Pope/UgE6jK80">Generoso Pope</a> – founder and owner of <i><a href="/facts/The_National_Enquirer/qfCnlBeU">The National Enquirer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alexander_N._Rossolimo/vSeLK0Sg">Alexander N. Rossolimo</a> – founding chairman of Center for Security and Social Progress</li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_J._Saylor/JMdcsKWF">Michael J. Saylor</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/MicroStrategy/L6fIdPwS">MicroStrategy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Spoon/CE0QqC4M">Alan Spoon</a> (B.S. 1973) – former president of The <a href="/facts/Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">Washington Post</a> Company</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leelila_Strogov/Nv5cGPUK">Leelila Strogov</a> – general assignment reporter for <a href="/facts/KTTV-TV/2SJoUule">Fox 11 News</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Tomlinson/TIehQklC">Richard Tomlinson</a> – British intelligence officer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Helmut_Weymar/1vModtdD">Helmut Weymar</a> – founder of <a href="/facts/Commodities_Corporation/1vModtdD">Commodities Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)/8hjXDYrp">Chris Wright</a> – CEO of <a href="/facts/Liberty_Energy/brISaT2n">Liberty Energy</a></li></ul> <h2 id="education">Education</h2> <ul><li>Muhammad M. Al-Saggaf (M.S. 1996, PhD 2000 in Geophysics) – president of <a href="/facts/King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals/q0Fa2Lrp">King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Theodosios_Alexander/JNXBmEDQ">Theodosios Alexander</a> (M.S. in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 1982; M.S. in Ocean Systems Management; M.S. in Mechanical Engineering; ScD in Mechanical Engineering 1987) – Dean of <a href="/facts/Parks_College_of_Engineering,_Aviation_and_Technology/cuXNaprq">Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> of <a href="/facts/Saint_Louis_University/GJwW0jLu">Saint Louis University</a>; Professor and Chair of Energy Engineering, <a href="/facts/Queen_Mary,_University_of_London/j7FHapKf">Queen Mary, University of London</a>; former <a href="/facts/James_Watt/29KvGNW0">James Watt</a> Professor at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Glasgow/D0XAYMtq">University of Glasgow</a>, Scotland; former Mechanical Engineering Professor at <a href="/facts/Washington_University_in_St._Louis/GmIT8zU6">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Joseph_E._Aoun/zgFq9AGd">Joseph E. Aoun</a> (PhD 1982) – president of <a href="/facts/Northeastern_University/8maXMkEb">Northeastern University</a>, <a href="/facts/Linguist/oQuamvf2">linguist</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/facts/Andrew_Armacost/EHvgzERx">Andrew Armacost</a> (M.S. 1995, PhD 2000) – dean of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force_Academy/LhmgXJ7b">United States Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dennis_Assanis/LFHm3NbB">Dennis Assanis</a> (M.S. in <a href="/facts/Naval_Architecture/dJnh5bsd">Naval Architecture</a> and <a href="/facts/Marine_Engineering/EJTTeWsk">Marine Engineering</a> 1983, M.S. in <a href="/facts/Mechanical_Engineering/cbId4fye">Mechanical Engineering</a> 1983, M.S. in <a href="/facts/Management/8KMV9yMM">Management</a> 1986, PhD in <a href="/facts/Power_(physics)/mkaEyRnn">Power</a> and <a href="/facts/Propulsion/xTuW8Fw2">Propulsion</a> 1986) – former Jon R. and Beverly S. Holt Professor and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Michigan/6e1Ea5xh">University of Michigan</a>; Provost and Senior VP for Academic Affairs at <a href="/facts/Stony_Brook_University/4LwsKo7h">Stony Brook University</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Larry_Bacow/WqFby3Ao">Larry Bacow</a> (B.S. 1972) – president of <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a>, former president of <a href="/facts/Tufts_University/yglpUbAL">Tufts University</a>, lawyer, economist, author</li> <li><a href="/facts/Merrill_J._Bateman/cN6VrBNj">Merrill J. Bateman</a> (PhD 1965) – former president of <a href="/facts/Brigham_Young_University/aYaXLWt2">Brigham Young University</a>; <a href="/facts/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints/rcgQH9bT">Mormon</a> <a href="/facts/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)/neju46pT">Presiding Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scott_C._Beardsley/L5Ept4TX">Scott C. Beardsley</a> – dean of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Virginia_Darden_School_of_Business/70Qj7K1g">University of Virginia Darden School of Business</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lawrence_Berk/X1t5Ha62">Lawrence Berk</a> (B.S. Architectural Engineering 1932) – founder and former president of <a href="/facts/Berklee_College_of_Music/s7jV8evQ">Berklee College of Music</a> (1945–1978)</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_R._Brody/gDgkly0e">William R. Brody</a> (B.S. 1965, M.S. 1966) – former president of <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University/56US0mHw">Johns Hopkins University</a>, current president of <a href="/facts/Salk_Institute/eY7raMMp">Salk Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Emily_Calandrelli/oFMjRmQ0">Emily Calandrelli</a> (M.S. 2013) – aerospace engineer and STEM communicator</li> <li><a href="/facts/Marion_Hamilton_Carter/2gXBvguA">Marion Hamilton Carter</a> (1893) – educator, journalist, author</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jared_Cohon/FXGuWqx9">Jared Cohon</a> (M.S. 1972, PhD 1973) – former president of <a href="/facts/Carnegie_Mellon_University/XKd7L2KA">Carnegie Mellon University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/William_E._Cooper_(university_president)/CRgXkHsm">William Cooper</a> (PhD 1976) – president of <a href="/facts/University_of_Richmond/4V8YNIWa">University of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dianna_Cowern/kcvJjfUQ">Dianna Leilani Cowern</a> (2011) – physics alumnus and STEM educator and communicator on <a href="/facts/YouTube/db276jst">YouTube</a> and elsewhere as a <a href="/facts/YouTuber/PMdeqgVl">YouTuber</a> and similar as "Physics Girl" collaborating often with fellow MIT graduate <a href="/facts/Emily_Calandrelli/oFMjRmQ0">Emily Calandrelli</a> and many other people associated with many other organizations<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Allan_Cullimore/PIkb90wf">Allan Cullimore</a> – former president of <a href="/facts/New_Jersey_Institute_of_Technology/JQQc9kEL">New Jersey Institute of Technology</a> (1920–1947)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Woodie_Flowers/KBIpkjGa">Woodie Flowers</a> (M.S. 1968, ME 1971, PhD 1973) – MIT professor, created <i>Introduction to Design</i> (2.70), founder of <a href="/facts/FIRST_Robotics_Competition/sWK9NRAb">FIRST Robotics Competition</a>, starting host of <i><a href="/facts/Scientific_American_Frontiers/6hNFy5bg">Scientific American Frontiers</a></i> (1990–93)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Philip_Friedman/GX4F0DIQ">Philip Friedman</a> (PhD 1972) – president of <a href="/facts/Golden_Gate_University/7benWlMI">Golden Gate University</a></li> <li>David Garrison<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> – founding chair, <a href="/facts/University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Clear_Lake/zPm8QMEk">University of Houston–Clear Lake</a> Physics Department</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_P._Gerrity/hlsQ3NYx">Thomas P. Gerrity</a> – former dean of <a href="/facts/Wharton_School/0Ej6fE1G">Wharton School</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania/LBBBULox">University of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hollis_Godfrey/sjToCtHu">Hollis Godfrey</a> (1889) – former president of <a href="/facts/Drexel_University/t1CjDDmE">Drexel University</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eric_Grimson/IGe3h4Lx">Eric Grimson</a> (PhD Mathematics 1980) – computer scientist and Chancellor of <a href="/facts/MIT/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Michelle_S._Hoo_Fatt/yx5jjHSK">Michelle S. Hoo Fatt</a> (B.S 1987, M.S. 1990 and Ph.D. 1992) – professor of mechanical engineering at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Akron/y5vV3Cdf">University of Akron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Amos_Horev/IgRCD8yy">Amos Horev</a> (B.S., M.S.) – former president of <a href="/facts/Technion/BXIHd5sP">Technion</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shirley_Jackson_(physicist)/6pdpwlDd">Shirley Jackson</a> (B.S. 1968, PhD 1973) – president of <a href="/facts/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute/e3smoUMm">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Martin_C._Jischke/mnebPuMq">Martin C. Jischke</a> (M.S., PhD 1968) – former president of <a href="/facts/Purdue_University/dRuTdltL">Purdue University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Theodora_J._Kalikow/qudY47Bm">Theodora J. Kalikow</a> (Sc.M. 1970) – former president of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maine_at_Farmington/gVktjlw1">University of Maine at Farmington</a> and the <a href="/facts/University_of_Southern_Maine/n34qDLFS">University of Southern Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Salman_Khan_(educator)/UEoUqk2o">Salman Khan</a> – founder and executive director of <a href="/facts/Khan_Academy/4G99cy12">Khan Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Klafter/zjpm02fP">Joseph Klafter</a> – <a href="/facts/Chemical_physics/VEqp9VrK">chemical physics</a> professor, the eighth President of <a href="/facts/Tel_Aviv_University/5MVPPor0">Tel Aviv University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Martin_C._Libicki/YQ6jyFoS">Martin C. Libicki</a> (B.S. Mathematics) – professor at the <a href="/facts/Frederick_S._Pardee_RAND_Graduate_School/e6TMVJ5T">Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School</a> in <a href="/facts/Santa_Monica,_California/A0Cyj3vy">Santa Monica, California</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Maeda/Kc27Tj4w">John Maeda</a> (B.S., M.S. 1989) – former president of <a href="/facts/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design/r1DNJ1jk">Rhode Island School of Design</a> (2008–2013), graphic designer, computer scientist, author, venture capitalist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Modesto_Maidique/6sFsccK9">Modesto Maidique</a> (B.S. 1962, M.S. 1964, EE 1966, PhD 1970) – former president of <a href="/facts/Florida_International_University/TTAQr7rp">Florida International University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Julianne_Malveaux/wcFXthUh">Julianne Malveaux</a> (PhD 1980) – president of <a href="/facts/Bennett_College/vxYh4m75">Bennett College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Marcus/vQtsfWR3">Alan Marcus</a> (PhD 1981) – economist; professor at the <a href="/facts/Carroll_School_of_Management/zAdtUCny">Carroll School of Management</a>, <a href="/facts/Boston_College/lwIj6F3y">Boston College</a>; first recipient of the <a href="/facts/Mario_Gabelli/V7UtU43p">Mario Gabelli</a> Endowed Professorship</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_McClain_(president)/KGxWXm6r">David McClain</a> (PhD 1974) – president of <a href="/facts/University_of_Hawaii/6nzkEffB">University of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Frederic_Mishkin/teUXyjn1">Frederic Mishkin</a> (B.S. 1973, PhD 1976) – economist; professor at <a href="/facts/Columbia_Business_School/TAPcAq9D">Columbia Business School</a>; Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2006–2008); appeared in the documentary <i><a href="/facts/Inside_Job_(2010_film)/SErUxcnK">Inside Job</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Leo_E._Morton/uARXzxD2">Leo E. Morton</a> (M.S. 1987) – chancellor of <a href="/facts/University_of_Missouri-Kansas_City/uARXzxD2">University of Missouri-Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gretchen_Ritter/IwNnAu65">Gretchen Ritter</a> (Ph.D.) – dean of the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Santagati/3sBL8g5X">Richard Santagati</a> (M.S. 1979) – former president of <a href="/facts/Merrimack_College/kmv4nA6R">Merrimack College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rahmat_Shoureshi/monvRady">Rahmat Shoureshi</a> – researcher, professor, and provost of <a href="/facts/New_York_Institute_of_Technology/aaDvUB2C">New York Institute of Technology</a> (NYIT)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Reed_Shuldiner/V5wloa4M">Reed Shuldiner</a> (Ph.D. 1985) – Alvin L. Snowiss Professor of Law at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School/yuSLaEWP">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nam-Pyo_Suh/PGo7oQLP">Nam-Pyo Suh</a> (B.S. 1959, M.S. 1961) – president of <a href="/facts/KAIST/vduAr8hs">KAIST</a> (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lawrence_H._Summers/QyDj7Eqt">Lawrence H. Summers</a> (B.S. 1975) – former president of <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a>, economist, former presidential advisor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Subra_Suresh/bwXq9NW2">Subra Suresh</a> (ScD 1981) – former president of <a href="/facts/Carnegie_Mellon_University/XKd7L2KA">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, former Director of the <a href="/facts/National_Science_Foundation/FlDT8TbW">National Science Foundation</a>, former Dean of the School of Engineering at MIT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Demetri_Terzopoulos/S11NpKYM">Demetri Terzopoulos</a> <a href="/facts/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society/cWs8TdC5">FRS</a> <a href="/facts/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada/80JypAJ7">FRSC</a> (PhD 1984) – <a href="/facts/Academy_Awards/CwTxYuNQ">Academy Award</a>-winning <a href="/facts/Computer_scientist/DavggjGL">computer scientist</a>, university <a href="/facts/Professor/JNqot4sU">professor</a>, <a href="/facts/Author/9pcsEamu">author</a>, and <a href="/facts/Entrepreneurship/gr8E0Su2">entrepreneur</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ahmed_Tewfik/6sfHjAGq">Ahmed Tewfik</a> (PhD 1987) – <a href="/facts/IEEE_Signal_Processing_Society/04X8RWmh">IEEE Signal Processing Society</a> President, former chair of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the <a href="/facts/Cockrell_School_of_Engineering/XzBd8rAt">Cockrell School of Engineering</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Texas_at_Austin/6NApstxT">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lee_T._Todd,_Jr./j5sogD30">Lee T. Todd, Jr.</a> (M.S. 1970, EE 1971, PhD 1974) – president of <a href="/facts/University_of_Kentucky/AdJlvQ7w">University of Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Laura_Tyson/Nmg3Hqbb">Laura Tyson</a> (PhD 1974) – chairman of the <a href="/facts/Council_of_Economic_Advisors/Pvdx5oyP">CEA</a> under <a href="/facts/Bill_Clinton/x5mwYkVh">Clinton</a>; former dean of the <a href="/facts/Haas_School_of_Business/em30RlzE">Haas School of Business</a>; former dean of the <a href="/facts/London_Business_School/saeoahQ8">London Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hal_Varian/D5uEfzBd">Hal Varian</a> (B.S. 1969) – chief economist at <a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a>, founding dean of the <a href="/facts/School_of_Information/BqmCg72M">School of Information</a> at <a href="/facts/UC_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">UC Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Patrick_Henry_Winston/7c437f9b">Patrick Henry Winston</a> (B.S. 1965, M.S. 1967, PhD 1970) – author of standard textbooks on <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/facts/Programming_languages/cWTYbgWa">programming languages</a>, MIT professor, co-founded Ascent Technology</li> <li><a href="/facts/Elisabeth_Zinser/xXl1CWVl">Elisabeth Zinser</a> (M.S. 1982) – president of <a href="/facts/Southern_Oregon_University/IwAKMYbc">Southern Oregon University</a></li></ul> <h2 id="humanities-arts-and-social-sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</h2> <h3>Academics</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Saleem_Ali_(academic)/KAP94oFf">Saleem Ali</a> (PhD 2001) – Blue and Gold Distinguished Professor of Energy and Environment at the University of Delaware, National Geographic Emerging Explorer, World Economic Forum Young Global Leader</li> <li><a href="/facts/Harry_Binswanger/e5eGW6rf">Harry Binswanger</a> – philosopher, associate of <a href="/facts/Ayn_Rand/MjuSIIng">Ayn Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_Brame/wzdyuQVS">Michael Brame</a> (PhD 1970) – professor of linguistics at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Washington/36PG6qkG">University of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dan_Massey/xTo217b0">Dan Massey</a> – sexual freedom scholar, religious philosopher, human rights activist, chief engineer at <a href="/facts/BBN_Technologies/9kA7axL3">BBN Technologies</a>, and senior scientist at <a href="/facts/Science_Applications_International_Corporation/qhJvu2jn">Science Applications International Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)/8NfYBS1u">Charles Murray</a> (M.S.; PhD Political Science 1974) – researcher, co-author of <i><a href="/facts/The_Bell_Curve/VYdYT1Mc">The Bell Curve</a></i> – professor of Management Science and Engineering at <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ellen_Swallow_Richards/HBo3JBcE">Ellen Swallow Richards</a> (B.S. 1873) – founder of the modern <a href="/facts/Home_economics/aHcHSGqh">home economics</a> discipline; first woman admitted to MIT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ann_Senghas/HrJFhKsc">Ann Senghas</a> (PhD 1995) – developmental psychologist, professor at <a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a></li></ul> <h3>Actors, directors, and other crew</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Dylan_Bruno/my3Tckvb">Dylan Bruno</a> – actor; former model</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yau-Man_Chan/79BUDbfI">Yau-Man Chan</a> (B.S. 1974) – contestant on <a href="/facts/Survivor:_Fiji/pP8GAH9x"><i>Survivor:</i> <i>Figi</i></a> and <i><a href="/facts/Survivor:_Micronesia/mEGKj689">Survivor: Micronesia</a></i>; <a href="/facts/Table_tennis/4dGt6tqM">table tennis</a> player</li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Eckhouse/Mc3SE6Mn">James Eckhouse</a> (1976,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> dropped out<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a>) – actor, <i><a href="/facts/Beverly_Hills,_90210/MbbhcRKS">Beverly Hills, 90210</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Herbert_Kalmus/dlWH7LJX">Herbert Kalmus</a> (1903) – inventor of <a href="/facts/Technicolor/cjULMcyR">Technicolor</a>; star on the <a href="/facts/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame/vCQcm9yu">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Saladin_K._Patterson/PIB02UUA">Saladin K. Patterson</a> (1994) – developer and executive producer of <a href="/facts/The_Wonder_Years_(2021_TV_series)/aH4a9aB6"><i>The Wonder Years</i> revival</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Erland_Van_Lidth_De_Jeude/UM2SFawq">Erland Van Lidth De Jeude</a> – <a href="/facts/Hollywood_(film_industry)/1HpkUBfd">Hollywood</a> actor; <a href="/facts/Opera/eLeXDdsP">opera</a> singer</li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Woods/LlNsTpym">James Woods</a> (1969, dropped out) – <a href="/facts/Hollywood_(film_industry)/1HpkUBfd">Hollywood</a> actor; <a href="/facts/Academy_Award/CwTxYuNQ">Oscar</a> nominee; <a href="/facts/Emmy/M6GvMDJc">Emmy</a> winner</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dottie_Zicklin/sMFC29MD">Dottie Zicklin</a> (1986) – television writer and producer; co-creator of the sitcoms <i><a href="/facts/Caroline_in_the_City/vWPxqyUv">Caroline in the City</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Dharma_%26_Greg/LgUaMNpu">Dharma & Greg</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Are_You_There,_Chelsea%3F/jQ457jB2">Are You There, Chelsea?</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Economists, correspondents, and political advisors</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nariman_Behravesh/Jm6LAH9M">Nariman Behravesh</a> (born 1948) – economist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Carlin/DMd07U7N">Alan Carlin</a> (born 1937) – economist at the <a href="/facts/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency/ghI985SI">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dean_Karlan/Co7nttM5">Dean Karlan</a> (PhD Development Economics and Public Finance 2002) – development economist and founder of <a href="/facts/Innovations_for_Poverty_Action/BoFHIlgJ">Innovations for Poverty Action</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paul_Krugman/PIcKk7ln">Paul Krugman</a> (PhD) – <i><a href="/facts/New_York_Times/T9marWVX">New York Times</a></i> columnist, <a href="/facts/John_Bates_Clark_Medal/3N4L10VV">John Bates Clark Medal</a> and <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prize</a> winner</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_J._Shiller/c0D21FQv">Robert J. Shiller</a> (born 1946) – Nobel Prize-winning economist, academic, and author</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Walter_(British_journalist_and_politician)/Ars1NAwl">David Walter</a> – British <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a> and <a href="/facts/ITN/SYYJ94jL">ITN</a> correspondent; political advisor; winner of <a href="/facts/Kennedy_Scholarship/rJxcsSsD">Kennedy Memorial Scholarship</a> to MIT</li></ul> <h3>Musicians, record producers, and engineers</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nate_Greenslit/jW64S96z">Nate Greenslit</a> (PhD) – musician, writer and academic</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ned_Lagin/aSAotTwY">Ned Lagin</a> – played keyboards and <a href="/facts/Synthesizer/NrmdVrPa">synthesizer</a> at a number of the <a href="/facts/Grateful_Dead/PjyyRGQt">Grateful Dead</a> shows between 1970 and 1975 and on a few mid–1970s albums</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rajesh_Mehta/BfW4ewcS">Rajesh Mehta</a> (B.S. Humanities and Engineering 1986) – hybrid trumpeter, composer, educational technology consultant</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Pierson/15qB5a52">Alan Pierson</a> (B.S. Music, Physics, 1996–1997) – conductor; <a href="/facts/Northwestern_University/4dunJHBf">Northwestern University</a> faculty</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tom_Scott_(sound_engineer)/t71m1xxt">Tom Scott</a> (B.S. 1966) – winner of two <a href="/facts/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound/ySIwlHs1">Academy Awards for Best Sound</a> for <i><a href="/facts/The_Right_Stuff_(film)/9gtRqQtH">The Right Stuff</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Amadeus_(film)/1jyJkEbf">Amadeus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jamshied_Sharifi/hz5CLjB1">Jamshied Sharifi</a> – <a href="/facts/Tony_Award/Md77rBE0">Tony Award</a>-winning composer</li></ul> <h3>Painting, sculpting, and visual art</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alia_Farid/F0428bta">Alia Farid</a> – contemporary artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Marisa_Mor%C3%A1n_Jahn/vJY5zm9y">Marisa Morán Jahn</a> (M.S.) – multimedia artist and founder of Studio REV-</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Rath/SU2MpFIS">Alan Rath</a> (B.S. 1982) – <a href="/facts/Electronic_art/pCvMIuMY">electronic</a>, <a href="/facts/Kinetic_art/5u9q09xH">kinetic</a>, and <a href="/facts/Robotic_art/CWwgrsRT">robotic</a> sculptor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Samuel_Washington_Weis/yL6zk4hB">Samuel Washington Weis</a> – painter</li></ul> <h3>Writers and editors</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Steve_Altes/WHmKUwQC">Steve Altes</a> (B.S. 1984, M.S. 1986) – humorist, <a href="/facts/National_Medal_of_Technology/yh1hThv4">National Medal of Technology</a> recipient, writer of <i>Geeks & Greeks</i> graphic novel about MIT</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_W._Campbell/NNt1EUke">John W. Campbell</a> (physics, dropped out) – writer, longtime editor of <i><a href="/facts/Astounding_Science_Fiction/wlsqI7yY">Astounding Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rebecca_Richardson_Joslin/ubeE7evv">Rebecca Richardson Joslin</a> – essayist, lecturer, benefactor, clubwoman</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kealoha_(poet)/aRA772Gk">Kealoha</a>, born Steven Wong (1999) – performance poet; Hawaii's first Poet Laureate and National Poetry Slam Legend; storyteller; Hawaii's SlamMaster</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hugh_Lofting/lna7MrIG">Hugh Lofting</a> – author of <i><a href="/facts/The_Story_of_Doctor_Dolittle/2HRX17BC">Dr. Dolittle</a></i> series of books; trained at MIT as civil engineer, 1904–05</li> <li><a href="/facts/Megan_Miranda/4b7kc4nf">Megan Miranda</a> — mystery and thriller novelist</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Shelton_Reed/mCNk8svb">John Shelton Reed</a> (B.S. 1964) – sociologist, author of <i>The Enduring South,</i> elected to the <a href="/facts/Fellowship_of_Southern_Writers/0zMPEk4n">Fellowship of Southern Writers</a></li></ul> <h2 id="science-and-technology">Science and technology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Colin_Adams_(mathematician)/0wPaWlWv">Colin Adams</a> – mathematician, <a href="/facts/Knot_theory/mb7rtqVP">knot theory</a> expert, teacher, writer, <a href="/facts/Mathematical_joke/LfKLvYUw">math humorist</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rakesh_Agrawal_(chemical_engineer)/IQCpB44G">Rakesh Agrawal</a> – <a href="/facts/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation/yh1hThv4">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a> Laureate and Professor of Chemical Engineering at <a href="/facts/Purdue_University/dRuTdltL">Purdue University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Buzz_Aldrin/meuu82u7">Buzz Aldrin</a> – combat pilot, astronaut, second man to <a href="/facts/Moon_landing/RMXHoEpg">walk on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pauline_Morrow_Austin/x6qSXfPY">Pauline Morrow Austin</a> – meteorologist, Director of Weather Radar at MIT, research staff in Radiation Laboratory</li> <li><a href="/facts/Adrian_Bejan/99DFseXd">Adrian Bejan</a> – professor of mechanical engineering, namesake of the <a href="/facts/Bejan_number/2qoqEETW">Bejan number</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gordon_Bell/kEsh4EwF">Gordon Bell</a> – computer engineer and manager, designer of <a href="/facts/Digital_Equipment_Corporation/ztxs6keA">DEC</a> <a href="/facts/Programmed_Data_Processor/Rgwfdqjy">PDP</a>, manager of the <a href="/facts/VAX/N3r13IHH">VAX</a> project</li> <li><a href="/facts/Stephen_Benton/XS0PBbu7">Stephen Benton</a> – invented <a href="/facts/Rainbow_hologram/40udUnFz">rainbow hologram</a>, pioneered <a href="/facts/Digital_holography/nq6SpU7b">digital holography</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Marc_Blank/konHPyAs">Marc Blank</a> – computer game designer and programmer, developed <i><a href="/facts/Zork/foP222ad">Zork</a></i> <a href="/facts/Adventure_game/jXMz5Ds8">adventure game</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Manuel_Blum/fl3GKhvh">Manuel Blum</a> – computer scientist, received <a href="/facts/Turing_Award/HbEEp0GF">Turing Award</a> (1995) for studies in <a href="/facts/Computational_complexity_theory/etHuVF3U">computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Katie_Bouman/tKPtH12h">Katie Bouman</a> – computer scientist and electrical engineer involved in developing the algorithm used in filtering the first images of a <a href="/facts/Black_hole/1r2lmkcF">black hole</a> taken by the <a href="/facts/Event_Horizon_Telescope/msJwLooR">Event Horizon Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dan_Bricklin/L1V6aTVv">Dan Bricklin</a> – co-inventor of <a href="/facts/Visicalc/6xnHrMKp">Visicalc</a>, the first <a href="/facts/WYSIWYG/aGmcHWpX">WYSIWYG</a> PC <a href="/facts/Spreadsheet/0cvc1GeB">spreadsheet</a> program</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alice_G._Bryant/Dt1H5esP">Alice G. Bryant</a> – otolaryngologist and inventor of surgical tools</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dixie_Lee_Bryant/QQoS6l91">Dixie Lee Bryant</a> – geologist and educator</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edward_M._Burgess/RE6ePTmC">Edward M. Burgess</a> – chemist, inventor of the <a href="/facts/Burgess_reagent/kofUx8Ny">Burgess reagent</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Christopher_Chen_(academic)/pI3HmEWd">Christopher Chen</a> – William Fairfield Warren Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering at <a href="/facts/Boston_University/Vcyr2qAh">Boston University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/David_D._Clark/uRsLKFUd">David D. Clark</a> – led the development of TCP/IP (the protocol that underlies the Internet)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wesley_A._Clark/CpwgrHKm">Wesley A. Clark</a> – computing pioneer, creator of the <a href="/facts/LINC/ozNdFrHB">LINC</a> (the first minicomputer)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fernando_Corbat%C3%B3/2kXkQk3I">Fernando Corbató</a> – retired MIT professor, Turing Award (1990), co-founder of the <a href="/facts/Multics/y7A5peyu">Multics</a> project</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shiladitya_DasSarma/QreP7qQl">Shiladitya DasSarma</a> (PhD 1985) – pioneering microbiologist and professor at <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Medicine/prRFGCVs">University of Maryland School of Medicine</a> who deciphered genetic code for Halobacterium NRC-1</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_J._Denning/semI7SRg">Peter J. Denning</a> (M.S. 1965, PhD 1968) – computer scientist, professor, co-founder of the Multics project, pioneered <a href="/facts/Virtual_memory/Lw2GemF5">virtual memory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jack_Dennis/MnReKxax">Jack Dennis</a> – retired MIT professor, co-founder of the Multics project</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Diamandis/jAq6tcX7">Peter Diamandis</a> – founder and chairman of the X PRIZE Foundation, co-founder and chairman of Singularity University, and co-author of <i>New York Times</i> bestseller <i>Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Whitfield_Diffie/oDKz7ChA">Whitfield Diffie</a> – pioneer of <a href="/facts/Public-key_cryptography/gowoFTxS">public-key cryptography</a> and the <a href="/facts/Diffie-Hellman/xR4YQcaD">Diffie-Hellman</a> protocol, Turing Award (2015)</li> <li><a href="/facts/K._Eric_Drexler/vYNTXtk5">K. Eric Drexler</a> – pioneer nanotechnologist, author, co-founded <a href="/facts/Foresight_Institute/FNM40sJC">Foresight Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Doc_Edgerton/QR9k1zPt">Harold Eugene "Doc" Edgerton</a> (M.S. 1927, ScD 1931) – former MIT Institute professor; co-founder, and the "E", of <a href="/facts/EG%26G/7Ifj8q4R">EG&G</a>; <a href="/facts/Stroboscope/rGSLFC71">stroboscope</a> photography pioneer; <a href="/facts/Academy_Award/CwTxYuNQ">Oscar</a> winner 1940</li> <li><a href="/facts/Theodore_Miller_Edison/DfH3yBhr">Theodore Miller Edison</a> (1898–1992) – only child of <a href="/facts/Thomas_Alva_Edison/IeDbdyP4">Thomas Alva Edison</a> who graduated from college; inventor with over 80 patents<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Farouk_El-Baz/dqUwMLac">Farouk El-Baz</a> – Supervisor of Lunar Science Planning, <a href="/facts/Project_Apollo/IC1Ek1Ao">Apollo Program</a>, <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aprille_Ericsson/eQGkD9X8">Aprille Ericsson</a> (B.S. Aero/Astro 1986) – aerospace engineer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kelly_Falkner/3wSP8vTy">Kelly Falkner</a> (PhD 1989) – oceanographer, Antarctic researcher</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bran_Ferren/ES8TCHQn">Bran Ferren</a> (Class of 1974) – designer, technologist, Eegineer, entertainment technology expert, prolific inventor, <a href="/facts/Academy_Awards/CwTxYuNQ">Academy Award</a> nominee</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carl_Feynman/32vGFrtB">Carl Feynman</a> – computer scientist; son of the physicist <a href="/facts/Richard_Feynman/32vGFrtB">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_Fincke/BvHIEyjN">Michael Fincke</a> (B.S. Aero/Astro 1989, SB EAPS 1989) – NASA astronaut, ISS Commander and former record-holder for time in space.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Marron_William_Fort/61bzdCeq">Marron William Fort</a> (B.S. 1926, M.S. 1927, PhD 1933) – first African-American to earn a PhD in engineering</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bob_Frankston/pt7EuqLk">Bob Frankston</a> (B.S. 1970, M.S. EE 1974) – co-inventor of <a href="/facts/Visicalc/6xnHrMKp">Visicalc</a> (first <a href="/facts/WYSIWYG/aGmcHWpX">WYSIWYG</a> PC <a href="/facts/Spreadsheet/0cvc1GeB">spreadsheet</a> program); critic of <a href="/facts/Telecommunications/vxoj1cxR">telecommunications</a> <a href="/facts/Public_policy/fYl7gXaC">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Limor_Fried/VUF0xIxn">Limor Fried</a> – <a href="/facts/Open-source_hardware/UgCHeVsm">open-source hardware</a> pioneer, founder of Adafruit Industries</li> <li><a href="/facts/Simson_Garfinkel/n2kbmYB3">Simson Garfinkel</a> – journalist, author, computer security researcher, entrepreneur, computer science professor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ivan_Getting/EwLDbBF8">Ivan Getting</a> – co-inventor of the <a href="/facts/Global_Positioning_System/DKVLnzF3">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS), <a href="/facts/Draper_Prize/IAXMYVsf">Draper Prize</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jim_Gettys/jsCbnu5q">Jim Gettys</a> – an original developer of <a href="/facts/X_Window/ac2vRIQL">X Window</a>, former director of <a href="/facts/GNOME/EFMNBmpR">GNOME</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yoshimi_Goda/uHk7LWqT">Yoshimi Goda</a> – coastal engineer and recipient of the <a href="/facts/Order_of_the_Sacred_Treasure/wsoaggSm">Order of the Sacred Treasure</a>; undertook research at MIT with <a href="/facts/Arthur_Ippen/dgxp5wNw">Arthur Ippen</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kenneth_E._Goodson/N7d6U3M3">Kenneth E. Goodson</a> – mechanical engineer and faculty at <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Martha_Goodway/Tj0jj5Ev">Martha Goodway</a> – archaeometallurgist at the <a href="/facts/Smithsonian_Institution/pqC74ta9">Smithsonian Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bill_Gosper/2WTMSU3a">Bill Gosper</a> (B.S. 1965) – mathematician, a founder of the original <a href="/facts/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)/8ww6P79y">hacker</a> community, pioneer of <a href="/facts/Symbolic_computing/hjun1KAX">symbolic computing</a>, originator of <a href="/facts/Hashlife/9De4DjS9">hashlife</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Julia_R._Greer/jBKG0z5G">Julia R. Greer</a> (B.S. 1997) – <a href="/facts/Materials_science/N5HrXRYW">materials science</a> professor at <a href="/facts/Caltech/3FPcp7BL">Caltech</a>, pioneer in the fields of <a href="/facts/Nanomechanics/Y7sSoM5J">nanomechanics</a> and architected materials, CNN 2020 Visionary</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gerald_Guralnik/4oeqlw4V">Gerald Guralnik</a> (B.S. 1958) – Professor of Physics, <a href="/facts/Brown_University/o9MRu4jx">Brown University</a>; co-discoverer of <a href="/facts/Higgs_mechanism/Vs5Cbxyy">Higgs mechanism</a> and <a href="/facts/Higgs_boson/3LAYXfft">Higgs boson</a> in 1964 with C.R. Hagen; awarded <a href="/facts/Sakurai_Prize/otAhLUqP">J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics</a> in 2010<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/C._R._Hagen/6HRxK7gX">C. R. Hagen</a> (B.S., M.S. 1958, PhD. 1963) – Professor of Physics, University of Rochester; co-discoverer of <a href="/facts/Higgs_mechanism/Vs5Cbxyy">Higgs mechanism</a> and Higgs boson in 1964 with Gerald Guralnik; awarded J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics in (2010)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/George_Ellery_Hale/WWnVuHra">George Ellery Hale</a> – astronomer, founded several astronomical observatories, developed Throop College of Technology into <a href="/facts/Caltech/3FPcp7BL">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Heidi_Hammel/LvfnEgoo">Heidi Hammel</a> (B.S. 1982) – planetary astronomer who has extensively studied Neptune and Uranus</li> <li><a href="/facts/Karen_Hao/mxd4QufR">Karen Hao</a> (B.S. 2015), award-winning AI journalist<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/William_W._Happ/Agd0F00v">William W. Happ</a> (M.S.) – silicon transistor pioneer at <a href="/facts/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory/HUKtx0v8">Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory</a>, and Professor at <a href="/facts/Arizona_State_University/e4lLNfmP">Arizona State University</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li>Sandra Lee Harris (SB, 1969) – systems engineer, quality assurance manager, chaplain; initiated distinction between "bug" and "feature"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> while upgrading code for <a href="/facts/FOCAL_(programming_language)/mDAdWwSB">FOCAL</a> for <a href="/facts/PDP-8/udvrynE8">PDP-8</a> in 1971 at <a href="/facts/Digital_Equipment_Corporation/ztxs6keA">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Guadalupe_Hayes-Mota/LUFdbmmT">Guadalupe Hayes-Mota</a> (B.S. 2008, M.S. 2016, MBA 2016) – biotechnologist and business director<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Asegun_Henry/eumGbsaW">Asegun Henry</a> (M.S., PhD 2009) – mechanical engineer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Caroline_Herzenberg/YjY9l0yR">Caroline Herzenberg</a> (B.S. 1953) – physicist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Julian_W._Hill/S8lqVbmT">Julian W. Hill</a> (PhD 1928) – inventor of nylon<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/C.-T._James_Huang/7Hjn03Cj">C.-T. James Huang</a> (PhD 1982) – <a href="/facts/Generative_grammar/Pm1AMX5U">generative</a> <a href="/facts/Linguistics/oQuamvf2">linguist</a>, Professor and Director of Graduate Studies at <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard</a>, Fellow of the <a href="/facts/Linguistic_Society_of_America/N0fA54pE">Linguistic Society of America</a> (2015), recipient of the Linguistic Society of Taiwan's Lifetime Achievement Award (2014)</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_A._Huffman/4fbz13XB">David A. Huffman</a> – computer scientist known for <a href="/facts/Huffman_coding/dBgMBz48">Huffman coding</a> used in <a href="/facts/Lossless/LS702KsN">lossless</a> data <a href="/facts/Data_compression/gMFuY4FT">compression</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jerome_C._Hunsaker/SnwxTYbA">Jerome C. Hunsaker</a> (M.S. 1912, ScD 1923) – pioneering aeronautical engineer, <a href="/facts/Airship/8X3TSBdx">airship</a> designer, former head of MIT Mechanical Engineering Department</li> <li><a href="/facts/Anya_Hurlbert/1xXVH9jP">Anya Hurlbert</a> (PhD, 1989) – visual neuroscientist</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Jeffrey_(NIST)/s5l0Yp5c">William Jeffrey</a> – defense technology expert, former director of <a href="/facts/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology/gr9Fnh85">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Kailath/WAmXmN45">Thomas Kailath</a> – entrepreneur, retired Stanford professor, <a href="/facts/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor/MKrETx8T">IEEE Medal of Honor</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n/SAoVkxs4">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a> – electrical engineer, theoretical mathematician, co-inventor of <a href="/facts/Kalman_Filter/wNK7rnbk">Kalman Filter</a> algorithm, <a href="/facts/Draper_Prize/IAXMYVsf">Draper Prize</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jordin_Kare/hPmTkAXI">Jordin Kare</a> – high energy laser physicist, developer of "<a href="/facts/Mosquito_laser/XxxlVpKN">mosquito laser</a> zapper"</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gregor_Kiczales/68UI7JEn">Gregor Kiczales</a> – computer scientist, professor at the <a href="/facts/University_of_British_Columbia/8QCl5YGd">University of British Columbia</a>, <a href="/facts/Fellow_of_the_Association_for_Computing_Machinery/kEuoGr62">Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Leonard_Kleinrock/oj6b357M">Leonard Kleinrock</a> (M.S. Electrical Engineering 1959, PhD Computer Science 1963) – computing and Internet pioneer, one of the key group of designers of the original <a href="/facts/ARPANET/LyMGWurJ">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Kloss/rkph2DaU">Henry Kloss</a> (1953, dropped out) – audio engineer; entrepreneur; founder of <a href="/facts/Acoustic_Research/RePlGyAg">Acoustic Research</a>, <a href="/facts/KLH_(company)/z1DvMogW">KLH</a>, Advent, Kloss Video, <a href="/facts/Cambridge_SoundWorks/RJGbwcMy">Cambridge SoundWorks</a>, <a href="/facts/Tivoli_Audio/YAM19vcg">Tivoli Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Loren_Kohnfelder/nytSIVEL">Loren Kohnfelder</a> – introduced the term "<a href="/facts/Public_key_certificate/J7aYI4Bx">public key certificate</a>" for <a href="/facts/Public_key_cryptography/gowoFTxS">public key cryptography</a> in secure network communication</li> <li><a href="/facts/Raymond_Kurzweil/1DYRFcVe">Raymond Kurzweil</a> (B.S. 1970) – inventor, entrepreneur in <a href="/facts/Music_synthesizer/dGeVh6GP">music synthesizers</a>, <a href="/facts/Optical_character_recognition/kdTyxa1l">OCR</a> and <a href="/facts/Speech-to-text/z7S7Pgk6">speech-to-text</a> processing</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leslie_Lamport/jGCarz9C">Leslie Lamport</a> (B.S. 1960) – computing pioneer in <a href="/facts/Temporal_logic/vANP39lc">temporal logic</a>, developer of <a href="/facts/LaTeX/c1lvjF0A">LaTeX</a>, winner of the Turing Award (2013)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_S._Langer/bzxwh1lY">Robert S. Langer</a> – biochemical engineer, biomedical researcher, MIT professor, inventor, entrepreneur, <a href="/facts/Draper_Prize/IAXMYVsf">Draper Prize</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Norman_Levinson/BoReyjDH">Norman Levinson</a> (B.S., M.S. 1934, ScD 1935) – theoretical mathematician, former Institute Professor at MIT, developed <a href="/facts/Levinson_recursion/QwEFDA6a">Levinson recursion</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Daniel_Levitin/ePEC0Kqr">Daniel Levitin</a> – neuroscientist, music producer, author of <i><a href="/facts/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Music/FhhfXFYE">This Is Your Brain on Music</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soung_Chang_Liew/XaTVmkrz">Soung Chang Liew</a> (B.S. 1984, M.S. 1986, PhD 1988) – information engineering professor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Steven_R._Little/JDy5lUNh">Steven R. Little</a> (PhD 2005) – chemical engineer, pharmaceutical scientist, and department chair of Chemical Engineering at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pittsburgh/U3lxG2L1">University of Pittsburgh</a> <a href="/facts/Swanson_School_of_Engineering/TyPbw85k">Swanson School of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maureen_D._Long/Ut1Tpvek">Maureen D. Long</a> (PhD 2006) – observational seismologist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edward_Norton_Lorenz/wUcBVjQ4">Edward Norton Lorenz</a> – mathematician, meteorologist, MIT professor emeritus, invented <a href="/facts/Chaos_theory/LTC17vsF">chaos theory</a>, discovered <a href="/facts/Lorenz_attractor/GsSfHShq">Lorenz attractor</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Lykken/o6lheeaX">Joseph Lykken</a> (PhD 1982) – theoretical physicist, proposed "weak scale superstring" theory</li> <li>Danilo M Maceda Jr – technology policy expert, software entrepreneur, film writer, software engineer, computer programmer (dropout for hacking CIA server)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Luz_Martinez-Miranda/YVfkvjzC">Luz Martinez-Miranda</a> – physicist and professor at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park/Wmc5R1kM">University of Maryland</a>; first female president of the <a href="/facts/National_Society_of_Hispanic_Physicists/ThQf5w9G">National Society of Hispanic Physicists</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hiram_Percy_Maxim/aMxCMI4n">Hiram Percy Maxim</a> – inventor of the "Maxim Silencer" and founder of the <a href="/facts/American_Radio_Relay_League/NXFGqIPA">American Radio Relay League</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_F._McCarthy_Jr./gkjIMBP4">John F. McCarthy Jr.</a> (B.S. 1950, M.S. 1951) – director of MIT Center for Space Research and director of Lewis Research Center, NASA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Douglas_McIlroy/6WowR6Lr">Douglas McIlroy</a> (PhD 1959) – mathematician, software engineer, professor, developed <a href="/facts/Component-based_software_engineering/eW5wvSHC">component-based software engineering</a>, an original developer of <a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a>, member of <a href="/facts/National_Academy_of_Engineering/6RCqfvXM">National Academy of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Diane_McKnight/AP5nrRuG">Diane McKnight</a> (B.S. 1975, M.S. 1978, PhD 1979) – engineering professor, limnologist, biogeochemist, Antarctic researcher</li> <li><a href="/facts/Anne_McNeil/o1ntmg9D">Anne McNeil</a> (Postdoc 2005–2007) – chemist and professor at <a href="/facts/University_of_Michigan/6e1Ea5xh">University of Michigan</a></li> <li>Faye McNeill (PhD 2005) – atmospheric chemist and Professor of Chemical Engineering at <a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Parisa_Mehrkhodavandi/rcq4WLlW">Parisa Mehrkhodavandi</a> (PhD 2002) – chemist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fulvio_Melia/XsV8wRud">Fulvio Melia</a> (PhD 1985) – theoretical astrophysicist, professor, author, editor, general educator</li> <li><a href="/facts/Holly_Michael/HPGb7AHG">Holly Michael</a> (PhD 2005) – hydrogeologist and professor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Arnold_Mindell/68uAdP9F">Arnold Mindell</a> (MSc 1961) – physicist, author, psychologist – developer of Process Oriented Psychology</li> <li><a href="/facts/Daniel_Mindiola/2xHQbvn6">Daniel Mindiola</a> – professor of chemistry at <a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania/LBBBULox">University of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Douglas_J._Mink/pSMN4YlQ">Douglas J. Mink</a> (B.S. 1973, M.S. 1974) – astronomer, software developer, co-discovered rings around <a href="/facts/Uranus/x7YwT1ar">Uranus</a>, <a href="/facts/Bicycling/XH6EKjAF">bicycling</a> <a href="/facts/Activist/SCUlsxxH">activist</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bill_Parker_(artist/inventor)/WKfvxlvV">Bill Parker</a> – artist, engineer, inventor of the modern <a href="/facts/Plasma_globe/DRQDTVGh">plasma lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bradford_Parkinson/hehoUzWd">Bradford Parkinson</a> – co-inventor of the <a href="/facts/Global_Positioning_System/DKVLnzF3">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS), <a href="/facts/Draper_Prize/IAXMYVsf">Draper Prize</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bob_Pease/CNI4BUWL">Robert A. "Bob" Pease</a> (B.S. 1961) – <a href="/facts/Analog_electronics/Bnlnfwwv">analog</a> <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuit</a> design expert, technical author</li> <li><a href="/facts/Irene_Pepperberg/t4bEF6ME">Irene Pepperberg</a> (B.S. 1969) – <a href="/facts/Brandeis_University/zPuA6KfV">Brandeis University</a> professor, researcher in <a href="/facts/Comparative_psychology/BQVTrJ2C">animal cognition</a>, trained <a href="/facts/Alex_(parrot)/IqJXKGs3">Alex</a> (parrot)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Perlis/yKMjm7gP">Alan Perlis</a> (M.S. 1949, PhD 1950) – computer scientist, professor, pioneer of <a href="/facts/Programming_languages/cWTYbgWa">programming languages</a>, winner of the first Turing Award (1966)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Radia_Perlman/Rdd8XHpq">Radia Perlman</a> (B.S. 1973, M.S. 1976, PhD 1988) – computer scientist, network engineer, invented numerous <a href="/facts/Data_network/3w5RM99p">data network</a> technologies, "mother of the Internet"</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Pesetsky/m4MHITju">David Pesetsky</a> (PhD 1982) – <a href="/facts/Generative_grammar/Pm1AMX5U">generative</a> <a href="/facts/Linguistics/oQuamvf2">linguist</a>, Ferrari P. Ward Professor of Modern Languages and Linguistics and Head of the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy at the <a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Harry_Melville_Pope/pPoIHlem">Harry Melville Pope</a> (1881) – <a href="/facts/Gunsmith/qGSrJIEX">gunsmith</a> noted for precision <a href="/facts/Rifling/63UWYEdX">rifling</a> of <a href="/facts/Gun_barrel/bPyBmQek">gun barrels</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Edward_Rebar/2Am24Ujb">Edward Rebar</a> (PhD 1997) – biologist, senior vice president, and chief technology officer at <a href="/facts/Sangamo_Therapeutics/81op1gyp">Sangamo Therapeutics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ChoKyun_Rha/yE7AGVIL">ChoKyun Rha</a> (B.S. 1962, M.S. 1964, M.S. 1966, SCD 1967) – food technologist, professor at MIT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Adam_Riess/od3WGg9F">Adam Riess</a> (B.S. 1992) – physicist, <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prize</a> winner in Physics awarded in 2011 for demonstrating the acceleration of the universe's rate of expansion</li> <li><a href="/facts/Louis_W._Roberts/LgcK5oKX">Louis W. Roberts</a> (PhD 1946) – microwave physicist, chief of the Microwave Laboratory at NASA's <a href="/facts/Electronics_Research_Center/9zrpXcLf">Electronics Research Center</a>, director of the <a href="/facts/John_A._Volpe_National_Transportation_Systems_Center/2PXVpKEJ">John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jerome_Saltzer/VBf7aHTJ">Jerome Saltzer</a> – retired MIT professor, timesharing computing pioneer, co-founder of the Multics project, Director of <a href="/facts/Project_Athena/zw19KV1v">Project Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Frederick_P._Salvucci/aRfuew5X">Frederick P. Salvucci</a> (B.S. 1961, M.S. 1962) – civil engineer, transportation planner, MIT professor, former Massachusetts Secretary of Transportation, <a href="/facts/Public_transit/DXhqazz5">public transit</a> advocate, <a href="/facts/Big_Dig/8lBDNPSv">Big Dig</a> advocate</li> <li><a href="/facts/George_W._Santos/EWUHE8XP">George W. Santos</a> – pioneer in <a href="/facts/Bone_marrow_transplant/rGYRsATD">bone marrow transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bob_Scheifler/hE01kpJP">Bob Scheifler</a> – computer scientist, leader of the <a href="/facts/X_Window_System/ac2vRIQL">X Window System</a> project, architect of <a href="/facts/Jini/Yb5YMeXB">Jini</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Julie_Segre/TYyj7Wje">Julie Segre</a> – epithelial biologist, Chief of the <a href="/facts/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute/t007yxfS">Human Genome Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oliver_Selfridge/tCckceYr">Oliver Selfridge</a> – computer scientist, father of <a href="/facts/Machine_perception/2sQmptrY">machine perception</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Claude_Shannon/EremsCws">Claude Shannon</a> – mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as "the father of <a href="/facts/Information_theory/qNLH3U5P">information theory</a>"</li> <li><a href="/facts/Reuben_Shaw/Dc2wt6t8">Reuben Shaw</a> (PhD 1999) – <a href="/facts/Cancer/PVW6n1D0">cancer</a> researcher at the <a href="/facts/Salk_Institute_for_Biological_Studies/eY7raMMp">Salk Institute for Biological Studies</a> and director of one of the <a href="/facts/National_Cancer_Institute/R4KbY7Pb">National Cancer Institute</a>'s seven basic laboratory cancer centers in the U.S.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Amy_B._Smith/MufF5avM">Amy B. Smith</a> (B.S. 1984, M.S. 1995) – mechanical engineer, inventor, former <a href="/facts/Peace_Corps/6FWo2THj">Peace Corps</a> volunteer, MIT senior lecturer and researcher in <a href="/facts/Appropriate_technology/cJkI5lIt">appropriate technology</a>, <a href="/facts/MacArthur_Fellow/2nF5hIJh">MacArthur Fellow</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Oliver_R._Smoot/z2659Rst">Oliver R. Smoot</a> – namesake of the <a href="/facts/Smoot/n2J5l7U4">smoot</a> unit of measurement, former chair of <a href="/facts/ANSI/p3d1TQCb">ANSI</a>; former president of <a href="/facts/International_Organization_for_Standardization/IacYR7Yg">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_M._Stallman/hhoPN0Mw">Richard M. Stallman</a> (grad student, dropped out) – computer programmer; <a href="/facts/Free_Software/IaoVtJXn">Free Software</a> <a href="/facts/Activist/SCUlsxxH">activist</a>; creator of <a href="/facts/EMACS/BvGxuAxQ">EMACS</a> editor, <a href="/facts/GNU/HlAKKBdt">GNU</a>; <a href="/facts/MacArthur_Fellow/2nF5hIJh">MacArthur Fellow</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Guy_L._Steele,_Jr./amHwRA1l">Guy L. Steele, Jr.</a> (M.S. 1977, PhD 1980) – computer scientist, <a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">programming language</a> expert, an original editor of the <a href="/facts/Jargon_File/tt0EIKfV">Jargon File</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Hacker%27s_Dictionary/tt0EIKfV">Hacker's Dictionary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Stratt/Xj02Igzb">Richard Stratt</a> (B.S. 1975) – professor of physical chemistry at Brown University</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mahmooda_Sultana/dCIfM7Bk">Mahmooda Sultana</a> (PhD 2010) – <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> research engineer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bert_Sutherland/cPYP1s44">Bert Sutherland</a> (M.S., PhD) – managed research laboratories, including Sun Microsystems Laboratories (1992–1998), the Systems Science Laboratory at Xerox PARC (1975–1981), and the Computer Science Division of Bolt, Beranek and Newman</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ivan_Sutherland/HDVqMT9h">Ivan Sutherland</a> (PhD 1963) – <a href="/facts/Computer_graphics/lapBE8wv">computer graphics</a> pioneer, former professor, <a href="/facts/ARPAnet/LyMGWurJ">ARPAnet</a> and Internet pioneer, co-founded <a href="/facts/Evans_%26_Sutherland/NpWsJWGJ">Evans & Sutherland</a>, Turing Award (1988)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lynne_Talley/oH1l83Lx">Lynne Talley</a> (PhD 1982) – physical oceanographer, professor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Badri_Nath_Tandon/vJovLs3b">Badri Nath Tandon</a> (1961) – gastroenterologist, textbook author, Sasakawa WHO Health Prize and <a href="/facts/Padma_Bhushan/0LSGnLMP">Padma Bhushan</a> winner</li> <li><a href="/facts/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum/fFuDWfaR">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a> (B.S. 1965) – computer scientist, professor, textbook author (<a href="/facts/Operating_systems/8XTuvMh2">operating systems</a>), creator of <a href="/facts/Minix/dzdlkN6g">Minix</a> (the precursor to <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Frederick_Terman/RlrzbYpd">Frederick Terman</a> – electrical engineer; former provost of <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a>; "father of <a href="/facts/Silicon_Valley/gdot9J7e">Silicon Valley</a>"</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ray_Tomlinson/GlEKrATX">Ray Tomlinson</a> – innovator of email systems, pioneered the use of the "@" symbol for email</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leonard_H._Tower_Jr./BL2qxHwk">Leonard H. Tower Jr.</a> (B.S. Biology 1971) – early <a href="/facts/Free_Software/IaoVtJXn">Free Software</a> <a href="/facts/Activism/SCUlsxxH">activist</a>, software <a href="/facts/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)/8ww6P79y">hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_G._Trump/LY9nwrsA">John George Trump</a> – electrical engineer, inventor, and physicist; professor at <a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a> 1936–1973, directed MIT High Voltage Research Laboratory 1946–1980</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kay_Tye/kCphdQFl">Kay Tye</a> – neuroscientist, MIT assistant professor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ann_M._Valentine/zxkqnTTw">Ann M. Valentine</a> – chemist, professor at <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale</a> and <a href="/facts/Temple_University/trvSdFWo">Temple</a> University</li> <li><a href="/facts/Manuel_Sandoval_Vallarta/gIHs4d8p">Manuel Sandoval Vallarta</a> – MIT professor, founder of the Physics Institute at <a href="/facts/UNAM/D0s6Ez5c">UNAM</a>; mentor of Nobel laureate <a href="/facts/Richard_Feynman/32vGFrtB">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Denisa_Wagner/6Kpm4FbJ">Denisa Wagner</a> – vascular biologist at <a href="/facts/Harvard_Medical_School/jlqWerKX">Harvard Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Susie_Wee/tdvrTK6w">Susie Wee</a> – Women in Technology International laureate; CTEO of Collaboration at Cisco</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Williams_Wood/yj1Py5T8">Robert Williams Wood</a> – optical physicist, developed "black light", ultraviolet and infrared photography</li> <li><a href="/facts/Joshua_Wurman/XKvCFE2a">Joshua Wurman</a> – meteorologist, inventor, developed the Doppler On Wheels, Bistatic Weather Radar Networks, founder and president of Center for Severe Weather Research (CSWR)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jenny_Y_Yang/3tHqvo5R">Jenny Y Yang</a> (PhD 2007) – chemist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edward_Yourdon/W8GpbN3n">Edward Yourdon</a> – computer pioneer, author, lecturer, popularized the term "<a href="/facts/Y2K_Bug/GQwkI92d">Y2K Bug</a>"</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gregorio_Y._Zara/RCggq7kb">Gregorio Y. Zara</a> – inventor of the first two-way videophone; <a href="/facts/National_Scientist_of_the_Philippines/Ho0d0ouu">National Scientist of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/G%C3%BCnter_M._Ziegler/Defe7MYg">Günter M. Ziegler</a> – mathematician, <a href="/facts/Free_University_of_Berlin/SmAKBFQn">Free University of Berlin</a> professor, ex-president of the <a href="/facts/German_Mathematical_Society/sGzeEy9H">German Mathematical Society</a>, recipient of the <a href="/facts/Chauvenet_Prize/Hx2fpTwd">Chauvenet</a> and <a href="/facts/Leroy_P._Steele_Prize/qGGloulV">Leroy P. Steele</a> prizes</li></ul> <h2 id="sports">Sports</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jimmy_Bartolotta/lNTsm3Y3">Jimmy Bartolotta</a> (2009) – professional basketball player</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charlie_Butt/EmLYX7CH">Charles Butt, Jr.</a> (1941) – rowing coach</li> <li>Skip Dise (2003) – member of 2010 US National Rowing Team<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Adam_Edelman/gF9PgeUU">Adam Edelman</a> (2014) – American-born Israeli Olympic skeleton athlete</li> <li><a href="/facts/Johan_Harmenberg/FgRMx76L">Johan Harmenberg</a> (dropped out in 1975; drafted by Sweden) – épée fencer, gold medal winner in the 1980 Olympics, world champion</li> <li><a href="/facts/Larry_Kahn_(tiddlywinks)/DYSlIfh9">Larry Kahn</a> – <a href="/facts/Tiddlywinks/c51c2HEx">tiddlywinks</a> champion</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dave_Lockwood_(tiddlywinks)/5lqCFmTJ">Dave Lockwood</a> (1975) – tiddlywinks champion</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jeff_Sagarin/t6U20LtB">Jeff Sagarin</a> (1970) – <a href="/facts/Sports/0NazHJMC">sports</a> <a href="/facts/Statistician/9FBnXfeN">statistician</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Zeke_Sanborn/v0uIwdEG">Zeke Sanborn</a> – <a href="/facts/Olympic_Games/TXbdPIVS">Olympic</a> gold medalist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jason_Szuminski/ATJhVwQG">Jason Szuminski</a> (2000) – major league pitcher</li> <li><a href="/facts/Steve_Tucker_(rower)/08CjaTuq">Steve Tucker</a> (1991) – two-time member of the US Olympic rowing team</li></ul> <h2 id="miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Katy_Croff_Bell/UDhM4b9J">Katy Croff Bell</a> (B.S. Ocean Engineering 2000) – <i><a href="/facts/National_Geographic/vnuhsmYg">National Geographic</a></i> explorer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sylvester_Q._Cannon/DnSmgQKp">Sylvester Q. Cannon</a> (B.S. Mining Engineering) – <a href="/facts/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)/lvrurw9p">Apostle</a> of <a href="/facts/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints/rcgQH9bT">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Csaba_Csere/kTudgIRB">Csaba Csere</a> (1978 B.S., 2 Mechanical Engineering) – automotive journalist, editor of <i><a href="/facts/Car_and_Driver/Y8NtjB7T">Car and Driver</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lynn_Yamada_Davis/5IfYBdsH">Lynn Yamada Davis</a> (1977 B.S., Civil Engineering) – <a href="/facts/Celebrity_chef/GhY8XVD9">celebrity chef</a>, Tiktoker<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Janet_Hsieh/l59c89go">Janet Hsieh</a> (2001) – Taiwanese-American television personality, violinist, author, and model; host of <i><a href="/facts/Fun_Taiwan/77J7aL0B">Fun Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jeff_Hwang/yuXEAMml">Jeff Hwang</a> – US Air Force fighter pilot, 1999 winner of <a href="/facts/Mackay_Trophy/yuXEAMml">Mackay Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/J._Kenji_L%C3%B3pez-Alt/t1dPkfUJ">J. Kenji López-Alt</a> (2002 B.S., 4, Architecture) – celebrity chef, author of <i><a href="/facts/The_Food_Lab:_Better_Home_Cooking_Through_Science/vAjJrcls">The Food Lab: Better Home Cooking Through Science</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ray_Magliozzi/tFFcDY47">Ray Magliozzi</a> (1972 B.S., 21B, Humanities and Science) – radio personality, <i><a href="/facts/Car_Talk/Q8unkvWs">Car Talk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tom_Magliozzi/tFFcDY47">Tom Magliozzi</a> (1958 B.S., 14A, Economic Policy and Engineering) – radio personality, <i>Car Talk</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lalit_Pande/esyQ02L3">Lalit Pande</a> (1972 M.S., 2 Mechanical Engineering) – environmentalist and <a href="/facts/Padma_Shri/f3GLTzob">Padma Shri</a> awardee</li> <li><a href="/facts/Randal_Pinkett/ee0rK5Qj">Randal Pinkett</a> – chairman and CEO of BCT Partners; winner of television show <i><a href="/facts/The_Apprentice_(U.S._TV_series)/DQvG8rxm">The Apprentice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ubol_Ratana/RKt6Xs6Q">Ubol Ratana</a> (1973 B.S., 18 Mathematics) – Princess of <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aafia_Siddiqui/PyrVYzqU">Aafia Siddiqui</a> (1995 B.S., 7 Biology / Life Science) – neuroscientist; alleged <a href="/facts/Al-Qaeda/CIQSk3D7">Al-Qaeda</a> operative; convicted of assaulting with a deadly weapon and attempting to kill US soldiers and FBI agents</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ellen_Spertus/bVwSvKcP">Ellen Spertus</a> (1990 B.S., 1992 M.S., 1998 PhD, Computer Science) – professor, computer scientist, 2001's "Sexiest Geek Alive"</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kelvin_Teo/Gvpkcnzx">Kelvin Teo</a> (M.S. 2006) – young entrepreneur and season 1 winner of Malaysian reality show <i>Love Me Do</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Varkonyi/2wh4lU3m">Robert Varkonyi</a> (1983 B.S., 15 Management, 1983 SB, 6 Computer Science and Engineering) – winner of the <a href="/facts/2002_World_Series_of_Poker/Soxjq2Uu">2002 World Series of Poker</a> Main Event</li></ul> <h2 id="fictional">Fictional</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gordon_Freeman/gcmrQ4Ge">Gordon Freeman</a>, the silent protagonist of <i><a href="/facts/Half-Life_(series)/3jIswrHy">Half-Life</a></i>, graduated at MIT with a Ph.D. degree in Theoretical Physics</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lex_Luthor/BFWq1WLU">Lex Luthor</a>, diabolical genius and supervillain of the <a href="/facts/DC_Universe/J97wlIsz">DC Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timothy_McGee/ual9q6C0">Tim McGee</a>, field agent specializing in cybersecurity and computer crime on <i><a href="/facts/NCIS_(TV_series)/CqUcYngd">NCIS</a></i>, portrayed by <a href="/facts/Sean_Murray_(actor)/5GvMUWGw">Sean Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tony_Stark_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)/YvmgHSKg">Tony Stark</a>, alter ego of <a href="/facts/Iron_Man/tzonnpAd">Iron Man</a>, portrayed by <a href="/facts/Robert_Downey_Jr./bQrf0nql">Robert Downey Jr.</a> in the <a href="/facts/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe/hHxMRNbp">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a> films</li> <li><a href="/facts/Howard_Wolowitz/dyPlCks5">Howard Wolowitz</a>, character on <i><a href="/facts/The_Big_Bang_Theory/xxPyPod6">The Big Bang Theory</a></i>, portrayed by <a href="/facts/Simon_Helberg/mqfpf78Q">Simon Helberg</a></li></ul> <h2 id="nobel-laureate-alumni">Nobel laureate alumni</h2> <p>As of April 2011<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_alumni&action=edit">[update]</a>, the MIT Office of the Provost says that 76 Nobel awardees had or currently have a formal connection to MIT.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> Of this group, 29 have earned MIT degrees (MIT has never awarded honorary degrees in any form).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Degree</th><th>Degree year</th><th>Award year</th><th>Award</th><th>Citation</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/George_Akerlof/faQWzB54">George Akerlof</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1966</td><td>2001</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics/8BBwNwre">Economics</a></td><td>"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sid_Altman/5ctDERRl">Sid Altman</a></td><td>B.S.</td><td>1960</td><td>1989</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a></td><td>"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kofi_Annan/x5YdH5wX">Kofi Annan</a></td><td>M.S.</td><td>1972</td><td>2001</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Peace_Prize/2wVhmLrX">Peace</a></td><td>"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Robert_Aumann/xWXaDKhB">Robert Aumann</a></td><td>M.S.</td><td>1952</td><td>2005</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics/8BBwNwre">Economics</a></td><td>"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Elias_James_Corey/xsj35SIc">Elias James Corey</a></td><td>B.S. – Chemistry<p>PhD – Chemistry</p></td><td>1948<p>1951</p></td><td>1990</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a></td><td>"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eric_Cornell/HuEsJpXH">Eric Cornell</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1990</td><td>2001</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Peter_Diamond/man3pglo">Peter Diamond</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1963</td><td>2010</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics/8BBwNwre">Economics</a></td><td>"for [the] analysis of markets with search frictions"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Richard_Feynman/32vGFrtB">Richard Feynman</a></td><td>B.S.</td><td>1939</td><td>1965</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Andrew_Z._Fire/h9VmgRjr">Andrew Z. Fire</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1983</td><td>2006</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine/Physiology</a></td><td>"for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Murray_Gell-Mann/7yg75mjR">Murray Gell-Mann</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1951</td><td>1969</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Leland_H._Hartwell/SbnTSNM8">Leland H. Hartwell</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1964</td><td>2001</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine/Physiology</a></td><td>"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/H._Robert_Horvitz/LhGVlcUp">H. Robert Horvitz</a></td><td>B.S.</td><td>1968</td><td>2002</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine/Physiology</a></td><td>"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Henry_W._Kendall/E0j6NDUy">Henry W. Kendall</a></td><td>B.S., PhD</td><td>1948, 1951</td><td>1990</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lawrence_Klein/nI1AEpD0">Lawrence Klein</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1944</td><td>1980</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics/8BBwNwre">Economics</a></td><td>"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Paul_Krugman/PIcKk7ln">Paul Krugman</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1977</td><td>2009</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics/8BBwNwre">Economics</a></td><td>"for developing new trade theory and"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Robert_B._Laughlin/WnlXJWbx">Robert B. Laughlin</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1979</td><td>1998</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Robert_C._Merton/pSzzkIvt">Robert C. Merton</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1970</td><td>1997</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics/8BBwNwre">Economics</a></td><td>"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Robert_S._Mulliken/l17P0TBQ">Robert S. Mulliken</a></td><td>B.S. – Chemistry</td><td>1917</td><td>1966</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a></td><td>"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Robert_Mundell/auKNEIRh">Robert Mundell</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1956</td><td>1999</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics/8BBwNwre">Economics</a></td><td>"for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/William_D._Nordhaus/ybS7MSPo">William D. Nordhaus</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1967</td><td>2018</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics/8BBwNwre">Economics</a></td><td>"for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Charles_Pedersen/86hjdfyV">Charles Pedersen</a></td><td>M.S.</td><td>1927</td><td>1987</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a></td><td>"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/William_D._Phillips/GFrFPclD">William D. Phillips</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1976</td><td>1997</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Burton_Richter/m8YIDHdb">Burton Richter</a></td><td>B.S., PhD</td><td>1952, 1956</td><td>1976</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Adam_Riess/od3WGg9F">Adam Riess</a></td><td>B.S.</td><td>1992</td><td>2011</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/John_Robert_Schrieffer/DfX8s90T">John Robert Schrieffer</a></td><td>B.S.</td><td>1953</td><td>1972</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/William_Bradford_Shockley/wxlv4TcI">William Shockley</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1936</td><td>1956</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/George_F._Smoot/m92pWIF9">George F. Smoot</a></td><td>B.S., PhD</td><td>1966, 1970</td><td>2006</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Joseph_Stiglitz/DU3DATT4">Joseph Stiglitz</a></td><td>PhD</td><td>1966</td><td>2001</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics/8BBwNwre">Economics</a></td><td>"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Carl_E._Wieman/2qSR45cr">Carl E. Wieman</a></td><td>B.S.</td><td>1973</td><td>2001</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a></td><td>"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Robert_Burns_Woodward/bAQeInCb">Robert Burns Woodward</a></td><td>B.S.</td><td>1936</td><td>1965</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a></td><td>"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="astronaut-alumni">Astronaut alumni</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Degree</th><th>Year</th><th>Mission</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/James_Alan_Abrahamson/1RB48NEt">James Alan Abrahamson</a></td><td>B.S. – Aeronautics</td><td>1955</td><td><a href="/facts/Manned_Orbital_Laboratory/hx5gC4Ic">Manned Orbital Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Buzz_Aldrin/meuu82u7">Buzz Aldrin</a></td><td>ScD – Aeronautics/Astronautics</td><td>1963</td><td><a href="/facts/Gemini_12/WmaNAXRA">Gemini 12</a>, <a href="/facts/Apollo_11/BdUKVnQP">Apollo 11</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dominic_A._Antonelli/8Ru8fRlN">Dominic Antonelli</a></td><td>B.S. – Aeronautics/Astronautics</td><td>1989</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-119/4UCppESw">STS-119</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jerome_Apt/NK1utdyC">Jerome Apt</a></td><td>PhD – Physics</td><td>1976</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-37/Bf9bUKHA">STS-37</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-47/GqprLjss">STS-47</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-59/NIRX7m2r">STS-59</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-79/n5F7kvtK">STS-79</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kenneth_D._Cameron/LKjaHop3">Kenneth Cameron</a></td><td>B.S. – Aeronautics/Astronautics<p>M.S. – Aeronautics/Astronautics</p></td><td>1978<p>1979</p></td><td><a href="/facts/STS-37/Bf9bUKHA">STS-37</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-56/Ht9vDYet">STS-56</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-74/hA48zIC1">STS-74</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gregory_Chamitoff/qANFl58Q">Gregory Chamitoff</a></td><td>PhD – Aeronautics/Astronautics</td><td>1992</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-124/udHw9LGR">STS-124</a>, <a href="/facts/Expedition_17/KKwfJs2C">Expedition 17</a>, <a href="/facts/Expedition_18/8Kvg0oeB">Expedition 18</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-126/6XVpMRcu">STS-126</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Franklin_Chang-Diaz/PWLtXhBx">Franklin Chang-Diaz</a></td><td>ScD – Nuclear Engineering</td><td>1977</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-61-C/RHAmPUFq">STS-61-C</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-34/FesqRIev">STS-34</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-46/o4wsVylP">STS-46</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-60/wxYSUhIc">STS-60</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-75/BpFYw3xR">STS-75</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-91/00SIdbMc">STS-91</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-111/aTnegE1D">STS-111</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Philip_K._Chapman/FpjehIPP">Philip K. Chapman</a></td><td>Multiple Degrees and Disciplines:<ul><li>B.S. – Aeronautics/Astronautics</li><li>ScD – Instrumentation</li></ul></td><td>1964, 1967</td><td><a href="/facts/List_of_astronauts_by_selection/a0L3H7yG">1967</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raja_Chari/4uAD6Nl8">Raja Chari</a></td><td>M.S. – Aeronautics/Astronautics</td><td>2001</td><td><a href="/facts/SpaceX_Crew-3/YLx0SWlU">SpaceX Crew-3</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Catherine_Coleman/aleuwgqn">Catherine "Cady" Coleman</a></td><td>B.S. – Chemistry</td><td>1983</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-73/6rlL5w3n">STS-73</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-93/SctNlqnB">STS-93</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Timothy_Creamer/dS0DXKBw">Timothy Creamer</a></td><td>M.S. – Physics</td><td>1992</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Charles_Duke/4ncWfXoK">Charles Duke</a></td><td>M.S. – Aeronautics/Astronautics</td><td>1964</td><td><a href="/facts/Apollo_16/XQY3CDnf">Apollo 16</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Anthony_W._England/gRbYsxhu">Anthony W. England</a></td><td>B.S., M.S., PhD – Earth, Atmosphere, and Planetary Sciences</td><td>1965, 1965, 1970</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-51-F/znwAzdNu">STS-51-F</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Michael_Fincke/BvHIEyjN">Michael Fincke</a></td><td>Double Major:<ul><li>B.S. – Aeronautics/Astronautics</li><li>B.S. – Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences</li></ul></td><td>1989</td><td><a href="/facts/Soyuz_TMA-4/X3kypNVR">Soyuz TMA-4</a>, <a href="/facts/Expedition_9/D619wQ9Q">Expedition 9</a>, <a href="/facts/Soyuz_TMA-13/oTALhjBu">Soyuz TMA-13</a>, <a href="/facts/Expedition_18/8Kvg0oeB">Expedition 18</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-134/vXf9Dmcv">STS-134</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/John_Grunsfeld/BrovBkDs">John Grunsfeld</a></td><td>B.S. – Physics</td><td>1980</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-67/fberMCCY">STS-67</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-81/VceFSofC">STS-81</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-103/omA6go22">STS-103</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-109/q79uz6Ip">STS-109</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-125/epWDLLKH">STS-125</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nick_Hague/Vf12YWCH">Nick Hague</a></td><td>M.S. – Aeronautics/Astronautics</td><td>2000</td><td><a href="/facts/Soyuz_MS-10/A5RrLwrD">Soyuz MS-10</a>, <a href="/facts/Soyuz_MS-12/bpjvL205">Soyuz MS-12</a> (<a href="/facts/Expedition_59/hMYm5z8a">Expedition 59</a>/<a href="/facts/Expedition_60/q9A4wXaY">60</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terry_Hart/Cd1PHeWt">Terry Hart</a></td><td>M.S. – Mechanical Engineering</td><td>1969</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-41-C/9CydS6Rc">STS-41-C</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Frederick_Hauck/RMY9TvFz">Frederick Hauck</a></td><td>M.S. – Nuclear Engineering</td><td>1966</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-7/hHdyQ8da">STS-7</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-51-A/1CMjY5dM">STS-51-A</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-26/InzmhYrm">STS-26</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wendy_Lawrence/wveQ181U">Wendy Lawrence</a></td><td>M.S. – Ocean Engineering</td><td>1988</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-67/fberMCCY">STS-67</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-86/usTGw7nN">STS-86</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-91/00SIdbMc">STS-91</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-114/2Un5SI8w">STS-114</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mark_C._Lee/jI5TP4Mr">Mark C. Lee</a></td><td>M.S. – Mechanical Engineering</td><td>1980</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-30/fYKrUkHR">STS-30</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-47/GqprLjss">STS-47</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-64/VxWwWpuT">STS-64</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-81/VceFSofC">STS-81</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/William_B._Lenoir/WzbGP3Jn">William B. Lenoir</a></td><td>B.S., M.S., PhD – Electrical Engineering</td><td>1961, 1962, 1965</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-5/wMRNWxdz">STS-5</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Byron_K._Lichtenberg/CKdP8ua7">Byron K. Lichtenberg</a></td><td>M.S., ScD – Aeronautics/Astronautics</td><td>1975, 1979</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-9/AQRtFPGe">STS-9</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-45/xGCvjnLh">STS-45</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Michael_Massimino/KA5hssSj">Michael Massimino</a></td><td>Multiple Degrees and Disciplines:<ul><li>M.S. – Technology and Public Policy</li><li>M.S. – Mechanical Engineering</li><li>Engineer's Degree – Mechanical Engineering</li><li>PhD – Mechanical Engineering</li></ul></td><td>1988<p>1988</p><p>1990</p><p>1992</p></td><td><a href="/facts/STS-109/q79uz6Ip">STS-109</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-125/epWDLLKH">STS-125</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ronald_McNair/fsa2j3VA">Ronald McNair</a></td><td>PhD – Physics</td><td>1976</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-41-B/33X8X5eQ">STS-41-B</a>, <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster/HMBh3T7Q">STS-51-L</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pamela_Ann_Melroy/AhNBgm1c">Pamela Ann Melroy</a></td><td>M.S. – Earth, Atmosphere, and Planetary Sciences</td><td>1984</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-92/YqadUoFg">STS-92</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-112/4ISnbJov">STS-112</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-120/pokkhPHw">STS-120</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Edgar_Mitchell/bnmrsV3s">Edgar Mitchell</a></td><td>ScD – Aeronautics/Astronautics</td><td>1964</td><td><a href="/facts/Apollo_14/SuokTzAu">Apollo 14</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jasmin_Moghbeli/B322ECsI">Jasmin Moghbeli</a></td><td>B.S. – Aerospace Engineering with Information Technology</td><td>2005</td><td><a href="/facts/SpaceX_Crew-7/dYGFyyL0">SpaceX Crew-7</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nicholas_Patrick/bzzabl95">Nicholas Patrick</a></td><td>M.S., PhD – Mechanical Engineering</td><td>1990, 1996</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-116/YLsW56Tc">STS-116</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-130/Hjhp00Gb">STS-130</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Stephen_Robinson/26Mb3DKL">Stephen Robinson</a></td><td>Postdoc at Man-Vehicle Lab, Aeronautics/Astronautics</td><td>1993</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-85/ovhhu2yA">STS-85</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-95/0ges8wuo">STS-95</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-114/2Un5SI8w">STS-114</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Albert_Sacco/sytYHJTq">Albert Sacco</a></td><td>PhD – Chemical Engineering</td><td>1977</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-73/6rlL5w3n">STS-73</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Russell_Schweickart/EVX7wJgG">Russell Schweickart</a></td><td>B.S., M.S. – Aeronautics/Astronautics</td><td>1956, 1963</td><td><a href="/facts/Apollo_9/L2UtJfyL">Apollo 9</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/David_Scott/PKu1nUlj">David Scott</a></td><td>Dual Degrees:<ul><li>M.S. – Aeronautics/Astronautics</li><li><a href="/facts/Engineer%27s_degree/jYzRpMNm">Engineer's Degree</a> – Aeronautics/Astronautics</li></ul></td><td>1962<p>1962</p></td><td><a href="/facts/Gemini_8/QpFvQkHJ">Gemini 8</a>, <a href="/facts/Apollo_9/L2UtJfyL">Apollo 9</a>, <a href="/facts/Apollo_15/8h2QMY4z">Apollo 15</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/William_Shepherd/RQy0sqJG">William Shepherd</a></td><td>Dual Degrees:<ul><li>M.S. – Mechanical Engineering</li><li><a href="/facts/Engineer%27s_degree/jYzRpMNm">Engineer's Degree</a> – Ocean Engineering</li></ul></td><td>1978, 1978</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-27/mCNr7FMo">STS-27</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-41/VQKBpX3V">STS-41</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-52/husbg1d5">STS-52</a>, <a href="/facts/Soyuz_TM-31/7AITmcY7">Soyuz TM-31</a>, <a href="/facts/Expedition_1/mRWPtXsN">Expedition 1</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-102/RlD7v1Y4">STS-102</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Heidemarie_M._Stefanyshyn-Piper/t8MytJ8l">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></td><td>B.S., M.S. – Mechanical Engineering</td><td>1984, 1985</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-115/xVQ9L7pQ">STS-115</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-126/6XVpMRcu">STS-126</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Daniel_Tani/hYny6V1t">Daniel Tani</a></td><td>B.S., M.S. – Mechanical Engineering</td><td>1984, 1985</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-108/9atCLnjH">STS-108</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-120/pokkhPHw">STS-120</a>, <a href="/facts/Expedition_16/4YBmzNQz">Expedition 16</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-122/WAbyhxjE">STS-122</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Robert_Thirsk/hMRde9Jq">Robert Thirsk</a></td><td>Multiple Degrees and Disciplines:<ul><li>M.S. – Mechanical Engineering</li><li>MBA – Management</li></ul></td><td>1978, 1998</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-78/Q1br1IJI">STS-78</a>, <a href="/facts/Soyuz_TMA-14/QRhpB8Ra">Soyuz TMA-14</a>, <a href="/facts/Expedition_19/jSTMb45o">Expedition 19</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-127/ssqLUylg">STS-127</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Janice_Voss/rnWMQkA4">Janice Voss</a></td><td>Multiple Degrees and Disciplines:<ul><li>M.S. – Electrical Engineering</li><li>PhD – Aeronautics/Astronautics</li></ul></td><td>1977, 1978</td><td><a href="/facts/STS-57/ga4sysXF">STS-57</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-63/VuQPpILq">STS-63</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-83/kR8suhPh">STS-83</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-94/3L3H6701">STS-94</a>, <a href="/facts/STS-99/amEbnoM3">STS-99</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Neil_Woodward/5W860JKG">Neil Woodward</a></td><td>B.S. – Physics</td><td>1984</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"No honorary degrees is an MIT tradition going back to… Thomas Jefferson". 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Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>"Medicine 2001". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>"Medicine 2002". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>"Physics 1990". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>"Economics 1980". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1980/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1980/</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>"Economics 2009". Retrieved 2009-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2009/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2009/</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>"Physics 1998". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1998/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1998/</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>"Economics 1997". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1997/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1997/</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>"Chemistry 1966". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>"Economics 1999". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1999/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1999/</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>"Economics 2018". Retrieved 2018-10-08. <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economics/2018/press-release/" target="_blank">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economics/2018/press-release/</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>"Chemistry 1987". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>"Physics 1997". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>"Physics 1976". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1976/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1976/</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>"Physics 2011". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>"Physics 1972". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1972/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1972/</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>"Physics 1956". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>"Physics 2006". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2006/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2006/</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>"Economics 2001". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2001/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2001/</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>"Physics 2001". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2001/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2001/</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>"Chemistry 1965". Retrieved 2007-04-02. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>