Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Festival
open-in-new
<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The word "festival" was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century, deriving from <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> via <a href="/facts/Old_French/QcRpPdAc">Old French</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Middle_English/dj1wHvwd">Middle English</a>, a "festival dai" was a religious holiday.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The first recorded used of the word "festival" as a noun was in 1589 (as "Festifall").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Feast first came into usage as a noun c. 1200,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and its first recorded use as a verb was circa 1300.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>The word gala comes from <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> word <i>khil'a</i>, meaning robe of honor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The word gala was initially used to describe "festive dress", but came to be a synonym of "festival" starting in the 18th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Festivals have long been significant in human culture and history and are found in virtually all cultures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The importance of festivals, to the present, is found in private and public; secular and religious life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greece/PTVBrWXq">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Roman</a> societies relied heavily upon festivals, both communal and administrative.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Saturnalia/9PMblg6d">Saturnalia</a> was likely influential to Christmas and <a href="/facts/Carnival/zwDJMMS9">Carnival</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Celebration of social occasions, religion and nature were common.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Specific festivals have century-long histories and festivals in general have developed over the last few centuries – some traditional festivals in <a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a>, for example, predate European <a href="/facts/Colonization/mp9GRL94">colonisation</a> of the 15th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Festivals prospered following the Second World War.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Both established in 1947, <a href="/facts/Festival_d%2527Avignon/2No8g4Xf">Avignon Festival</a> and the <a href="/facts/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe/awcRh7ev">Edinburgh Festival Fringe</a> have been notable in shaping the modern model of festivals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Art festivals became more prominent by the turn of the 21st century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> In modern times, festivals are offered to public as a global tourist prospect although they are commonly <a href="/facts/State_ownership/Jr4dPDo3">public</a> or <a href="/facts/Not-for-Profit/AmXu2c85">not-for-profit</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="traditions">Traditions</h2> <p>Many festivals have religious origins and entwine cultural and religious significance in traditional activities. The most important religious festivals such as <a href="/facts/Christmas/EsuI0Gds">Christmas</a>, <a href="/facts/Rosh_Hashanah/RDqPTdIM">Rosh Hashanah</a>, <a href="/facts/Diwali/LdhcIQrj">Diwali</a>, <a href="/facts/Holi/H0qeWX7v">Holi</a>, <a href="/facts/Eid_al-Fitr/C1brNDJX">Eid-al-Fitr</a> and <a href="/facts/Eid_al-Adha/lxHKhuDt">Eid-al-Adha</a> serve to mark out the year. Others, such as <a href="/facts/Harvest_festival/KxfnKq1u">harvest festivals</a>, celebrate seasonal change. Events of historical significance, such as important <a href="/facts/Military/kgNmLUnN">military</a> victories or other nation-building events also provide the impetus for a festival. An early example is the festival established by <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egypt/BDsEGK4g">Ancient Egyptian</a> Pharaoh <a href="/facts/Ramesses_III/qqJqumVs">Ramesses III</a> celebrating his victory over the Libyans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> In many countries, royal holidays commemorate dynastic events just as agricultural holidays are about harvests. Festivals are often commemorated annually. </p><p>There are numerous <a href="/facts/Outline_of_festivals/xo55Qm3f">types of festivals</a> in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities. Most culminate in the consumption of specially prepared food (showing the connection to "feasting") and they bring people together. Festivals are also strongly associated with national holidays. Lists of national festivals are published to make participation easier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="types-of-festivals">Types of festivals</h2> <p>The scale of festivals varies; in location and attendance, they may range from a local to national level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Music festivals, for example, often bring together disparate groups of people, such that they are both localised and global.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The "vast majority" of festivals are, however, local, modest and populist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> There exists significant variation among festivals, beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular, rural and urban, people and establishment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>Religious festivals</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Religious_festival/auJXQat9">Religious festival</a></p> <p>Among many <a href="/facts/Religion/cxntrD0R">religions</a>, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of <a href="/facts/God/EITpdL9t">God</a> or <a href="/facts/Gods/doCvhDHj">gods</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as <a href="/facts/Passover/klu4sC0g">Passover</a>, Easter, and Eid al-Adha are <a href="/facts/Moveable_feast/0TzbTtxw">moveable feasts</a> – that is, those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time. The <a href="/facts/Sed_festival/TdvVTDDv">Sed festival</a>, for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian <a href="/facts/Pharaoh/y0WMWYHK">pharaoh</a>'s rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Among the <a href="/facts/Ashanti_people/NIN7hfz6">Ashantis</a>, most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms. Thus, the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site, assisting in biodiversity conservation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Vodoun days is also one of the religious festivals of Benin which invites surrounding countries like Togo and Ghana because of the almost identical culture and tradition. Vodoun days is a festival of Vodoun.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> Even in Togo Godogbe za of Gblinkomegan is a traditional celebration based on ancestor worship. </p><p>In the <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christian</a> <a href="/facts/Liturgical_calendar/jAWrf1uF">liturgical calendar</a>, there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor <a href="/facts/Patronal_festivals/gr4YWEvA">festivals in honour of local patron saints</a> are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity. In the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic</a>, <a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodox/5n20Akh5">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/facts/Anglican/CDICRNVn">Anglican</a> liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints, sacred events or doctrines. In the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a>, each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or indigenous origins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>Hindus celebrate many festivals, such as <a href="/facts/Navaratri/edpyYXLY">Navaratri</a>, <a href="/facts/Holi/H0qeWX7v">Holi</a>, <a href="/facts/Rama_Navami/ghooKyhv">Rama Navami</a>, <a href="/facts/Karva_Chauth/uGKhALT0">Karva Chauth</a>, <a href="/facts/Diwali/LdhcIQrj">Diwali</a>, <a href="/facts/Pongal_(festival)/CRUw9RdL">Pongal</a>, <a href="/facts/Kartika_Purnima/Ww44GGHG">Kartika Purnima</a>; among others. Most Hindu festivals are not celebrated by all Hindus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a>: 226–227 One example of a Hindu festival is <a href="/facts/Ganesh_Chaturthi/1B4bjvwR">Ganesh Chaturthi</a>, which is dedicated to the god <a href="/facts/Ganesha/ENEQDyRN">Ganesha</a> and is celebrated throughout India, but especially in <a href="/facts/Maharashtra/4hAVYlb4">Maharashtra</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a>: 237 During the festival, <a href="/facts/Murti/XSc6rEIh">idols</a> of the god Ganesha, traditionally made of clay, are worshipped, and on the same day or after 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 or 11 days, are immersed in water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> The public celebration of the festival, which includes a public procession, was promoted by <a href="/facts/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak/j8jD8Suj">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a> as a means of asserting and celebrating a Hindu nationalist identity and to provide a sense of Hindu solidarity during the <a href="/facts/British_Raj/hBe6wvPS">British Raj</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a>: 237–238, 698 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhist</a> religious festivals, such as <a href="/facts/Esala_Perahera/5kM5aGvG">Esala Perahera</a> are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Sikh/V7yh2L8b">Sikh</a> community celebrates the <a href="/facts/Vaisakhi/Mo2kU50o">Vaisakhi</a> festival marking the new year and birth of the <a href="/facts/Khalsa/SHypwNmW">Khalsa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> Religious festivals <h3>Arts festivals</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Arts_festival/9b9RsjbE">Arts festival</a></p> <p>Among the many offspring of general arts festivals are also more specific types of festivals, including ones that showcase intellectual or creative achievement such as <a href="/facts/Science_festival/hbDKJSa7">science festivals</a>, <a href="/facts/Literary_festival/qpbdPHmT">literary festivals</a> and <a href="/facts/Music_festival/JSIH6XAM">music festivals</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Sub-categories include <a href="/facts/Comedy_festival/kVqWc2ro">comedy festivals</a>, <a href="/facts/Rock_festival/dA4x0mGe">rock festivals</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_jazz_festivals/SDJNvrSj">jazz festivals</a> and <a href="/facts/Buskers_festival/LmwjJXXj">buskers festivals</a>; <a href="/facts/Poetry/ylGarm6p">poetry</a> festivals,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Theatre_festival/06QYUGwy">theatre festivals</a>, and <a href="/facts/Storytelling_festival/gqSvrmcT">storytelling festivals</a>; and re-enactment festivals such as <a href="/facts/Renaissance_fair/bWRSbXH6">Renaissance fairs</a>. In the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a>, aside from numerous art festivals scattered throughout the year, February is known as national arts month, the culmination of all art festivals in the entire archipelago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> The modern model of music festivals began in the 1960s-70s and have become a lucrative global industry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Predecessors extend back to the 11th century and some, such as the Three Choirs Festival, remain to this day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Film_festival/QXEm28tf">Film festivals</a> involve the screenings of several different films, and are usually held annually. Some of the most significant film festivals include the <a href="/facts/Berlin_International_Film_Festival/qxdFLoc3">Berlin International Film Festival</a>, the <a href="/facts/Venice_Film_Festival/ItsBLlQQ">Venice Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/facts/Cannes_Film_Festival/4FU7Kbfc">Cannes Film Festival</a>. </p> Arts festivals <p>A food festival is an event celebrating food or drink. These often highlight the output of producers from a certain region. Some food festivals are focused on a particular item of food, such as the <a href="/facts/National_Peanut_Festival/965FueUz">National Peanut Festival</a> in the United States, or the <a href="/facts/Galway_International_Oyster_Festival/3gwgWYEB">Galway International Oyster Festival</a> in Ireland. There are also specific beverage festivals, such as the famous <a href="/facts/Oktoberfest/h5k2xo9s">Oktoberfest</a> in Germany for <a href="/facts/Beer_festival/Cz0Hw44u">beer</a>. Many countries hold festivals to celebrate <a href="/facts/Wine_festival/kVGAWDuF">wine</a>. One example is the global celebration of the arrival of <a href="/facts/Beaujolais_nouveau/y9DfR7sD">Beaujolais nouveau</a>, which involves shipping the new wine around the world for its release date on the third Thursday of November each year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Both Beaujolais nouveau and the Japanese rice wine <a href="/facts/Sake/JAnXrMTz">sake</a> are associated with harvest time. In the Philippines, there are at least two hundred festivals dedicated to food and drinks. </p> Food and drink festivals <h3>Seasonal and harvest festivals</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Food_festival/NlQ9ys1a">Food festival</a></p> <p>Seasonal festivals, such as <a href="/facts/Beltane/dwAX3d1c">Beltane</a>, are determined by the <a href="/facts/Solar_calendar/HWCAWfpX">solar</a> and the <a href="/facts/Lunar_calendar/llUN81gP">lunar calendars</a> and by the cycle of the <a href="/facts/Season/20vCqJWN">seasons</a>, especially because of its effect on food supply, as a result of which there is a <a href="/facts/List_of_harvest_festivals/tGsEy3hv">wide range</a> of ancient and modern <a href="/facts/Harvest_festival/KxfnKq1u">harvest festivals</a>. Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal <a href="/facts/Inundation/1h0QIkTq">inundation</a> caused by the <a href="/facts/Nile_River/vGoXVUFH">Nile River</a>, a form of <a href="/facts/Irrigation/RWX5PEgK">irrigation</a>, which provided fertile land for crops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/Alps/Q3zdQId4">Alps</a>, in autumn the return of the cattle from the mountain <a href="/facts/Pasture/Spc8pRtq">pastures</a> to the stables in the valley is celebrated as <i><a href="/facts/Almabtrieb/gF8cDBQd">Almabtrieb</a></i>. A recognized winter festival, the <a href="/facts/Chinese_New_Year/a0uPC9X8">Chinese New Year</a>, is set by the lunar calendar, and celebrated from the day of the second new moon after the <a href="/facts/Dongzhi_(solar_term)/X74f8hwv">winter solstice</a>. <a href="/facts/Dree_Festival/oLp2pkmf">Dree Festival</a> of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Midsummer/ETf8Lw5M">Midsummer</a> or St John's Day, is an example of a seasonal festival, related to the <a href="/facts/Feast_day/HIapcqYk">feast day</a> of a Christian saint as well as a celebration of the time of the <a href="/facts/Summer_solstice/r3CoNn3m">summer solstice</a> in the northern hemisphere, where it is particularly important in Sweden. <a href="/facts/Winter_carnival/14bVEBF8">Winter carnivals</a> also provide the opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice. In the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a>, each day of the year has at least one festival dedicated to harvesting of crops, fishes, crustaceans, milk, and other local goods. </p> Seasonal and harvest festivals <h2 id="politics">Politics</h2> <p>Scholarly literature notes that festivals functionally disseminate political values and meaning, such as ownership of place, which undergoes transformation in accordance with the festival.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> Furthermore, a festival may act as an artefact which allows citizens to achieve "certain ideals", including those of identity and ideology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> Festivals may be used to rehabilitate or elevate the image of a city; the <a href="/facts/Ephemerality/tAvLGoVk">ephemerality</a> of festivals means that their impact is often incorporeal, of name, memory and perception.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> In deviating from routine, festivals may reinforce the convention, be it social, cultural or economic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="study-of-festivals">Study of festivals</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Festive_ecology/myxgMrVX">Festive ecology</a> – explores the relationships between the <a href="/facts/Symbol/GS8mTn0h">symbolism</a> and the <a href="/facts/Ecology/YE8upuJU">ecology</a> of the <a href="/facts/Plant/X5BMDMvS">plants</a>, <a href="/facts/Fungi/BHo5DP59">fungi</a> and <a href="/facts/Animal/4b8J33nd">animals</a> associated with cultural events such as festivals, processions and special occasions.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Heortology/zjqUxLWm">Heortology</a> – the study of <a href="/facts/Religious_festival/auJXQat9">religious festivals</a>. It was originally only used in respect of <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christian</a> festivals,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> but it now covers all <a href="/facts/Religion/cxntrD0R">religions</a>, in particular those of Ancient <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/List_of_foods_with_religious_symbolism/4hhqsBKD">list of foods with religious symbolism</a> for some topical overlap.</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Society portal</li><li>Holidays portal</li></ul> <ul><li>All pages with titles containing Festival</li> <li><a href="/facts/Convention_(meeting)/FUaCMsLS">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Event_planning/NI5UK8UB">Event planning</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fair/sHnqj1em">Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Festive_ecology/myxgMrVX">Festive ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Holiday/kM9E3s9q">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lists_of_festivals/hFIh0LFb">Lists of festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_festivals/xo55Qm3f">Outline of festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Patronal_festival/gr4YWEvA">Patronal festival</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Procession/61CuUnmp">Procession</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trade_show/p534DEaU">Trade show</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Cudny, Waldemar (2016). <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1"><i>Festivalisation of Urban Spaces</i></a>. Springer Geography. <a href="/facts/Springer_Science%252BBusiness_Media/nAesf6nT">Springer</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-31997-1">10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-319-31997-1. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:168194339">168194339</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Ian Yeoman, ed. (2004). <i>Festival and events management: an international arts and culture perspective</i> (1st ed., repr. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7506-5872-0.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/facts/New_International_Encyclopedia/k0NUmBoF">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "Festivals". <ul><li> Media related to Festivals at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li> The dictionary definition of Festival at Wiktionary</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-415-25225-6. <a href="978-0-415-25225-6" target="_blank">978-0-415-25225-6</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Why festivals are important". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved February 10, 2023. <a href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/188562-why-festivals-are-important" target="_blank">https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/188562-why-festivals-are-important</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Davies, Karen (2021). "Festivals Post Covid-19". Leisure Sciences. 43 (1–2): 184–189. doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000. ISSN 0149-0400. S2CID 225693273. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Quinn, Bernadette (2003). "Symbols, practices and myth-making: Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera". Tourism Geographies. 5 (3): 329–349. doi:10.1080/14616680309710. ISSN 1461-6688. S2CID 143509970. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680309710" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680309710</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"festival, adj. and n." OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2014. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130717/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=516303139ACABFDA6DF9FB295946FC00?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F69567" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130717/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=516303139ACABFDA6DF9FB295946FC00?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F69567</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"festival (adj.)". Middle English Dictionary. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702174739/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED15806&egs=all" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140702174739/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED15806&egs=all</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"festival, adj. and n." OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2014. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130717/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=516303139ACABFDA6DF9FB295946FC00?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F69567" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130717/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=516303139ACABFDA6DF9FB295946FC00?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F69567</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"feast, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2014. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130719/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=7B4E1C8966F3F709B74E5277161BE93D?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F68799" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130719/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=7B4E1C8966F3F709B74E5277161BE93D?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F68799</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"feast, v." OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2014. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=3BAE000C92C9A9622F67045AA8600539?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F68800" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=3BAE000C92C9A9622F67045AA8600539?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F68800</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>James E Glevin (2020). The Modern Middle East: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-007406-7. <a href="978-0-19-007406-7" target="_blank">978-0-19-007406-7</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"gala (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020. <a href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/gala#etymonline_v_1224" target="_blank">https://www.etymonline.com/word/gala#etymonline_v_1224</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Cudny 2016, p. 13. - Cudny, Waldemar (2016). Festivalisation of Urban Spaces. Springer Geography. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1. ISBN 978-3-319-31997-1. S2CID 168194339. <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Falassi, Alessandro, ed. (1987). Time Out of Time: Essays on the Festival. University of New Mexico Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-8263-0932-1. OCLC 15017471. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022. <a href="0-8263-0932-1" target="_blank">0-8263-0932-1</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Quinn, Bernadette (2005). "Arts Festivals and the City". Urban Studies. 42 (5–6): 927–943. Bibcode:2005UrbSt..42..927Q. doi:10.1080/00420980500107250. ISSN 0042-0980. S2CID 154354884. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Brandt, J. Rasmus; Iddeng, Jon W., eds. (2012). Greek and Roman Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-969609-3. <a href="978-0-19-969609-3" target="_blank">978-0-19-969609-3</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Cudny, Waldemar (2014). "The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications". Anthropos. 109 (2): 640–656. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 43861801. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Cudny, Waldemar (2014). "The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications". Anthropos. 109 (2): 640–656. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 43861801. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Quinn, Bernadette (2003). "Symbols, practices and myth-making: Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera". Tourism Geographies. 5 (3): 329–349. doi:10.1080/14616680309710. ISSN 1461-6688. S2CID 143509970. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680309710" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680309710</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Cudny, Waldemar (2014). "The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications". Anthropos. 109 (2): 640–656. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 43861801. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Odotei, Irene (2002). "Festivals in Ghana: Continuity, Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (6): 17–34. ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 41406666. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406666" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406666</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Cudny, Waldemar (2014). "The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications". Anthropos. 109 (2): 640–656. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 43861801. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Bartie, Angela (2013). The Edinburgh Festivals: Culture and Society in Post-war Britain. Edinburgh University Press. p. 6. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-7486-7030-7. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022. <a href="978-0-7486-7030-7" target="_blank">978-0-7486-7030-7</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Quinn, Bernadette (2005). "Arts Festivals and the City". Urban Studies. 42 (5–6): 927–943. Bibcode:2005UrbSt..42..927Q. doi:10.1080/00420980500107250. ISSN 0042-0980. S2CID 154354884. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Prentice, Richard; Andersen, Vivien (2003). "Festival as creative destination". Annals of Tourism Research. 30 (1): 7–30. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00034-8. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738302000348" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738302000348</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Andersson, Tommy D.; Getz, Donald (2008). "Stakeholder Management Strategies of Festivals". Journal of Convention & Event Tourism. 9 (3): 199–220. doi:10.1080/15470140802323801. ISSN 1547-0148. S2CID 154831702. Archived from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F15470140802323801" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F15470140802323801</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Berrett, LaMar C.; Ogden D. Kelly (1996). Discovering the world of the Bible (3rd ed., rev. ed.). Provo, Utah: Grandin Book Co. p. 289. ISBN 0-910523-52-5. <a href="0-910523-52-5" target="_blank">0-910523-52-5</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>See for example: List of festivals in Australia; Bangladesh; Canada; China; Colombia; Costa Rica; Fiji; India; Indonesia; Iran; Japan; Laos; Morocco; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Romania; Tunisia; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States; Vietnam. <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Australia" target="_blank">/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Australia</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Cudny 2016, p. 15. - Cudny, Waldemar (2016). Festivalisation of Urban Spaces. Springer Geography. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1. ISBN 978-3-319-31997-1. S2CID 168194339. <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Cudny, Waldemar (2014). "The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications". Anthropos. 109 (2): 640–656. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 43861801. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Hondros, Konstantin; Silva, Glaucia Peres da, eds. (2019). Music Practices Across Borders : (E)Valuating Space, Diversity and Exchange. Transcript. p. 86. ISBN 978-3-8394-4667-6. OCLC 1105916920. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022. <a href="978-3-8394-4667-6" target="_blank">978-3-8394-4667-6</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Waterman, Stanley (1998). "Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals". Progress in Human Geography. 22 (1): 54–74. doi:10.1191/030913298672233886. ISSN 0309-1325. S2CID 144867877. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Quinn, Bernadette (2005). "Arts Festivals and the City". Urban Studies. 42 (5–6): 927–943. Bibcode:2005UrbSt..42..927Q. doi:10.1080/00420980500107250. ISSN 0042-0980. S2CID 154354884. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Waterman, Stanley (1998). "Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals". Progress in Human Geography. 22 (1): 54–74. doi:10.1191/030913298672233886. ISSN 0309-1325. S2CID 144867877. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Bleeker, Claas Jouco (1967). Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal. Brill Archive. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35M3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=35M3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"Heb-Sed (Egyptian feast)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2014. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258986/Heb-Sed" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258986/Heb-Sed</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Robson, James P. (2007). "Local approaches to biodiversity conservation: lessons from Oaxaca, southern Mexico". International Journal of Sustainable Development. 10 (3): 267. doi:10.1504/ijsd.2007.017647. ISSN 0960-1406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>[https ://globalvoices.org "Benin : the nationale vodun festival is now: "vodun days""]. www.globalvoices.org. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_web</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>"Calendar of Philippine Festivals and Monthly Observances / Theme | Tourism Promotions Board". www.tpb.gov.ph. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927171735/https://www.tpb.gov.ph/tpb-calendar-of-promotions-and-marketing-activities/calendar-of-philippine-festivals-and-monthly-observances-theme/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230927171735/https://www.tpb.gov.ph/tpb-calendar-of-promotions-and-marketing-activities/calendar-of-philippine-festivals-and-monthly-observances-theme/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. Rosen. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. <a href="978-0-8239-3179-8" target="_blank">978-0-8239-3179-8</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. Rosen. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. <a href="978-0-8239-3179-8" target="_blank">978-0-8239-3179-8</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Sonika Nitin Nimje (September 9, 2024). "Ganesh Visarjan 2024: Why is Visarjan done on different days?". Business Standard. New Delhi. Retrieved March 5, 2025. <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/ganesh-visarjan-2024-why-is-visarjan-done-on-different-days-view-details-124090900534_1.html" target="_blank">https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/ganesh-visarjan-2024-why-is-visarjan-done-on-different-days-view-details-124090900534_1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. Rosen. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. <a href="978-0-8239-3179-8" target="_blank">978-0-8239-3179-8</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Barnouw, Victor (1954). "The Changing Character of a Hindu Festival". American Anthropologist. 56 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1525/aa.1954.56.1.02a00070. ISSN 0002-7294. JSTOR 664633. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/664633" target="_blank">http://www.jstor.org/stable/664633</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Gerson, Ruth (1996). Traditional festivals in Thailand. Kuala Lumpur; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 967-65-3111-1. <a href="967-65-3111-1" target="_blank">967-65-3111-1</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Roy, Christian (2005). "Sikh Vaisakhi: Anniversary of the Pure". Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 [M – Z]: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 480. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. <a href="978-1-57607-089-5" target="_blank">978-1-57607-089-5</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>See List of music festivals. <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals" target="_blank">/wiki/List_of_music_festivals</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Some such as such as Cúirt International Festival of Literature started as a poetry festival and then broadened in scope. <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAirt_International_Festival_of_Literature" target="_blank">/wiki/C%C3%BAirt_International_Festival_of_Literature</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Kasilag, Giselle P. (February 1999). "Performances, exhibits around the country mark National Arts Month". BusinessWorld (SanJuan, Philippines): 1. ISSN 0116-3930 – via Nexis Uni. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Davies, Karen (2021). "Festivals Post Covid-19". Leisure Sciences. 43 (1–2): 184–189. doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000. ISSN 0149-0400. S2CID 225693273. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Frey, Bruno S. (1994). "The Economics of Music Festivals". Journal of Cultural Economics. 18 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1007/bf01207151. ISSN 0885-2545. S2CID 153806851. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01207151" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01207151</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Hyslop, Leah (November 21, 2013). "Beaujolais Nouveau day: 10 facts about the wine". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/10465236/Beaujolais-Nouveau-day-10-facts-about-the-wine.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/10465236/Beaujolais-Nouveau-day-10-facts-about-the-wine.html</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Haine, W. Scott (2006). Culture and Customs of France. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-313-32892-3. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2015. <a href="978-0-313-32892-3" target="_blank">978-0-313-32892-3</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Bunson, Margaret (2009). "Nile festivals". Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Infobase Publishing. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-4381-0997-8. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2015. <a href="978-1-4381-0997-8" target="_blank">978-1-4381-0997-8</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>"Press release – Dree festival". Directorate of Information, Govt of Arunachal Pradesh. July 5, 2004. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153132/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/press/04-05/050704a.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153132/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/press/04-05/050704a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Quinn, Bernadette (2003). "Symbols, practices and myth-making: Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera". Tourism Geographies. 5 (3): 329–349. doi:10.1080/14616680309710. ISSN 1461-6688. S2CID 143509970. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680309710" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680309710</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Waterman, Stanley (1998). "Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals". Progress in Human Geography. 22 (1): 54–74. doi:10.1191/030913298672233886. ISSN 0309-1325. S2CID 144867877. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Jeong, Sunny; Santos, Carla Almeida. (2004). "Cultural Politics and Contested Place Identity". Annals of Tourism Research. 31 (3): 640–656. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.004. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738304000210" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738304000210</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Quinn, Bernadette (2005). "Arts Festivals and the City". Urban Studies. 42 (5–6): 927–943. Bibcode:2005UrbSt..42..927Q. doi:10.1080/00420980500107250. ISSN 0042-0980. S2CID 154354884. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Waterman, Stanley (1998). "Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals". Progress in Human Geography. 22 (1): 54–74. doi:10.1191/030913298672233886. ISSN 0309-1325. S2CID 144867877. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Cudny, Waldemar (2014). "The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications". Anthropos. 109 (2): 640–656. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 43861801. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Waterman, Stanley (1998). "Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals". Progress in Human Geography. 22 (1): 54–74. doi:10.1191/030913298672233886. ISSN 0309-1325. S2CID 144867877. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Heortology" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Heortology" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Heortology</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Parker, Robert (1996). Athenian religion : a history. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814979-4. OCLC 32590127. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022. <a href="0-19-814979-4" target="_blank">0-19-814979-4</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>