Adonis

<h2 id="cult">Cult</h2>
<h3>Origin</h3>

The worship of Aphrodite and Adonis is probably a Greek continuation of the ancient <a href="/facts/Sumer/bxRz093q">Sumerian</a> worship of <a href="/facts/Inanna/vt9chb3G">Inanna</a> and <a href="/facts/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd/ky1CmtJt">Dumuzid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> The <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Greek</a> name Ἄδωνις (Ádōnis), Ancient Greek pronunciation: [ádɔːnis]) is derived from the <a href="/facts/Canaanite_languages/S0NzB50W">Canaanite</a> word 𐤀𐤃𐤍 (<a href="/facts/Adon/TYIf6PEL">ʼadōn</a>), meaning "lord".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> 
This word is related to <a href="/facts/Names_of_God_in_Judaism/SsUuUgzX">Adonai</a> (<a href="/facts/Hebrew_language/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew</a>: אֲדֹנָי), one of the titles used to refer to the God of the <a href="/facts/Tanakh/04qRIX0c">Hebrew Bible</a> and still used in <a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Judaism</a> to the present day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> The Syrian name for Adonis is Gauas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
The cult of Inanna and Dumuzid may have been introduced to the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Judah/qEdLyxv7">Kingdom of Judah</a> during the reign of <a href="/facts/Manasseh_of_Judah/gkjU3hdR">King Manasseh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> <a href="/facts/Ezekiel_8/7gzPrqyV">Ezekiel 8</a> (<a href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1208.htm#14">Ezekiel 8:14</a>) mentions Adonis under his earlier East Semitic name <a href="/facts/Tammuz_(mythology)/ky1CmtJt">Tammuz</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> and describes a group of women mourning Tammuz's death while sitting near the north gate of the <a href="/facts/Temple_in_Jerusalem/WHsJ2e2Y">Temple in Jerusalem</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
The earliest known Greek reference to Adonis comes from a fragment of a poem by the poet <a href="/facts/Sappho/Uaw6mHyJ">Sappho</a> of <a href="/facts/Lesbos/oQ5x2FMC">Lesbos</a> (c. 630 – c. 570 BC),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> in which a chorus of young girls asks Aphrodite what they can do to mourn Adonis' death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Aphrodite replies that they must beat their breasts and tear their <a href="/facts/Tunic/y0yVDQWu">tunics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> The cult of Adonis has also been described as corresponding to the cult of the Phoenician god <a href="/facts/Baal/47weKvYQ">Baal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> As <a href="/facts/Walter_Burkert/hbSlIfNH">Walter Burkert</a> explains:

<blockquote>Women sit by the gate weeping for Tammuz, or they offer incense to <a href="/facts/Baal/47weKvYQ">Baal</a> on roof-tops and plant pleasant plants. These are the very features of the Adonis legend: which is celebrated on flat roof-tops on which sherds sown with quickly germinating green salading are placed, Adonis gardens ... the climax is loud lamentation for the dead god.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a></blockquote>
The exact date when the worship of Adonis became integrated into Greek culture is still disputed. Walter Burkert questions whether Adonis had not from the very beginning come to Greece along with Aphrodite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> "In Greece," Burkert concludes, "the special function of the Adonis legend is as an opportunity for the unbridled expression of emotion in the strictly circumscribed life of women, in contrast to the rigid order of <a href="/facts/Polis/U4qS9yqU">polis</a> and family with the official women's festivals in honour of <a href="/facts/Demeter/msJN4G3H">Demeter</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> The significant influence of Near Eastern culture on early Greek religion in general, and on the cult of Aphrodite in particular,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> is now widely recognised as dating to a period of <a href="/facts/Orientalizing_period/Rnwx99yg">orientalisation</a> during the eighth century BC,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> when <a href="/facts/Archaic_Greece/pWyHxf6H">archaic Greece</a> was on the fringes of the <a href="/facts/Neo-Assyrian_Empire/GzQ9HoXb">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
In Cyprus, the cult of Adonis gradually superseded that of <a href="/facts/Cinyras/kBSX6Hxh">Cinyras</a>. W. Atallah suggests that the later Hellenistic myth of Adonis represents the conflation of two independent traditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h3>Festival of Adonia</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Adonia/2JhQ2Q5a">Adonia</a>

The worship of Adonis is associated with the festival of Adonia, which was celebrated by Greek women every year in midsummer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> The festival, which was evidently already celebrated in Lesbos by Sappho's time in the seventh century BC, seems to have first become popular in Athens in the mid-fifth century BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> At the start of the festival, the women would plant a "garden of Adonis", a small garden planted inside a small basket or a shallow piece of broken pottery containing a variety of quick-growing plants, such as <a href="/facts/Lettuce/o68aNEJX">lettuce</a> and <a href="/facts/Fennel/TjXgYjLp">fennel</a>, or even quick-sprouting grains, such as <a href="/facts/Wheat/lrk6HdV3">wheat</a> and <a href="/facts/Barley/GH7X2qtG">barley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> The women would then climb ladders to the roofs of their houses, where they would place the gardens out under the heat of the summer sun.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> The plants would sprout in the sunlight, but wither quickly in the heat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> While they waited for the plants to first sprout and then wither, the women would burn incense to Adonis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> Once the plants had withered, the women would mourn and lament loudly over the death of Adonis, tearing their clothes and beating their breasts in a public display of grief.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> The women would lay a statuette of Adonis out on a <a href="/facts/Bier/mrTGFu8p">bier</a> and then carry it to the sea along with all the withered plants as a <a href="/facts/Funeral_procession/2U1bBwp2">funeral procession</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> The festival concluded with the women throwing the effigy of Adonis and the withered plants out to sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>

<h2 id="mythology">Mythology</h2>
<h3>Birth</h3>
While Sappho does not describe the myth of Adonis, later sources flesh out the details.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> According to the retelling of the story found in the poem <a href="/facts/Metamorphoses/1VToCpsF">Metamorphoses</a> by the Roman poet <a href="/facts/Ovid/qw6buQ2V">Ovid</a> (43 BC – AD 17/18), Adonis was the son of <a href="/facts/Myrrha/VvlCe1Wd">Myrrha</a>, who was cursed by Aphrodite with insatiable lust for her own father, King <a href="/facts/Cinyras/kBSX6Hxh">Cinyras</a> of <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> after Myrrha's mother bragged that her daughter was more beautiful than the goddess.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> It was to her nurse that, with much reluctance, Myrrha revealed her shameful passion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> Sometime later, during a festival in honour of <a href="/facts/Demeter/msJN4G3H">Demeter</a>, the nurse found Cinyras half-passed out with wine and Myrrha's mother nowhere near him. Thus, she spoke to him of a girl who truly loved him and desired to sleep with him, giving him a fictitious name and simply describing her as Myrrha's age. Cinyras agreed, and the nurse was quick to bring Myrrha to him. Myrrha left her father's room impregnated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> After several couplings, Cinyras discovered his lover's identity and drew his sword to kill her; driven out after becoming pregnant, Myrrha was changed into a <a href="/facts/Myrrh/QLTBxGjc">myrrh</a> tree but still gave birth to Adonis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> According to classicist William F. Hansen, the story of how Adonis was conceived falls in line with the conventional ideas about sex and gender that were prevalent in the classical world, since the Greeks and Romans believed that women, such as Adonis's mother Myrrha, were less capable of controlling their primal wants and passions than men.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>

<h3>Aphrodite and Persephone</h3>

Aphrodite found the baby,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> and took him to the underworld to be fostered by <a href="/facts/Persephone/nwNGsa7l">Persephone</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> She returned for him once he was grown<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> and discovered him to be strikingly handsome.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> However, Persephone too found Adonis to be exceedingly handsome<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> and wanted to keep Adonis<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> for she too fell in love with him;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> Zeus settled the dispute by decreeing that Adonis would spend one third of the year with Aphrodite, one third with Persephone, and one third with whomever he chose.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> Adonis chose Aphrodite, and they remained constantly together.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> Another version states that both goddesses got to keep him for half the year each at the suggestion of the <a href="/facts/Muse/bAWcDPFw">Muse</a> <a href="/facts/Calliope/DbCgR7Qf">Calliope</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> Thus was Adonis' life divided between Aphrodite and Persephone, one goddess who loved him beneath the earth, the other above it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> In his comical work <a href="/facts/Dialogues_of_the_Gods/apl5cwoc">Dialogues of the Gods</a>, the satirical author <a href="/facts/Lucian/r5bPEm9C">Lucian</a> features Aphrodite in several dialogues, in one of which she complains to the <a href="/facts/List_of_lunar_deities/TJxTHy9r">moon goddess</a> <a href="/facts/Selene/nF9jnxhX">Selene</a> that <a href="/facts/Eros/wS1FsctC">Eros</a> made Persephone fall in love with Adonis and now she has to share him with her.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>

<h3>Death</h3>
Then, one day, while Adonis was out hunting, he was wounded by a wild boar and bled to death in Aphrodite's arms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> In different versions of the story, the boar was either sent by Ares, who was jealous that Aphrodite was spending so much time with Adonis,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> by Artemis, who wanted revenge against Aphrodite for having killed her devoted follower <a href="/facts/Hippolytus_(son_of_Theseus)/xVTXGm0u">Hippolytus</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> or by Apollo, to punish Aphrodite for blinding his son <a href="/facts/Erymanthus_(person)/9CHUdnpo">Erymanthus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> The story also provides an <a href="/facts/Etiology/Bz8MAeSq">etiology</a> for Aphrodite's associations with certain flowers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> Reportedly, as she mourned Adonis's death, she caused <a href="/facts/Anemone/aLPGoeV7">anemones</a> to grow wherever his blood fell,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> and declared a festival on the anniversary of his death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> In one late account, his blood transformed into <a href="/facts/Rose/00sLwePY">roses</a> instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>
In a very different version from the standard, surviving in the works of fifth century AD grammarian <a href="/facts/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus/ATQNCfQq">Servius</a> and perhaps originating from the island of <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a>, Adonis was made to fall in love with a mortal girl named <a href="/facts/Erinoma/hCnt22kD">Erinoma</a> by Aphrodite herself at the command of <a href="/facts/Hera/Jw5Km2DP">Hera</a>. Erinoma, a virgin girl favoured by <a href="/facts/Artemis/bocCzux6">Artemis</a> and <a href="/facts/Athena/bBX7jSvu">Athena</a>, rejected his advances, so Adonis crept up stealthily in her bedroom and raped her. Adonis then fled and went into a cave to hide from Zeus, who also loved Erinoma and would surely avenge the violence done against her. <a href="/facts/Hermes/bRt3Jrva">Hermes</a>, however, lured him with a trick, as <a href="/facts/Ares/8KHUz1L5">Ares</a> wounded him mortally in the form of a boar. Adonis died, but was eventually restored to life after Aphrodite begged Zeus. Erinoma bore him a son named Taleus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>

<h3>Other loves</h3>
Adonis was also said to have been loved by other gods such as <a href="/facts/Apollo/eBJV1wsJ">Apollo</a>, <a href="/facts/Heracles/CIQWycTu">Heracles</a> and <a href="/facts/Dionysus/4kBSl2Kp">Dionysus</a>. He was described as <a href="/facts/Androgyny/DjN9nJD3">androgynous</a>, for he acted like a man in his affections for Aphrodite but as a woman for <a href="/facts/Apollo/eBJV1wsJ">Apollo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> "Androgynous" here means that Adonis took on a <a href="/facts/Gay_sex_roles/vF8qK1ks">receptive role</a> during sex with Apollo, which was interpreted in classical Greece to be the feminine position.
<a href="/facts/Heracles/CIQWycTu">Heracles</a>' love of Adonis is mentioned in passing by Ptolemy Hephaestion. The text states that due to his love of Adonis, Aphrodite taught <a href="/facts/Nessus_(mythology)/DTHXsz8j">Nessos</a> the <a href="/facts/Centaur/llN9WxoK">centaur</a> the trap to ensnare him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>
Another tradition states that <a href="/facts/Dionysus/4kBSl2Kp">Dionysus</a>, the Greek god of wine and madness, carried off Adonis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a>

<h3>Other versions</h3>

In Idyll 15 by the early third-century BC Greek <a href="/facts/Bucolic/NkyqJNCe">bucolic</a> poet <a href="/facts/Theocritus/UhlWU2zM">Theocritus</a>, Adonis is described as still an adolescent with down on his cheeks at the time of his love affair with Aphrodite, in contrast to Ovid's Metamorphoses, in which he is portrayed as a fully mature man.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> Pseudo-Apollodorus (<a href="/facts/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)/MR6V76lu">Bibliotheke</a>, 3.182) describes Adonis as the son of <a href="/facts/Cinyras/kBSX6Hxh">Cinyras</a>, of <a href="/facts/Paphos/QtEpAxBg">Paphos</a> on Cyprus, and <a href="/facts/Metharme/8mVXnHR7">Metharme</a>. According to Pseudo-Apollodorus's Bibliotheke, <a href="/facts/Hesiod/3H9u3g7n">Hesiod</a>, in an unknown work that does not survive, made of him the son of <a href="/facts/Phoenix_(son_of_Agenor)/EPokxPTm">Phoenix</a> and the otherwise unidentified <a href="/facts/Alphesiboea/vbnGUn7J">Alphesiboea</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a>
In one version of the story, Aphrodite injured herself on a <a href="/facts/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles/gS6HPTqb">thorn</a> from a <a href="/facts/Rose/00sLwePY">rose</a> bush<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> and the rose, which had previously been white, was stained red by her blood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> In another version, an anemone flower grew on the spot where Adonis died, and a red rose where Aphrodite's tears fell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> The third century BC poet <a href="/facts/Euphorion_of_Chalcis/TF4jfbGV">Euphorion of Chalcis</a> remarked in his <a href="/facts/Hyacinth_(mythology)/ggx15kQc">Hyacinth</a> that "Only <a href="/facts/Cocytus/q2a2xrE7">Cocytus</a> washed the wounds of Adonis".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> According to <a href="/facts/Lucian/r5bPEm9C">Lucian</a>'s <a href="/facts/De_Dea_Syria/qH8jJy1n">De Dea Syria</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> each year during the festival of Adonis, the Adonis River in <a href="/facts/Lebanon/2dReTXyp">Lebanon</a> (now known as the <a href="/facts/Abraham_River/BaVYGoN6">Abraham River</a>) ran red with blood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a>

<h2 id="in-post-classical-literature-culture">In post-classical literature culture</h2>
The medieval French poet <a href="/facts/Jean_de_Meun/Sbo4FgT9">Jean de Meun</a> retells the story of Adonis in his additions to the <a href="/facts/Roman_de_la_Rose/L0kSHUJL">Roman de la Rose</a>, written around 1275.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> De Muen moralises the story, using it as an example of how men should heed the warnings of the women they love.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> In <a href="/facts/Pierre_de_Ronsard/nB27N2R9">Pierre de Ronsard</a>'s poem "Adonis" (1563), Venus laments that Adonis did not heed her warning, but ultimately blames herself for his death, declaring, "In need my counsel failed you."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> In the same poem, however, Venus quickly finds another shepherd as her lover, representing the widespread medieval belief in the fickleness and mutability of women.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a>
The story of Venus and Adonis from Ovid's Metamorphoses was tremendously influential during the <a href="/facts/Elizabethan_era/DMfrDl3t">Elizabethan era</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> In <a href="/facts/Edmund_Spenser/WJhL9A6W">Edmund Spenser</a>'s epic poem <a href="/facts/The_Faerie_Queene/rLK3f97m">The Faerie Queene</a> (1590), tapestries depicting the story of Adonis decorate the walls of Castle Joyous.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> Later in the poem, Venus takes the character Amoretta to raise her in the "Garden of Adonis".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> Ovid's portrayal of Venus's desperate love for Adonis became the inspiration for many literary portrayals in Elizabethan literature of both male and female courtship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>
<a href="/facts/William_Shakespeare/ohI96JTv">William Shakespeare</a>'s erotic <a href="/facts/Narrative_poetry/H81m3nRV">narrative poem</a> <a href="/facts/Venus_and_Adonis_(Shakespeare_poem)/cAUsTpWY">Venus and Adonis</a> (1593), a retelling of the courtship of Aphrodite and Adonis from Ovid's Metamorphoses,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> was the most popular of all his works published within his own lifetime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> Six editions of it were published before Shakespeare's death (more than any of his other works)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> and it enjoyed particularly strong popularity among young adults.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> In 1605, <a href="/facts/Richard_Barnfield/LVwvIhf2">Richard Barnfield</a> lauded it, declaring that the poem had placed Shakespeare's name "in fames immortall Booke".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> Despite this, the poem has received a mixed reception from modern critics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> <a href="/facts/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge/80CDXJoq">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a> defended it, but <a href="/facts/Samuel_Butler_(poet)/J8LU5Qao">Samuel Butler</a> complained that it bored him, and <a href="/facts/C._S._Lewis/hELtVT9R">C. S. Lewis</a> described an attempted reading of it as "suffocating".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>
The story of Adonis was the inspiration for the Italian poet <a href="/facts/Giambattista_Marino/bAqAd4I8">Giambattista Marino</a> to write his mythological epic L'Adone (1623), which outsold Shakespeare's <a href="/facts/First_Folio/qBX9hVT5">First Folio</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> Shakespeare's homoerotic descriptions of Adonis's masculine and Venus's beauty inspired the French novelist and playwright <a href="/facts/Rachilde/mW7PSVBN">Rachilde</a> (Marguerite Vallette-Eymery) to write her erotic novel <a href="/facts/Monsieur_V%C3%A9nus/sfoJDpVl">Monsieur Vénus</a> (1884), about a noblewoman named Raoule de Vénérande who sexually pursues a young, <a href="/facts/Effeminacy/lWfoX0Hh">effeminate</a> man named Jacques who works in a flower shop.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> Jacques is ultimately shot and killed in a duel, thus following the model of Adonis's tragic death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>

<h3>As a dying and rising god</h3>

Main article: <a href="/facts/Dying-and-rising_deity/DQ0rJ3sR">Dying-and-rising deity</a>
The late nineteenth-century Scottish <a href="/facts/Anthropology/W6WK1C3a">anthropologist</a> <a href="/facts/James_George_Frazer/cKb6nvS1">Sir James George Frazer</a> wrote extensively about Adonis in his monumental study of comparative religion, <a href="/facts/The_Golden_Bough/owTR4GSe">The Golden Bough</a> (the first edition of which was published in 1890)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> as well as in later works.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> Frazer claimed that Adonis was just one example of the archetype of a "dying-and-rising god" found throughout all cultures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> In the mid-twentieth century, some scholars began to criticise the designation of "dying-and-rising god", in some cases arguing that deities like Adonis, previously referred to as "dying and rising", would be better termed separately as "dying gods" and "disappearing gods",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> asserting that gods who "died" did not return, and those who returned never "really" died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a>
Biblical scholars Eddy and Boyd (2007) applied this rationale to Adonis based on the fact that his portion of the year spent in the Underworld with Persephone is not really a death and resurrection, but merely an instance of a living person staying in the Underworld.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> They further argued that Adonis is not explicitly described as rising from the dead in any extant Classical Greek writings,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> though the fact that such a belief existed is attested by authors in Late Antiquity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> For example, <a href="/facts/Origen/4o9sw2RQ">Origen</a> discusses Adonis, whom he associates with Tammuz, in his Selecta in Ezechielem ( "Comments on Ezekiel"), noting that "they say that for a long time certain rites of initiation are conducted: first, that they weep for him, since he has died; second, that they rejoice for him because he has risen from the dead (apo nekrôn anastanti)" (cf. J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca, 13:800).
Some other scholars have continued to cite Adonis/Tammuz as an example of a dying and rising god, suggesting that the descent into and return from the underworld is a functional analogue for death even if no physical cause of death is depicted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Mythology portal</li><li>Asia portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Adonism/5jVeLBsU">Adonism</a> (religion)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Apheca/Lv6gnNvb">Apheca</a>, the ancient name of <a href="/facts/Afqa/Lv6gnNvb">Afqa</a> in Lebanon</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Myrrha/VvlCe1Wd">Myrrha</a>, mother of Adonis, per Greek mythology</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Adonis_belt/zjJMf9Tx">Adonis belt</a> (anatomy)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Adonis_blue/vVUuyC4I">Adonis blue</a>, a brilliantly blue colored little butterfly</li></ul>
Psychology:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Muscle_dysmorphia/3C2MBRzP">Muscle dysmorphia</a>, as part of the <a href="/facts/Adonis_Complex/3C2MBRzP">Adonis Complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Theorizing_about_Myth/wnpN9y1E">Theorizing about Myth</a>: A <a href="/facts/Jungian/QDxb1bFd">Jungian</a> interpretation of the Adonis myth by R. Segal</li></ul>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Ovid/qw6buQ2V">Ovid</a>, <a href="/facts/Metamorphoses/1VToCpsF">Metamorphoses</a>. Translated by A. D. Melville; introduction and notes by E. J. Kenney. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-953737-2.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus/HJRTmcfI">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a>, Astronomica from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. <a href="https://topostext.org/work/207">Online version at the Topos Text Project.</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)/MR6V76lu">Apollodorus</a>, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/facts/Harvard_University_Press/YluAnq74">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Claudius_Aelianus/LoDk04gJ">Aelian</a>, On Animals, Volume III: Books 12-17, translated by A. F. Scholfield, <a href="/facts/Loeb_Classical_Library/AIRXBouP">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 449, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/facts/Harvard_University_Press/YluAnq74">Harvard University Press</a>, 1959. <a href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL449/1959/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-674-99494-2.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lucian/r5bPEm9C">Lucian</a>, <a href="/facts/Dialogues_of_the_Gods/apl5cwoc">Dialogues of the Gods</a>; translated by Fowler, H W and F G. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1905.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Greek_Anthology/gAL32Qj3">Greek Anthology</a>. with an English Translation by. W. R. Paton. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1916. 1. <a href="https://topostext.org/work/532">Full text available at topostext.org</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hans_M._Barstad/1rJrv73S">Barstad, Hans M.</a> (1984), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJQ3AAAAIAAJ&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA150">The Religious Polemics of Amos: Studies in the Preaching of Am 2, 7B-8; 4,1-13; 5,1-27; 6,4-7; 8,14</a>, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9789004070172</li>
<li>Bell, Robert E., Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary, <a href="/facts/ABC-CLIO/7B9JFAeq">ABC-CLIO</a> 1991, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-87436-581-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/mode/2up?view=theater">Internet Archive.</a></li>
<li>Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (1990), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MCOd-uAEQy0C&q=Ishtar+doves&pg=PA35">Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament</a>, vol. VI, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8028-2330-4</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Walter_Burkert/hbSlIfNH">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-674-36281-0</li>
<li>Burkert, Walter (1998) [1992], <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC">The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age</a>, Harvard University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0674643642</li>
<li>Corrente, Paola (2012), <a href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=95410">Dioniso y los Dying gods: paralelos metodológicos</a>, Universidad Complutense de Madrid</li>
<li>Corrente, Paola (2019), <a href="https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/podcast/philology-and-the-comparative-study-of-myths">Philology and the Comparative Study of Myths</a>, The Religious Studies Project</li>
<li>Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino">Aphrodite</a>, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-77523-6</li>
<li>Detienne, Marcel (1977). "Introduction by J.-P. Vernant". The Gardens of Adonis: Spices in Greek Mythology. Translated by Lloyd, Janet. New Jersey: The Humanities Press. pp. xii.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stephanie_Dalley/1r984P6h">Dalley, Stephanie</a> (1989), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Ishtar">Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-283589-5</li>
<li>Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143">The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition</a>, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0801031144</li>
<li>Ehrman, Bart D. (2012), Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth, New York City, new York: HarperCollins, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-220644-2</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Fontenrose/XVYQbN24">Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy</a> (1981). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tD4lJxC95mEC">Orion: The Myth of the Hunter and the Huntress</a>. <a href="/facts/University_of_California_Press/r11UnrYP">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-520-09632-0.</li>
<li>Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-631-20102-1.</li>
<li>Hansen, William F. (2004), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280">Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-530035-2</li>
<li>Hiscock, Andrew (2017), ""Suppose thou dost defend me from what is past": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece and the appetite for ancient memory", in Hiscock, Andrew; Wilder, Lina Perkins (eds.), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tUIwDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+most+popular&pg=PT400">The Routledge Handbook of Shakespeare and Memory</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-315-74594-7</li>
<li>Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in <a href="/facts/Anthony_Grafton/SAwd4fQx">Grafton, Anthony</a>; <a href="/facts/Glenn_W._Most/lr3aLrQ7">Most, Glenn W.</a>; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis">The Classical Tradition</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-674-03572-0</li>
<li>Lákta, Peter (2017), ""All Adonises Must Die": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and the episodic imaginary", in Marrapodi, Michele (ed.), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzslDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+popularity&pg=PA58">Shakespeare and the Visual Arts: The Italian Influence</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-315-21225-8</li>
<li>Mettinger, Tryggve N. D. (2004), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC&q=Tammuz+dying-and-rising+god&pg=PA375">"The "Dying and Rising God": A Survey of Research from Frazer to the Present Day"</a>, in Batto, Bernard F.; Roberts, Kathryn L. (eds.), David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-57506-092-2</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jonathan_Z._Smith/hA0FWxwb">Smith, Jonathan Z.</a> (1987), "Dying and Rising Gods", in Eliade, Mircea (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. IV, London, England: Macmillan, pp. 521–527, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0029097002</li>
<li><a href="/facts/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi/og9sFFbs">Kerényi, Karl</a> (1951), <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich">The Gods of the Greeks</a>, London, England: Thames and Hudson, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-500-27048-1 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>
<li>Lung, Tang (2014), <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2636/">"Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi"</a>, <a href="/facts/World_History_Encyclopedia/kMX0RlvU">World History Encyclopedia</a></li>
<li>Mahony, Patrick J. An Analysis of Shelley's Craftsmanship in Adonais. Rice University, 1964.</li>
<li>O'Brian, Patrick. "Post Captain." Aubrey/Maturin series. W.W. Norton, pg. 198. 1994.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jean-Pierre_Thiollet/Y3kmoHRM">Thiollet, Jean-Pierre</a>, 2005. Je m'appelle <a href="/facts/Byblos/CRQqeqRa">Byblos</a>, H & D, p. 71-80.</li>
<li>Pryke, Louise M. (2017), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&q=Ninshubur+gender&pg=PA94">Ishtar</a>, New York and London: Routledge, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-138--86073-5</li>
<li>Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 069022608X.</li>
<li>Warner, Marina (2016) [1976], Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-963994-6</li>
<li><a href="/facts/M._L._West/Ecsd8v8F">West, M. L.</a> (1997), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis">The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth</a>, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, p. 57, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-815221-3</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> Media related to Adonis at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">West 1997, p. 57. - West, M. L. (1997), The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, p. 57, ISBN 0-19-815221-3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Kerényi 1951, p. 67. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Cyrino 2010, p. 97. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Burkert 1985, pp. 176–177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Cyrino 2010, p. 97. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 23. <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Botterweck & Ringgren 1990, pp. 59–74. - Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (1990), Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, vol. VI, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., ISBN 978-0-8028-2330-4 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MCOd-uAEQy0C&q=Ishtar+doves&pg=PA35" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=MCOd-uAEQy0C&q=Ishtar+doves&pg=PA35</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">West 1997, p. 57. - West, M. L. (1997), The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, p. 57, ISBN 0-19-815221-3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Botterweck & Ringgren 1990, pp. 59–74. - Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (1990), Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, vol. VI, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., ISBN 978-0-8028-2330-4 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MCOd-uAEQy0C&q=Ishtar+doves&pg=PA35" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=MCOd-uAEQy0C&q=Ishtar+doves&pg=PA35</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Detienne 1977, p. 137. - Detienne, Marcel (1977). "Introduction by J.-P. Vernant". The Gardens of Adonis: Spices in Greek Mythology. Translated by Lloyd, Janet. New Jersey: The Humanities Press. pp. xii. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Pryke 2017, p. 193. - Pryke, Louise M. (2017), Ishtar, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-138--86073-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&q=Ninshubur+gender&pg=PA94" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&q=Ninshubur+gender&pg=PA94</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Pryke 2017, p. 195. - Pryke, Louise M. (2017), Ishtar, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-138--86073-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&q=Ninshubur+gender&pg=PA94" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&q=Ninshubur+gender&pg=PA94</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Warner 2016, p. 211. - Warner, Marina (2016) [1976], Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-963994-6 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Pryke 2017, p. 195. - Pryke, Louise M. (2017), Ishtar, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-138--86073-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&q=Ninshubur+gender&pg=PA94" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&q=Ninshubur+gender&pg=PA94</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Warner 2016, p. 211. - Warner, Marina (2016) [1976], Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-963994-6 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">West 1997, pp. 530–531. - West, M. L. (1997), The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, p. 57, ISBN 0-19-815221-3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">West 1997, pp. 530–531. - West, M. L. (1997), The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, p. 57, ISBN 0-19-815221-3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">West 1997, pp. 530–531. - West, M. L. (1997), The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, p. 57, ISBN 0-19-815221-3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">West 1997, p. 57. - West, M. L. (1997), The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, p. 57, ISBN 0-19-815221-3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Burkert 1985, p. 177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Burkert 1985, p. 177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Burkert 1985, p. 177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Burkert 1998, pp. 1–6. - Burkert, Walter (1998) [1992], The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674643642 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Burkert 1998, pp. 1–6. - Burkert, Walter (1998) [1992], The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674643642 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Burkert 1998, pp. 1–41. - Burkert, Walter (1998) [1992], The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674643642 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Atallah 1966. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Cyrino 2010, p. 97. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">W. Atallah, Adonis dans la littérature et l'art grecs, Paris, 1966. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Cyrino 2010, p. 97. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Burkert 1985, pp. 176–177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Cyrino 2010, p. 97. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Detienne 1977. - Detienne, Marcel (1977). "Introduction by J.-P. Vernant". The Gardens of Adonis: Spices in Greek Mythology. Translated by Lloyd, Janet. New Jersey: The Humanities Press. pp. xii. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Burkert 1985, p. 177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Cyrino 2010, p. 97. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Burkert 1985, p. 177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Cyrino 2010, pp. 97–98. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Burkert 1985, p. 177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Cyrino 2010, p. 98. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Burkert 1985, p. 177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Burkert 1985, p. 177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Detienne 1977, p. xii. - Detienne, Marcel (1977). "Introduction by J.-P. Vernant". The Gardens of Adonis: Spices in Greek Mythology. Translated by Lloyd, Janet. New Jersey: The Humanities Press. pp. xii. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Burkert 1985, p. 177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Cyrino 2010, p. 95. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.298–355 <a href="/wiki/Ovid" target="_blank">/wiki/Ovid</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Kerényi 1951, p. 75. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Hansen 2004, p. 289. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.298–355 <a href="/wiki/Ovid" target="_blank">/wiki/Ovid</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Kerényi 1951, p. 75. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.356-430 <a href="/wiki/Ovid" target="_blank">/wiki/Ovid</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.431-502 <a href="/wiki/Ovid" target="_blank">/wiki/Ovid</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.503 <a href="/wiki/Ovid" target="_blank">/wiki/Ovid</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Kerényi 1951, pp. 75–76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Hansen 2004, pp. 289–290. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Hansen 2004, p. 290. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Kerényi 1951, p. 76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Kerényi 1951, p. 76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Kerényi 1951, p. 76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Kerényi 1951, p. 76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Grimal, s.v. Adonis; Bell, s.v. Aphrodite; Tripp s.v Adonis <a href="https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar00grim/page/12/mode/2up?view=theater" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar00grim/page/12/mode/2up?view=theater</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Kerényi 1951, p. 76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Greek anthology Agathias Scholasticus 5.289 <a href="/wiki/Greek_anthology" target="_blank">/wiki/Greek_anthology</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Alciphron, Letters to Courtesans 4.14.1 <a href="/wiki/Alciphron" target="_blank">/wiki/Alciphron</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Clement of Alexandria, Exhortations 2.29 <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" target="_blank">/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.14.4 <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Apollodorus" target="_blank">/wiki/Pseudo-Apollodorus</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Kerényi 1951, p. 76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Kerényi 1951, p. 76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Hyginus, Astronomica 2.7.4 <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" target="_blank">/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Aelian, On Animals 9.36 <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" target="_blank">/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Lucian, Dialogues of the Gods Aphrodite and the Moon <a href="/wiki/Lucian" target="_blank">/wiki/Lucian</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Kerényi 1951, p. 76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Cyrino 2010, p. 96. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Cyrino 2010, p. 96. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">According to Nonnus, Dionysiaca 42.1f. Servius on Virgil's Eclogues x.18; Orphic Hymn lv.10; Ptolemy Hephaestionos, i.306u, all noted by Graves. Atallah (1966) fails to find any cultic or cultural connection with the boar, which he sees simply as a heroic myth-element. <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" target="_blank">/wiki/Nonnus</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Cyrino 2010, p. 96. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Kerényi 1951, p. 76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Cyrino 2010, p. 96. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Kerényi 1951, p. 76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Servius Commentary on Virgil's Eclogues 10.18 <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" target="_blank">/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Servius Commentary on Virgil's Eclogues 10.18 <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" target="_blank">/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Fontenrose 1981, p. 171. - Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1981). Orion: The Myth of the Hunter and the Huntress. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09632-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tD4lJxC95mEC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tD4lJxC95mEC</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Book 5 (summary from Photius, Myriobiblon 190). <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Book 2 (summary from Photius, Myriobiblon 190). <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Phanocles ap. <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Plut. Sumpos. iv. 5. <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Hull 2010, p. 7. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Ps.-Apollodorus, iii.14.4.1. <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Cyrino 2010, p. 96. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Cyrino 2010, p. 96. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010). Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology., p. 11, at Google Books <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgWfjNIxoMC&pg=PA11" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgWfjNIxoMC&pg=PA11</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Remarked upon in passing by Photius, Biblioteca 190 (on-line translation). <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" target="_blank">/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Kerényi 1951, p. 279. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Kerényi 1951, p. 76. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Hull 2010, p. 7. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Hull 2010, p. 7. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Hull 2010, p. 7. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Hull 2010, p. 7. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Hull 2010, pp. 7–8. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Hull 2010, p. 7. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Hull 2010, p. 7. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Hull 2010, pp. 7–8. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Lákta 2017, pp. 56–58. - Lákta, Peter (2017), ""All Adonises Must Die": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and the episodic imaginary", in Marrapodi, Michele (ed.), Shakespeare and the Visual Arts: The Italian Influence, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-21225-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzslDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+popularity&pg=PA58" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pzslDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+popularity&pg=PA58</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Cyrino 2010, p. 131. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Lákta 2017, p. 58. - Lákta, Peter (2017), ""All Adonises Must Die": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and the episodic imaginary", in Marrapodi, Michele (ed.), Shakespeare and the Visual Arts: The Italian Influence, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-21225-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzslDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+popularity&pg=PA58" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pzslDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+popularity&pg=PA58</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Hiscock 2017, p. unpaginated. - Hiscock, Andrew (2017), ""Suppose thou dost defend me from what is past": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece and the appetite for ancient memory", in Hiscock, Andrew; Wilder, Lina Perkins (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Shakespeare and Memory, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-74594-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tUIwDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+most+popular&pg=PT400" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tUIwDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+most+popular&pg=PT400</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Hiscock 2017, p. unpaginated. - Hiscock, Andrew (2017), ""Suppose thou dost defend me from what is past": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece and the appetite for ancient memory", in Hiscock, Andrew; Wilder, Lina Perkins (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Shakespeare and Memory, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-74594-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tUIwDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+most+popular&pg=PT400" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tUIwDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+most+popular&pg=PT400</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Lákta 2017, p. 58. - Lákta, Peter (2017), ""All Adonises Must Die": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and the episodic imaginary", in Marrapodi, Michele (ed.), Shakespeare and the Visual Arts: The Italian Influence, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-21225-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzslDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+popularity&pg=PA58" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pzslDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+popularity&pg=PA58</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Hiscock 2017, p. unpaginated. - Hiscock, Andrew (2017), ""Suppose thou dost defend me from what is past": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece and the appetite for ancient memory", in Hiscock, Andrew; Wilder, Lina Perkins (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Shakespeare and Memory, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-74594-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tUIwDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+most+popular&pg=PT400" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tUIwDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+most+popular&pg=PT400</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Lákta 2017, p. 58. - Lákta, Peter (2017), ""All Adonises Must Die": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and the episodic imaginary", in Marrapodi, Michele (ed.), Shakespeare and the Visual Arts: The Italian Influence, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-21225-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzslDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+popularity&pg=PA58" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pzslDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+popularity&pg=PA58</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Lákta 2017, p. 58. - Lákta, Peter (2017), ""All Adonises Must Die": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and the episodic imaginary", in Marrapodi, Michele (ed.), Shakespeare and the Visual Arts: The Italian Influence, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-21225-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzslDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+popularity&pg=PA58" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pzslDwAAQBAJ&q=Venus+and+Adonis+popularity&pg=PA58</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Hull 2010, p. 7. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Hull 2010, p. 8. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Hull 2010, p. 8. - Hull, Elizabeth M. (2010), "Adonis", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Adonis</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Ehrman 2012, pp. 222–223. - Ehrman, Bart D. (2012), Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth, New York City, new York: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-06-220644-2 <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Mettinger 2004, p. 375. - Mettinger, Tryggve N. D. (2004), "The "Dying and Rising God": A Survey of Research from Frazer to the Present Day", in Batto, Bernard F.; Roberts, Kathryn L. (eds.), David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, ISBN 1-57506-092-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC&q=Tammuz+dying-and-rising+god&pg=PA375" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC&q=Tammuz+dying-and-rising+god&pg=PA375</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Barstad 1984, pp. 149–150. - Barstad, Hans M. (1984), The Religious Polemics of Amos: Studies in the Preaching of Am 2, 7B-8; 4,1-13; 5,1-27; 6,4-7; 8,14, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, ISBN 9789004070172 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJQ3AAAAIAAJ&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA150" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VJQ3AAAAIAAJ&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA150</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Barstad 1984, p. 149. - Barstad, Hans M. (1984), The Religious Polemics of Amos: Studies in the Preaching of Am 2, 7B-8; 4,1-13; 5,1-27; 6,4-7; 8,14, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, ISBN 9789004070172 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJQ3AAAAIAAJ&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA150" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VJQ3AAAAIAAJ&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA150</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Ehrman 2012, pp. 222–223. - Ehrman, Bart D. (2012), Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth, New York City, new York: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-06-220644-2 <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Eddy & Boyd 2007, pp. 140–142. - Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007), The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, ISBN 978-0801031144 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Smith 1987, pp. 521–527. - Smith, Jonathan Z. (1987), "Dying and Rising Gods", in Eliade, Mircea (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. IV, London, England: Macmillan, pp. 521–527, ISBN 0029097002 <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Mettinger 2004, p. 374. - Mettinger, Tryggve N. D. (2004), "The "Dying and Rising God": A Survey of Research from Frazer to the Present Day", in Batto, Bernard F.; Roberts, Kathryn L. (eds.), David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, ISBN 1-57506-092-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC&q=Tammuz+dying-and-rising+god&pg=PA375" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC&q=Tammuz+dying-and-rising+god&pg=PA375</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">Smith 1987, pp. 521–527. - Smith, Jonathan Z. (1987), "Dying and Rising Gods", in Eliade, Mircea (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. IV, London, England: Macmillan, pp. 521–527, ISBN 0029097002 <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">Mettinger 2004, p. 374. - Mettinger, Tryggve N. D. (2004), "The "Dying and Rising God": A Survey of Research from Frazer to the Present Day", in Batto, Bernard F.; Roberts, Kathryn L. (eds.), David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, ISBN 1-57506-092-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC&q=Tammuz+dying-and-rising+god&pg=PA375" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC&q=Tammuz+dying-and-rising+god&pg=PA375</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">Eddy & Boyd 2007, p. 143. - Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007), The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, ISBN 978-0801031144 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">Eddy & Boyd 2007, p. 143. - Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007), The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, ISBN 978-0801031144 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">Burkert 1985, p. 177. - Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0 <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Eddy & Boyd 2007, p. 143. - Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007), The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, ISBN 978-0801031144 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">Dalley 1989. - Dalley, Stephanie (1989), Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-283589-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Ishtar" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Ishtar</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Corrente 2012. - Corrente, Paola (2012), Dioniso y los Dying gods: paralelos metodológicos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid <a href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=95410" target="_blank">https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=95410</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">Corrente 2019. - Corrente, Paola (2019), Philology and the Comparative Study of Myths, The Religious Studies Project <a href="https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/podcast/philology-and-the-comparative-study-of-myths" target="_blank">https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/podcast/philology-and-the-comparative-study-of-myths</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

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