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S band
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<h2 id="wi-fi">Wi-Fi</h2> <p>The largest use of this band is by <a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">Wi-Fi</a> networks; the <a href="/facts/IEEE_802.11/ryEGu6Vq">IEEE 802.11b</a> and <a href="/facts/IEEE_802.11/ryEGu6Vq">802.11g</a> standards use the 2.4 GHz section of the S band. These are the most widely used computer networks in the world, used globally in <a href="/facts/Small_office%2fhome_office/3aub8CPG">home and small office networks</a> to link <a href="/facts/Desktop_computer/edFPINdK">desktop</a> and <a href="/facts/Laptop/3EFwTAb2">laptop</a> computers, <a href="/facts/Tablet_computer/6pGX2I7b">tablet computers</a>, <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphones</a>, <a href="/facts/Smart_TV/JE3CHk0y">smart TVs</a>, <a href="/facts/Printer_(computing)/PnDF2QuF">printers</a>, and <a href="/facts/Smart_speaker/S7DPuMB5">smart speakers</a> together and to a <a href="/facts/Wireless_router/E1ye7RVV">wireless router</a> to connect them to the Internet, and in <a href="/facts/Wireless_access_point/701JjIzt">wireless access points</a> in public places like coffee shops, hotels, libraries and airports to provide the public Internet access for mobile devices. </p> <h2 id="mobile-services">Mobile services</h2> <p>Mobile services are operated in the 2.3 GHz to 2.6 GHz range, specifically between the 2300–2400 MHz band and the 2500–2690 MHz band. Spectrum in the 3.55–3.7 GHz band has been auctioned off in the United States to be used for <a href="/facts/CBRS/DC6M7nr4">CBRS</a> services and spectrum between 3.45–3.55 GHz and 3.7–3.98 GHz has been auctioned off by the FCC for 5G although this spectrum is referred to as <a href="/facts/C_band_(IEEE)/vLddLTc2">C Band</a> by the agency. </p> <h2 id="satellite-communications">Satellite communications</h2> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/facts/Federal_Communications_Commission/Ueghz8W0">FCC</a> approved satellite-based <a href="/facts/Digital_Audio_Radio_Service/fJmR5JEr">Digital Audio Radio Service</a> (DARS) <a href="/facts/Radio_broadcasting/FLJVq8Ec">broadcasting</a> in the S band from 2.31 to 2.36 GHz in 1995,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> used by <a href="/facts/Sirius_XM_Radio/dHAYI1h6">Sirius XM Radio</a>. More recently, it has approved portions of the S band between 2.0 and 2.2 GHz for the creation of Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) networks in connection with Ancillary Terrestrial Components (ATC). There have been a number of companies attempting to deploy such networks, including ICO Satellite Management (now <a href="/facts/Pendrell_Corporation/jmqmBy9l">Pendrell Corporation</a>) and <a href="/facts/TerreStar/McttHSWa">TerreStar</a> (defunct). </p><p>The 2.6 GHz range is used for <a href="/facts/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting/tPUJIuot">China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting</a>, a <a href="/facts/Satellite_radio/REltC2M9">satellite radio</a> and <a href="/facts/Mobile_TV/N06lgVtM">mobile TV</a> standard which, as with proprietary systems in the United States, is incompatible with the <a href="/facts/Open_standard/RGvhGQVI">open standards</a> used in the rest of the world. </p><p>In May 2009, <a href="/facts/Inmarsat/G2XzF3r6">Inmarsat</a> and <a href="/facts/Solaris_Mobile/rkaWqagQ">Solaris Mobile</a> (a joint venture between <a href="/facts/Eutelsat_Communications/XEv7LccL">Eutelsat</a> and <a href="/facts/SES_(company)/rmak3edy">SES</a> (<a href="/facts/EchoStar_Mobile/rkaWqagQ">EchoStar Mobile</a>)) were each awarded a 2×15 MHz portion of the S band by the <a href="/facts/European_Commission/Cc5JgbEI">European Commission</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The two companies are allowed two years to start providing pan-European MSS services for 18 years. Allocated frequencies are 1.98 to 2.01 GHz for Earth to space communications, and from 2.17 to 2.2 GHz for space to Earth communications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The Eutelsat <a href="/facts/W_series_(satellites)/tPqprC5k">W2A</a> satellite was launched in April 2009 and is located at 10° East. </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, S band is used by <a href="/facts/MNC_Vision/ELQwPYV4">MNC Vision</a> for <a href="/facts/Direct_broadcast_satellite/UxytxnPW">Direct-to-Home satellite</a> television (unlike similar services in most countries, which use <a href="/facts/Ku_band/czTuuqpT">Ku band</a>). The frequency allocated for this service is 2.52-2.67 GHz (LOF 1.570 GHz). </p><p><a href="/facts/IndoStar-1/IBUTbvn3">IndoStar-1</a> was the world's first commercial communications satellite to use S-band frequencies for broadcast, which efficiently penetrate the atmosphere and provide high-quality transmissions to small-diameter 80 cm antennas in regions that experience heavy rainfall such as Indonesia. A similar Ku- or C-band reception performance requires greater transmission power or much larger dish to penetrate the moist atmosphere. </p> <h3>Deep space communications</h3> <p>Many NASA spacecraft (near Earth and interplanetary) can communicate in the S-band, often using the <a href="/facts/Deep_Space_Network/IcapMQTR">Deep Space Network</a>. For example, the <a href="/facts/James_Webb_Space_Telescope/w4GAWnWX">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, launched in 2021, utilizes 2 GHz S-band to enable 40 kbps real time telemetry<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> from near the Sun–Earth <a href="/facts/L2_point/XCAN4o3P">L2 point</a>. </p> <h2 id="other-uses">Other uses</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Citizens_Broadband_Radio_Service/DC6M7nr4">Citizens Broadband Radio Service</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Microwave_oven/nS1B3wp2">Microwave ovens</a> operate at 2495 or 2450 MHz in the ISM band <a href="/facts/IEEE_802.16/gQNlGXha">IEEE 802.16a</a>. Some digital cordless telephones operate in this band too. 802.16e standards use a part of the frequency range of S band; under <a href="/facts/WiMAX/tz9zpKHU">WiMAX</a> standards. Most vendors are manufacturing equipment in the range of 3.5 GHz. The exact frequency range allocated for this type of use varies between countries. </p><p>In North America, 2.4–2.483 GHz is an <a href="/facts/ISM_band/8r8D1WB7">ISM band</a> used for <a href="/facts/Unlicensed_spectrum/etDs5EYB">unlicensed spectrum</a> devices such as <a href="/facts/Cordless_phone/Y6PEsMk7">cordless phones</a>, <a href="/facts/Wireless_headphone/hLd5e4Kv">wireless headphones</a>, and <a href="/facts/Video_sender/IseFle5b">video senders</a>, among other <a href="/facts/Consumer_electronics/cJ8g9NXh">consumer electronics</a> uses, including <a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a> which operates between 2.402 GHz and 2.480 GHz. </p><p><a href="/facts/Amateur_radio/cBsMyamV">Amateur radio</a> and <a href="/facts/Amateur_satellite/FQh7pzeM">amateur satellite</a> operators have two S-band allocations, <a href="/facts/13-centimeter_band/nS7XgTBh">13 cm</a> (2.4 GHz) and <a href="/facts/9-centimeter_band/uf7UtdkM">9 cm</a> (3.4 GHz). <a href="/facts/Amateur_television/JxWGlnHm">Amateur television</a> repeaters also operate in these bands. </p><p>Airport surveillance radars typically operate in the 2700–2900 MHz range. </p><p>Particle accelerators may be powered by S-band RF sources. The frequencies are then standardized at 2.998 GHz corresponding to a wavelength of 100 mm (Europe) or 2.856 GHz (US).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The National <a href="/facts/NEXRAD/aS650Dvc">NEXRAD</a> Radar network operates with S-band frequencies. Before implementation of this system, <a href="/facts/C_band_(IEEE)/vLddLTc2">C-band</a> frequencies were commonly used for weather surveillance. </p><p>In the United States, the 3.55 to 3.7 GHz band is becoming shared spectrum under rules adopted by the <a href="/facts/Federal_Communications_Commission/Ueghz8W0">Federal Communications Commission</a> in April 2015 as a result of the <a href="/facts/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)/bqFuRvq7">National Broadband Plan (United States)</a>. The biggest user of CBRS (<a href="/facts/Citizens_Broadband_Radio_Service/DC6M7nr4">Citizens Broadband Radio Service</a>) spectrum is the <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">United States Navy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Cable companies are planning to use the band for <a href="/facts/Wireless_broadband/99xYxl9I">wireless broadband</a> in rural areas, with <a href="/facts/Charter_Communications/YynW6XP5">Charter Communications</a> beginning tests of the service in January 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>The band is also used as a transmit intermediate frequency in satellite communications as a replacement for <a href="/facts/L_band/6l9P26IP">L band</a> where a single/shared coaxial connection is used between the modem/IDU and antenna/ODU for both the transmit and receive signals. This is to prevent interference between the transmit and receive signals which would otherwise not occur on a dual coaxial setup where the transmit and receive signals are separate and both can use the whole L-band frequency range. In a single coaxial connection using S-Band to "frequency shift" the transmit signal away from L band, a multiplier such as 10, is usually applied to form the SHF frequency. For example, the modem would transmit at 2.815 GHz IF (S Band) to the ODU and then the ODU up-converts this signal to 28.15 GHz SHF (<a href="/facts/Ka_band/YqDrokxy">Ka Band</a>) towards the satellite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="optical-communications">Optical communications</h2> <p>S band is also used in <a href="/facts/Optical_communications/gshoNBto">optical communications</a> to refer to the wavelength range <a href="/facts/Fiber-optic_communication/dc6S0Hg5">1460 nm to 1530 nm</a>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_2.4_GHz_radio_use/CbScDLyF">Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ISM_band/8r8D1WB7">ISM band</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Unified_S-band/Q52AILHG">Unified S-band</a>, an S-band communication system used in the <a href="/facts/Apollo_program/IC1Ek1Ao">Apollo program</a> of crewed spaceflight</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119014725/http://www.terrestar.com/">"TerreStar Networks"</a>. <i>TerreStar Corporation</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.terrestar.com/">the original</a> on 19 January 2010.</li> <li>Christy, Robert. <a href="http://www.zarya.info/Frequencies/FrequenciesSband.php">"Satellite Radio Frequencies: Transmissions at S-band"</a>. <i>Zarya.info</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813230620/http://www.zarya.info/Frequencies/FrequenciesSband.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2012.</li> <li>Esteves, John P. (1 August 2004). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050301210244/http://www.tsgc.utexas.edu/archive/characterizations/pioneer10.html">"Pioneer 10 & 11"</a>. <i>Texas Space Grant Consortium</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.tsgc.utexas.edu/archive/characterizations/pioneer10.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2005.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System Signal In Space Interface Control Document for Standard Positioning Service" (PDF). Indian Space Research Organization. August 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023003/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/irnss_sps_icd_version1.1-2017.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023003/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/irnss_sps_icd_version1.1-2017.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Today in Radio History (January 12)". Radio World. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2020. <a href="https://www.radioworld.com/misc-1/today-in-radio-history" target="_blank">https://www.radioworld.com/misc-1/today-in-radio-history</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Press release - European Commission paves the way for European mobile satellite services". Europa.eu. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2018. <a href="http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/09/770" target="_blank">http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/09/770</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Decision No 626/2008/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2008 on the selection and authorisation of systems providing mobile satellite services (MSS)" (PDF). European Communications Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630060054/http://www.erodocdb.dk/docs/doc98/Official/Pdf/6262008EC.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170630060054/http://www.erodocdb.dk/docs/doc98/Official/Pdf/6262008EC.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"JWST Communications Subsystem - JWST User Documentation". <a href="https://jwst-docs.stsci.edu/jwst-observatory-hardware/jwst-spacecraft-bus/jwst-communications-subsystem#:~:text=JWST's%20communications%20subsystem%20is%20the,rate%20telemetry%20downlink%2C%20and%20ranging." target="_blank">https://jwst-docs.stsci.edu/jwst-observatory-hardware/jwst-spacecraft-bus/jwst-communications-subsystem#:~:text=JWST's%20communications%20subsystem%20is%20the,rate%20telemetry%20downlink%2C%20and%20ranging.</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Kim, Yujong (2012). "Performance Comparison of S-band, C-band, and X-band RF Linac based XFELs" (PDF). Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. <a href="https://www.jlab.org/conferences/FLS2012/talks/Thur/isu_jlab39_fls2012_57_final.PDF" target="_blank">https://www.jlab.org/conferences/FLS2012/talks/Thur/isu_jlab39_fls2012_57_final.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Baumgartner, Jeff (23 October 2017). "CBRS Spectrum Could Open Windows of Opportunity for Cable Ops". Broadcasting & Cable: 18. <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable" target="_blank">/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Brown, Bob (14 March 2017). "FAQ: What in the wireless world is CBRS?". Network World. Retrieved 11 January 2018. <a href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/961402/faq-what-in-the-wireless-world-is-cbrs.html" target="_blank">https://www.networkworld.com/article/961402/faq-what-in-the-wireless-world-is-cbrs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Baumgartner, Jeff (5 February 2018). "Charter Puts Wireless Broadband to the Test". Broadcasting & Cable: 22. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Datasheet for Newtec MDM2210 Terminal with S-Band Transmit Frequency" (PDF). Newtec. May 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034255/https://www.newtec.eu/frontend/files/leaflet/newtec-mdm2210-on-the-newtec-dialog-platform.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034255/https://www.newtec.eu/frontend/files/leaflet/newtec-mdm2210-on-the-newtec-dialog-platform.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Full Manual for Tooway™ Satellite Terminal with S-Band Transmit Frequency" (PDF). Tooway. October 2009. p. 28. <a href="http://www.accesointernetsatelital.com/downloads/ToowayKav4.6-EN.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.accesointernetsatelital.com/downloads/ToowayKav4.6-EN.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>