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Link prefetching
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<h2 id="prefetching-in-html5">Prefetching in HTML5</h2> <p>There are two W3C standards covering prefetching for HTML5: </p> <ul><li>Link preload<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> <ul><li>Hints to specific URLs. Common hints include <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/facts/Cascading_Style_Sheets/tA90XBQo">CSS</a>, images and <a href="/facts/Web_typography/vc2cQf6o">web fonts</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Resource hints<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> <ul><li>Hints to the browser. Common hints include DNS queries, opening TCP connections, and page pre-rendering.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/facts/HTML5/HBAxEAr6">HTML5</a> methods for prefetch hints: </p> <ul><li>Standard link prefetch (supported by most browsers):<link rel="prefetch" href="http://www.example.com/"></li> <li>DNS prefetch (<a href="/facts/Mozilla_Firefox/xez2zv8H">Mozilla Firefox</a>, <a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Google Chrome</a>, and others):<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://example.com/"></li> <li>Page pre-rendering (<a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Google Chrome</a>, <a href="/facts/Internet_Explorer/uL8a4Y5l">Internet Explorer</a> and others):<link rel="prerender" href="/page/to/prerender"></li> <li>Lazy-load of images (<a href="/facts/Internet_Explorer/uL8a4Y5l">Internet Explorer</a>):<img src="image.jpg" lazyload></li> <li>Link<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> for <a href="/facts/HTTP_headers/hEkcQe2f">HTTP headers</a>: Example below.</li></ul> Link: <//pagead2.googlesyndication.com>; rel=dns-prefetch, </js/bootstrap.min.js>; as=script; rel=preload, </ads.html>; rel=prerender, </css/bootstrap.min.css>; as=style; rel=preload <h2 id="browser-support">Browser support</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Browser</th><th colspan="4">Prefetching Supported</th></tr><tr><th>Standard link prefetching</th><th><a href="/facts/DNS_prefetching/Mfdpx7UJ">DNS prefetching</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Prerendering/YtB5k4Jh">Prerendering</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Lazy_loading/BpH8qyWJ">Lazy-load (Images)</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a> browser</th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Chromium_(web_browser)/F1S8sAEt">Chromium</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Google Chrome</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Internet_Explorer/uL8a4Y5l">Internet Explorer</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mozilla_Firefox/xez2zv8H">Mozilla Firefox</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Opera_(web_browser)/2NYCcTj1">Opera</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Safari_(web_browser)/9R8v7tNl">Safari</a></th><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Historical</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ICab/1pLeNcaT">iCab</a>, <a href="/facts/Mozilla_Application_Suite/XbBP7wRE">Mozilla Application Suite</a>, and <a href="/facts/WebTV/Ff7qokET">WebTV</a> are the first referenced browsers to support link prefetching.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>Browsing using a <a href="/facts/Google_Web_Accelerator/X7pblXKA">Google Web Accelerator</a> (discontinued product, may technically be called precaching)</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Blue_Coat_Systems/CYH8bfKz">Blue Coat</a> proxy appliance is known to use non‑compliant prefetching.</li></ul> <h3>Modern browsers</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mozilla_Firefox/xez2zv8H">Mozilla Firefox</a> supports DNS prefetching, as of version 3.5.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Google Chrome</a> supports prefetching of linked web content by "prerendering", as of version 11.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Internet_Explorer/uL8a4Y5l">Internet Explorer</a> supports prefetching of IP addresses by "<a href="/facts/Domain_Name_System/rfxdWFsj">DNS</a> prefetching", as of version 9.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> <ul><li>As of version 11, Internet Explorer supports the following set of features to expand its prefetching capabilities: "prerender", "dns-prefetch" and "lazyload" (images only).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="popular-sites-using-prefetching">Popular sites using prefetching</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Google_(search_engine)/LFnCogKt">Google</a> is the most well-known <a href="/facts/Website/SAsjJnca">website</a> that takes advantage of this feature so as to improve the user experience. If the first hit is considered very probable to be the desired hit, it is assigned as a prefetchable link. <ul><li>Specifically, <a href="/facts/Google_(search_engine)/LFnCogKt">Google</a> implemented "Google Instant Pages" in August 2011 which takes advantage of the aforementioned feature, predictive search completion, and preloading search results as the user types in order to improve the performance of the search engine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bing_(search_engine)/r2pIK5HT">Bing</a> has employed the use of prefetching and preloading since the release of <a href="/facts/Internet_Explorer_11/EjgV0YJe">Internet Explorer 11</a> (October 2013).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="issues-and-criticisms">Issues and criticisms</h2> <p>An issue inherent to indiscriminate link prefetching involves the misuse of "safe" <a href="/facts/HTTP_method/TWtvf7JD">HTTP methods</a>. The <a href="/facts/HTTP_GET/TWtvf7JD">HTTP GET</a> and <a href="/facts/HTTP_HEAD/TWtvf7JD">HEAD</a> requests are said to be "safe", i.e., a user agent that issues one of these requests should expect that the request results in no change on the recipient server.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> However, it is common for website operators to use these requests outside of this constraint. Plain hyperlinks (which almost universally result in GET requests) are often used to implement logout functionality and account verification, e.g., when a user completes an account creation form, and an automated service sends a verification e-mail to the user's given e-mail address. </p><p>Similarly, it is entirely possible for a hosting service to provide a Web front end to manage files, including links that delete one or more files. Users who visit pages containing these types of links, (whilst using a browser which employs an indiscriminate link prefetcher), might find that they have been logged out or that their files have been deleted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>Additionally, there are a number of criticisms regarding the privacy and resource usage implications of link prefetching: </p> <ul><li>Cookies set or sent to third parties compromise <a href="/facts/Web_privacy/Fdnjfnds">Web privacy</a>.</li> <li>Enables essentially/borderline <a href="/facts/Zero-click_attack/EdlqsRJM">Zero-click attack</a> malware installation via <a href="/facts/0day/B1jJkD0C">0day</a> merely because a malware-spreading link is prefetched.</li> <li>Users and website operators who pay for the amount of bandwidth they use find themselves paying for traffic for pages the user might not actually visit, and advertisers might pay for viewed ads on sites that are never visited.</li> <li>Web statistics such as browser usage, search engine <a href="/facts/HTTP_referrer/WMQI4h4K">referrers</a>, and <a href="/facts/Page_hits/pnCE0R5G">page hits</a> may become less reliable due to registering page hits that were never seen by the user.</li> <li>Users may be exposed to more security risks by downloading more pages, or from un-requested sites (additionally compounded as <a href="/facts/Drive-by_download/HzFIzd4h">drive-by downloads</a> become more advanced and diverse).</li> <li>Users may violate acceptable-use policies of their network or organization if prefetching accesses unauthorized content.</li></ul> <p>In the case of mobile devices or for users with a limited bandwidth allowance, prefetching may result in an unnecessary costly drain on limited bandwidth. </p><p>It is possible for implementations to prefetch links even when they are not specified as prefetch links. </p><p>In the case of prerendering, <a href="/facts/Google_(search_engine)/LFnCogKt">Google</a> warns that improper use may result in the aforementioned increased bandwidth usage, slower loading of other links, and slightly stale content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cache_prefetching/cuCGl0Vm">Cache prefetching</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.mozilla.org/projects/netlib/Link_Prefetching_FAQ.html">Mozilla Link Prefetching FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="http://gemal.dk/browserspy/prefetch.php">Test for Prefetch support</a></li> <li><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/dn265039(v=vs.85).aspx">Prerender and prefetch support in Internet Explorer 11</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.evemilano.com/2017/11/wp-prerender-plugin/">A WordPress plugin that implements the true dynamic prerender meta tag</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Preload". w3c.github.io. Retrieved 2016-03-19. <a href="https://w3c.github.io/preload/" target="_blank">https://w3c.github.io/preload/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Resource Hints". w3c.github.io. Retrieved 2016-03-19. <a href="https://w3c.github.io/resource-hints/" target="_blank">https://w3c.github.io/resource-hints/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Preload". w3c.github.io. Retrieved 2016-03-19. <a href="https://w3c.github.io/preload/" target="_blank">https://w3c.github.io/preload/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Resource Hints". w3c.github.io. Retrieved 2016-03-19. <a href="https://w3c.github.io/resource-hints/" target="_blank">https://w3c.github.io/resource-hints/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Nottingham, M. (2010). "Web Linking". RFC 5988. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC5988. S2CID 367264. Retrieved 2016-03-19. <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988" target="_blank">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Resource Hints (Example 6)". Resource Hints: W3C Working Draft. W3C. Retrieved 2016-10-31. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/resource-hints/#fetching-the-resource-hint-link" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/TR/resource-hints/#fetching-the-resource-hint-link</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Prebrowsing". Steve Souders. 2013-10-07. <a href="http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/" target="_blank">http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Prebrowsing". Steve Souders. 2013-10-07. <a href="http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/" target="_blank">http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Prebrowsing". Steve Souders. 2013-10-07. <a href="http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/" target="_blank">http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Prebrowsing". Steve Souders. 2013-10-07. <a href="http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/" target="_blank">http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Prebrowsing". 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Steve Souders. 2013-10-07. <a href="http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/" target="_blank">http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Prebrowsing". Steve Souders. 2013-10-07. <a href="http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/" target="_blank">http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Getting to the Content You Want, Faster in IE11". IEBlog, Microsoft. 2013-12-04. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221226/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2013/12/04/getting-to-the-content-you-want-faster-in-ie11.aspx?Redirected=true" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221226/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2013/12/04/getting-to-the-content-you-want-faster-in-ie11.aspx?Redirected=true</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Getting to the Content You Want, Faster in IE11". IEBlog, Microsoft. 2013-12-04. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221226/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2013/12/04/getting-to-the-content-you-want-faster-in-ie11.aspx?Redirected=true" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221226/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2013/12/04/getting-to-the-content-you-want-faster-in-ie11.aspx?Redirected=true</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Getting to the Content You Want, Faster in IE11". IEBlog, Microsoft. 2013-12-04. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221226/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2013/12/04/getting-to-the-content-you-want-faster-in-ie11.aspx?Redirected=true" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221226/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2013/12/04/getting-to-the-content-you-want-faster-in-ie11.aspx?Redirected=true</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Getting to the Content You Want, Faster in IE11". IEBlog, Microsoft. 2013-12-04. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221226/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2013/12/04/getting-to-the-content-you-want-faster-in-ie11.aspx?Redirected=true" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221226/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2013/12/04/getting-to-the-content-you-want-faster-in-ie11.aspx?Redirected=true</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Prebrowsing". Steve Souders. 2013-10-07. <a href="http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/" target="_blank">http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/11/07/prebrowsing/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Prebrowsing". 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