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Lateral consonant
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<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <p>English has one lateral phoneme: the lateral approximant /l/, which in many accents has two <a href="/facts/Allophone/2gp1p5PN">allophones</a>. One, found before vowels (and /j/) as in <i>lady</i> or <i>fly</i> (or <i>value</i>), is called <i>clear l</i>, pronounced as the <a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">alveolar lateral approximant</a> [l] with a "neutral" position of the body of the tongue. The other variant, so-called <i>dark l</i>, found before consonants or word-finally, as in <i>bold</i> or <i>tell</i>, is pronounced as the <a href="/facts/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">uvularized alveolar lateral approximant</a> [ɫ] with the tongue assuming a spoon-like shape with its back part raised, which gives the sound a [w]- or [ʟ]-like resonance. In some languages, like <a href="/facts/Albanian_language/6CyC8GPJ">Albanian</a>, those two sounds are different phonemes. <a href="/facts/Gheg_Albanian/PdW1BC7d">Malsia e Madhe Gheg Albanian</a> and <a href="/facts/Salamina_Island/7CIYAKJa">Salamina</a> <a href="/facts/Arvanitika/QJsEFn9w">Arvanitika</a> even have the three-way distinction of laterals /<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental%2c_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants/dgbHhqeK">l</a>/, /<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant/95EyBgHm">ʎ</a>/ and /<a href="/facts/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">ɫ</a>/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> <a href="/facts/East_Slavic_languages/J4J8nyUC">East Slavic languages</a> contrast [ɫ] and [lʲ] but do not have [l]. </p><p>In many British accents (e.g. <a href="/facts/Cockney/9agMjMmd">Cockney</a>), dark [ɫ] may undergo <a href="/facts/L-vocalization/d6Ubls6k">vocalization</a> through the reduction and loss of contact between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, becoming a rounded back vowel or glide. This process turns <i>tell</i> into [tɛɰ], as must have happened with <i>talk</i> [tɔːk] or <i>walk</i> [wɔːk] at some stage. A similar process happened during the development of many other languages, including <a href="/facts/Brazilian_Portuguese/9wrGa38X">Brazilian Portuguese</a>, <a href="/facts/Old_French/QcRpPdAc">Old French</a>, and <a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a>, in all three of these resulting in <a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_approximant/FuQu6RVl">voiced velar approximant</a> [ɰ] or <a href="/facts/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">voiced labio-velar approximant</a> [w], whence <a href="/facts/Modern_French/qe1DnaQh">Modern French</a> <i>sauce</i> as compared with <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a> <i>salsa</i>, or Polish <i>Wisła</i> (pronounced [viswa]) as compared with English <i><a href="/facts/Vistula/mnDW9Uqt">Vistula</a></i>. </p><p>In central and Venice dialects of <a href="/facts/Venetian_language/FeaL1TE9">Venetian</a>, intervocalic /l/ has turned into a semivocalic [e̯], so that the written word <i>ła bała</i> is pronounced [abae̯a]. The orthography uses the letter <a href="/facts/%25C5%2581/0Ge4MIc9">ł</a> to represent this phoneme (it specifically represents not the [e̯] sound but the phoneme that is, in some dialects, [e̯] and, in others, [l]). </p><p>Many aboriginal <a href="/facts/Australian_languages/qgJ0HxDm">Australian languages</a> have a series of three or four lateral approximants, as do various dialects of <a href="/facts/Irish_language/Kw97s2l4">Irish</a>. Rarer lateral consonants include the retroflex laterals that can be found in many <a href="/facts/Languages_of_India/6XDhJrTq">languages of India</a> and in some <a href="/facts/Swedish_dialects/X1CEWEau">Swedish dialects</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> /ɬ/, found in many <a href="/facts/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas/phwWNwhJ">Native North American languages</a>, <a href="/facts/Welsh_phonology/lu715FFI">Welsh</a> and <a href="/facts/Zulu_language/qzd3p6Yr">Zulu</a>. In <a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a> and some <a href="/facts/Athabaskan_languages/JMyzHIem">Athabaskan languages</a> like <a href="/facts/H%25C3%25A4n_language/771ruUY1">Hän</a>, both voiceless and voiced alveolar lateral fricatives occur, but there is no approximant. Many of these languages also have lateral <a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">affricates</a>. Some languages have palatal or velar voiceless lateral fricatives or affricates, such as <a href="/facts/Dahalo_language/4okdwR9k">Dahalo</a> and <a href="/facts/Zulu_language/qzd3p6Yr">Zulu</a>, but the IPA has no symbols for such sounds. However, appropriate symbols are easy to make by adding a lateral-fricative belt to the symbol for the corresponding lateral approximant (see below). Also, a devoicing diacritic may be added to the approximant. </p> <p>Nearly all languages with such lateral obstruents also have the approximant. However, there are a number of exceptions, many of them located in the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Northwest/EjJhETXc">Pacific Northwest</a> area of the United States. For example, <a href="/facts/Tlingit_language/LUCoX15r">Tlingit</a> has /tɬ, tɬʰ, tɬʼ, ɬ, ɬʼ/ but no /l/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Other examples from the same area include <a href="/facts/Nuu-chah-nulth_language/5pzH02Rt">Nuu-chah-nulth</a> and <a href="/facts/Kutenai_language/JrgYJLfA">Kutenai</a>, and elsewhere, <a href="/facts/Mongolian_language/0Lxog7Md">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/facts/Chukchi_language/zQ8WNLh5">Chukchi</a>, and <a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a>. </p><p><a href="/facts/Standard_Tibetan/SVRgs3bM">Standard Tibetan</a> has a <a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant/Vzem3juJ">voiceless lateral approximant</a>, usually romanized as <i>lh</i>, as in the name <a href="/facts/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)/a4ocGPHG">Lhasa</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/facts/Uvular_lateral_approximant/F7y2qwcR">uvular lateral approximant</a> has been reported to occur in some speakers of <a href="/facts/American_English/sdAfgPgM">American English</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Pashto_language/hc2ndCqx">Pashto</a> has a <a href="/facts/Retroflex_lateral_flap/QQKG1xon">retroflex lateral flap</a> that becomes <a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_approximant/TvVxIsqL">voiced retroflex approximant</a> when it is at the end of a syllable and a word. </p><p>There are a large number of lateral <a href="/facts/Click_consonant/qdv9xIKR">click consonants</a>; 17 occur in <a href="/facts/!X%25C3%25B3%25C3%25B5/Qkaht8y5">!Xóõ</a>. </p><p>Lateral <a href="/facts/Trill_consonant/GKS3ga4q">trills</a> are also possible, but they do not occur in any known language. They may be pronounced by initiating [ɬ] or [ɮ] with an especially forceful airflow. There is no symbol for them in the IPA. They are sometimes used to imitate <a href="/facts/Bird_call/5A0oHvHo">bird calls</a>, and they are a component of <a href="/facts/Donald_Duck_talk/c1h0JqL8">Donald Duck talk</a>. </p> <h2 id="list-of-laterals">List of laterals</h2> <h3>Approximants</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">Voiced dental lateral approximant</a> [l̪] (in <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>, <a href="/facts/Chinese_language/771ruUY1">Chinese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">Voiced alveolar lateral approximant</a> [l] (in <a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a>, <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a>, <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant/LHNtHWAC">Voiced retroflex lateral approximant</a> [ɭ] (in <a href="/facts/Dhivehi_language/ld63l0V9">Dhivehi</a>, <a href="/facts/Korean_language/dmNnRxAA">Korean</a>, <a href="/facts/Telegu_language/yV5dQWhw">Telegu</a>, <a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant/95EyBgHm">Voiced palatal lateral approximant</a> [ʎ] (in <a href="/facts/Aymara_language/MGzXcISr">Aymara</a>, <a href="/facts/Anindilyakwa_language/FPCmm3up">Anindilyakwa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant/ruLxvhGB">Voiced velar lateral approximant</a> [ʟ] (in <a href="/facts/Wahgi_language/FfVU7m2o">Wahgi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant/F7y2qwcR">Voiced uvular lateral approximant</a> [ʟ̠] (in some American dialects)</li></ul> <h3>Fricatives</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_dental_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">Voiceless dental lateral fricative</a> [ɬ̪] (in <a href="/facts/Wahgi_language/FfVU7m2o">Wahgi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_lateral_fricative/69Vsl5Dx">Voiced dental lateral fricative</a> [ɮ̪] (allophonic in Wahgi)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> [ɬ] (in <a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>, <a href="/facts/Chukchi_language/zQ8WNLh5">Chukchi</a>, <a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a>, <a href="/facts/Navajo_language/Us0lrsYt">Navajo</a>, <a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative/69Vsl5Dx">Voiced alveolar lateral fricative</a> [ɮ] (in Adyghe, Kabardian, <a href="/facts/Mongolian_language/0Lxog7Md">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/facts/Tigak_language/QNetWFqK">Tigak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative/vNpDdemW">Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative</a> [ꞎ] (in <a href="/facts/Toda_language/LfCw5auo">Toda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative/AVwXWbSy">Voiced retroflex lateral fricative</a> [ɭ˔] ([𝼅]) (in <a href="/facts/Ao_language/Y7Cn0WoQ">Ao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative/qTLRzlxA">Voiceless palatal lateral fricative</a> [𝼆] (in <a href="/facts/Dahalo_language/4okdwR9k">Dahalo</a>, <a href="/facts/Inupiaq_language/CUdMLN9u">Inupiaq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative/wI3spox5">Voiced palatal lateral fricative</a> [ʎ̝] ([𝼆̬]) (allophonic in <a href="/facts/Jebero_language/Izjth2do">Jebero</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative/Mz2elSyh">Voiceless velar lateral fricative</a> [𝼄] (in <a href="/facts/Archi_language/t0zYWDGG">Archi</a>, <a href="/facts/Nii_language/KQIEoyKc">Nii</a>, Wahgi)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative/3oyle6JM">Voiced velar lateral fricative</a> [ʟ̝] ([𝼄̬]) (in <a href="/facts/Archi_language/t0zYWDGG">Archi</a>, allophonic in Wahgi)</li></ul> <p>Only the alveolar lateral fricatives have dedicated letters in the IPA proper, though the retroflex letters are 'implied'. The others are provided by the <a href="/facts/ExtIPA/LDcj1gPx">extIPA</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_lateral-median_fricative/WLKtEYDe">Voiceless lateral-median fricative</a> [θ̠ˡ] or extIPA [ʪ] (in Al-Rubūʽah <a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>, <a href="/facts/Mehri_language/nB7JK7p4">Mehri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_lateral-median_fricative/TtHwyzp6">Voiced lateral-median fricative</a> [ð̠ˡ] or extIPA [ʫ] (in <a href="/facts/Rijal_Almaa/Tst98snJ">Rijal Almaa</a> <a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>, <a href="/facts/Mehri_language/nB7JK7p4">Mehri</a>)</li></ul> <h3>Affricates</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate/js2wGUT3">Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate</a> [tɬ] (in Navajo, <a href="/facts/Tlingit_language/LUCoX15r">Tlingit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate/h76MgFjP">Voiced alveolar lateral affricate</a> [dɮ] (allophonic in Zulu and Xhosa)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate/UWYVSQ7b">Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate</a> [ʈꞎ] (in <a href="/facts/Bhadrawahi_language/9G5aEVCB">Bhadrawahi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate/K6DKhtYo">Voiced retroflex lateral affricate</a> [ɖɭ˔] ([ɖ𝼅]) (in <a href="/facts/Bhadrawahi_language/9G5aEVCB">Bhadrawahi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate/LQY9XtN4">Voiceless palatal lateral affricate</a> [c𝼆] (perhaps prepalatal in <a href="/facts/Sandawe_language/uyBM2qka">Sandawe</a> and <a href="/facts/Hadza_language/4f234tzk">Hadza</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate/Fuhvdvq9">Voiced palatal lateral affricate</a> [ɟʎ̝] (perhaps prepalatal in <a href="/facts/Sandawe_language/uyBM2qka">Sandawe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate/Wk3xCaVb">Voiceless velar lateral affricate</a> [k𝼄] (in <a href="/facts/Archi_language/t0zYWDGG">Archi</a>, <a href="/facts/Laghuu_language/WYMLT2dQ">Laghuu</a>, <a href="/facts/Muji_language/PjNDlKxF">Muji</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate/XrFTW9M8">Voiced velar lateral affricate</a> [ɡʟ̝] (in <a href="/facts/Hiw_language/pYtSc3hC">Hiw</a>, <a href="/facts/Laghuu_language/WYMLT2dQ">Laghuu</a>, <a href="/facts/Muji_language/PjNDlKxF">Muji</a>)</li></ul> <h3>Flaps</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap/XeGy8a51">Voiceless alveolar lateral flap</a> [ɺ̥] (in <a href="/facts/Yavitero_language/2mET8Kv9">Yavitero</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Karu_language/SCMMpQRw">Karu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap/M7k7hU5m">Voiced alveolar lateral flap</a> [ɺ] (in <a href="/facts/Wayuu_language/Ew5JUbSG">Wayuu</a>, <a href="/facts/Iwaidja_language/9SIPerTM">Iwaidja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap/v5lEUe77">Voiceless retroflex lateral flap</a> [𝼈̥] (allophonic in Wahgi)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap/QQKG1xon">Voiced retroflex lateral flap</a> [𝼈] (in <a href="/facts/Pashto_language/hc2ndCqx">Pashto</a>, <a href="/facts/Iwaidja_language/9SIPerTM">Iwaidja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Palatal_lateral_flap/ABKyTR6C">Palatal lateral flap</a> [ʎ̮] (allophonic in <a href="/facts/Iwaidja_language/9SIPerTM">Iwaidja</a> and <a href="/facts/Ilgar_language/hqwSwEJa">Ilgar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Velar_lateral_flap/UhmIURjW">Velar lateral flap</a> [ʟ̆] (in <a href="/facts/Kanite_language/bebSaG2y">Kanite</a> and <a href="/facts/Melpa_language/oh1sJKx6">Melpa</a>)</li></ul> <h3>Ejective</h3> <h4>Affricates</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate/f6DqronT">Alveolar lateral ejective affricate</a> [tɬʼ] (in <a href="/facts/Besleney/xGp1775o">Baslaney</a>, Navajo, Tlingit)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate/kqx4roNT">Palatal lateral ejective affricate</a> [c𝼆ʼ] (in <a href="/facts/Dahalo_language/4okdwR9k">Dahalo</a>, Sandawe, Hadza)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate/Vso5rRma">Velar lateral ejective affricate</a> [k𝼄ʼ] (in <a href="/facts/Archi_language/t0zYWDGG">Archi</a>, <a href="/facts/G%25C7%2580wi_language/VMS8wrcc">Gǀwi</a>, <a href="/facts/Zulu_language/qzd3p6Yr">Zulu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate/9FSqXr8q">Uvular lateral ejective affricate</a> [q𝼄̠ʼ] (in <a href="/facts/%25C7%2582%25CA%25BCAmkoe_language/Lybc7MSV">ǂʼAmkoe</a>, <a href="/facts/G%25C7%2580wi_language/VMS8wrcc">Gǀwi</a>)</li></ul> <h4>Fricatives</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative/KuJKR8Ur">Alveolar lateral ejective fricative</a> [ɬ'] (in <a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>, <a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a>, <a href="/facts/Tlingit_language/LUCoX15r">Tlingit</a>)</li></ul> <h3>Clicks</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_click/KD0MxNDI">Alveolar lateral clicks</a> [ᵏǁ], [ᵏǁˀ], [ᵑ̊ǁʰ] <i>etc.</i> (in all five <a href="/facts/Khoisan_languages/2G4EF5vM">Khoisan</a> families and several <a href="/facts/Bantu_languages/6xKvpQ1a">Bantu languages</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="ambiguous-centrality">Ambiguous centrality</h2> <p>The IPA requires sounds to be defined as to centrality, as either central or lateral. However, languages may be ambiguous as to some consonants' laterality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> A well-known example is the liquid consonant in Japanese, represented in common transliteration systems as ⟨r⟩, which can be recognized as a (post)<a href="/facts/Alveolar_tap/EvQ781EU">alveolar tap</a> /ɾ/,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_flap/M7k7hU5m">alveolar lateral flap</a> /ɺ/, (post)<a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">alveolar lateral approximant</a> /l/, (post)<a href="/facts/Alveolar_approximant/f1wQ41RI">alveolar approximant</a> /ɹ/,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_stop/SQT2LTNM">voiced retroflex stop</a> /ɖ/,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and various less common forms. </p> <h2 id="lateralized-consonants">Lateralized consonants</h2> <p>A superscript ⟨ˡ⟩ is defined as <a href="/facts/Lateral_release_(phonetics)/IAYrBnpg">lateral release</a>. </p><p>Consonants may also be pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow. This is well-known from speech pathology with a <a href="/facts/Lateral_lisp/akc2XvY2">lateral lisp</a>. However, it also occurs in nondisordered speech in some southern <a href="/facts/Arabic_dialects/YWBtGBoP">Arabic dialects</a> and possibly some <a href="/facts/Modern_South_Arabian_languages/m6nqco4K">Modern South Arabian languages</a>, which have pharyngealized nonsibilant /ʪ̪ˤ/ and /ʫ̪ˤ/ (simultaneous [θ͜ɬˤ] and [ð͡ɮˤ]) and possibly a sibilant /ʪ/ (simultaneous [s͜ɬ]). Examples are /θˡˤaim/ 'pain' in the dialect of Al-Rubūʽah and /ðˡˤahr/ 'back' and /ðˡˤabʕ/ 'hyena' in <a href="/facts/Rijal_Alma%25CA%25BDa/Tst98snJ">Rijal Almaʽa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> (Here the ⟨ˡ⟩ indicates simultaneous laterality rather than lateral release.) Biblical Hebrew may have had non-emphatic central-lateral sibilants [ʃ͡ɬ] and [s͜ɬ], while <a href="/facts/Old_Arabic/pvA9QFMD">Old Arabic</a> has been analyzed as having the emphatic central–lateral fricatives [θ͜ɬˤ], [ð͡ɮˤ] and [ʃ͡ɬˤ].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Delateralization/jNHWwzHq">Delateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lateral_release_(phonetics)/IAYrBnpg">Lateral release (phonetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_phonetics_topics/IwhbEHGN">List of phonetics topics</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li>Cruttenden, Alan (2014), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ"><i>Gimson's Pronunciation of English</i></a> (8th ed.), Routledge, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781444183092</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/facts/Ian_Maddieson/p0cyavQ2">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/facts/The_Sounds_of_the_World%2527s_Languages/Je2AlBAP"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-631-19815-6.</li> <li>Mosonyi, Largo; Esteban, Jorge, eds. (2000), <a href="https://phoible.org/parameters/10BCB9C4F3B5CF68392F17CE94B16886#6/2.800/291.916">"Yavitero"</a>, <i>Manual de Lenguas Ind'igenas de Venezuela</i></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 191. - Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Dedvukaj, Lindon; Ndoci, Rexhina (2023). "Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 8 (1). Linguistic Society of America: 7. doi:10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501.. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fplsa.v8i1.5501" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fplsa.v8i1.5501</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Some older Tlingit speakers have [l], as an allophone of /n/. This can also be analyzed as phonemic /l/ with an allophone [n]. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Cruttenden (2014), p. 221. - Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Mosonyi & Esteban (2000), pp. 594–661. - Mosonyi, Largo; Esteban, Jorge, eds. (2000), "Yavitero", Manual de Lenguas Ind'igenas de Venezuela <a href="https://phoible.org/parameters/10BCB9C4F3B5CF68392F17CE94B16886#6/2.800/291.916" target="_blank">https://phoible.org/parameters/10BCB9C4F3B5CF68392F17CE94B16886#6/2.800/291.916</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 243. - Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Arai, Takayuki; Warner, Natasha; Greenberg, Steven (2007), "Analysis of spontaneous Japanese in a multi-language telephone-speech corpus", Acoustical Science and Technology, 28 (1): 46–48, doi:10.1250/ast.28.46 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, p 122–123 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/8283145" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/8283145</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Watson, Janet (January 2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/8283071" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/8283071</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Potet (2013) Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog, p. 89 ff. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>