Vanadyl sulfate

<h2 id="synthesis-structure-and-reactions">Synthesis, structure, and reactions</h2>
Vanadyl sulfate is most commonly obtained by reduction of <a href="/facts/Vanadium(V)_oxide/LPtvz4pq">vanadium pentoxide</a> with <a href="/facts/Sulfur_dioxide/jDK1fIDs">sulfur dioxide</a>:

V2O5 + 7 H2O + SO2 + H2SO4 → 2 [V(O)(H2O)4]SO4
From aqueous solution, the salt crystallizes as the <a href="/facts/Water_of_crystallization/sbaKJNJX">pentahydrate</a>, the fifth water is not bound to the metal in the solid. Viewed as a <a href="/facts/Coordination_complex/1tCyeQUm">coordination complex</a>, the ion is <a href="/facts/Octahedral_molecular_geometry/bNXLVvks">octahedral</a>, with oxo, four equatorial water ligands, and a monodentate sulfate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> The trihydrate has also been examined by crystallography.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> A hexahydrate exists below 13.6 °C (286.8 K).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Two <a href="/facts/Polymorphism_(materials_science)/bu2tqsB9">polymorphs</a> of anhydrous VOSO4 are known.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
The V=O bond distance is 160 <a href="/facts/Picometer/Cb54mVBX">pm</a>, about 50 pm shorter than the V–OH2 bonds. In solution, the sulfate ion dissociates rapidly.
Being widely available, vanadyl sulfate is a common precursor to other vanadyl derivatives, such as <a href="/facts/Vanadyl_acetylacetonate/8zLGkmIs">vanadyl acetylacetonate</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>

[V(O)(H2O)4]SO4 + 2 C5H8O2 + Na2CO3 → [V(O)(C5H7O2)2] + Na2SO4 + 5 H2O + CO2
In acidic solution, oxidation of vanadyl sulfate gives yellow-coloured vanadyl(V) derivatives. Reduction, e.g. by <a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">zinc</a>, gives vanadium(III) and vanadium(II) derivatives, which are characteristically green and violet, respectively.

<h2 id="occurrence-in-nature">Occurrence in nature</h2>
Like most water-soluble sulfates, vanadyl sulfate is only rarely found in nature. Anhydrous form is pauflerite,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> a mineral of <a href="/facts/Fumarolic/BX3XEkj5">fumarolic</a> origin. Hydrated forms, also rare, include hexahydrate (stanleyite), pentahydrates (minasragrite, orthominasragrite,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> and anorthominasragrite) and trihydrate - bobjonesite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<h2 id="medical-research">Medical research</h2>
Vanadyl sulfate is a component of food supplements and experimental drugs. Vanadyl sulfate exhibits insulin-like effects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
Vanadyl sulfate has been extensively studied in the field of <a href="/facts/Diabetes/2xeHXbsI">diabetes</a> research as a potential means of increasing <a href="/facts/Insulin/oXG0myt1">insulin</a> sensitivity. No evidence indicates that oral vanadium supplementation improves glycaemic control.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Treatment with vanadium often results in gastrointestinal side-effects, primarily <a href="/facts/Diarrhea/6TBHaRdA">diarrhea</a>.
Vanadyl sulfate is also marketed as a health supplement, often for <a href="/facts/Bodybuilding/Ggt22bNA">bodybuilding</a>. Deficiencies in vanadium result in reduced growth in rats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Its effectiveness for bodybuilding has not been proven; some evidence suggests that athletes who take it are merely experiencing a <a href="/facts/Placebo_effect/3fw50t53">placebo effect</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 1157. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4. <a href="978-0-08-022057-4" target="_blank">978-0-08-022057-4</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Günter Bauer; Volker Güther; Hans Hess; Andreas Otto; Oskar Roidl; Heinz Roller; Siegfried Sattelberger (2005). "Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_367. ISBN 3-527-30673-0. <a href="3-527-30673-0" target="_blank">3-527-30673-0</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 1157. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4. <a href="978-0-08-022057-4" target="_blank">978-0-08-022057-4</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Tachez, M.; Theobald, F.R. (1980). "Structure du Sulfate de Vanadyle Pentahydrate VO(H2O)5SO4 beta (variete orthorhombique)". Acta Crystallographica B. B36 (8): 1757–p1761. Bibcode:1980AcCrB..36.1757T. doi:10.1107/S0567740880007170. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567740880007170" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567740880007170</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Tachez, M.; Theobald, F. R. (1980). "Liaisons hydrogène dans les cristaux de sulfate de vanadyle trihydrate VOSO4(H2O)3: Comparaison structurale de quatre sulfates de vanadyle hydrate". Acta Crystallographica B. 36 (12): 2873–2880. Bibcode:1980AcCrB..36.2873T. doi:10.1107/S056774088001045X. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">M. Tachez, F. Theobald, G. Trouillot. Crystal data for vanadyl sulphate hexahydrate VOSO4.6H2O. J. Appl. Crystallogr. (1976). 9, 246 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Boghosian, S.; Eriksen, K.M.; Fehrmann, R.; Nielsen, K. (1995). "Synthesis, Crystal Structure Redetermination and Vibrational Spectra of beta- VOSO4". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 49: 703–708. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.49-0703.Longo, J. M.; Arnott, R. J. (1970). "Structure and magnetic properties of VOSO4". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 1 (3–4): 394–p398. Bibcode:1970JSSCh...1..394L. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(70)90121-0. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3891%2Facta.chem.scand.49-0703" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3891%2Facta.chem.scand.49-0703</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Bryant, Burl E.; Fernelius, W. Conard (1957), "Vanadium(IV) Oxy(acetylacetonate)", Inorganic Syntheses, vol. 5, pp. 113–16, doi:10.1002/9780470132364.ch30, ISBN 978-0-470-13236-4 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="978-0-470-13236-4" target="_blank">978-0-470-13236-4</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Krivovichev, S. V.; Vergasova, L. P.; Britvin, S. N.; Filatov, S. K.; Kahlenberg, V.; Ananiev, V. V. (1 August 2007). "Pauflerite, -VO(SO4), a New Mineral Species from the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia". The Canadian Mineralogist. 45 (4): 921–927. Bibcode:2007CaMin..45..921K. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.45.4.921. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Hawthorne, F. C.; Schindler, M.; Grice, J. D.; Haynes, P. (1 October 2001). "Orthominasragrite, V4+O(SO4)(H2O)5, A New Mineral Species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.A.A.". The Canadian Mineralogist. 39 (5): 1325–1331. Bibcode:2001CaMin..39.1325H. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.39.5.1325. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Schindler, M.; Hawthorne, F. C.; Huminicki, D. M.C.; Haynes, P.; Grice, J. D.; Evans, H. T. (1 February 2003). "Bobjonesite, V4+ O (So4) (H2O)3, A New Mineral Species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.s.a.". The Canadian Mineralogist. 41 (1): 83–90. Bibcode:2003CaMin..41...83S. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.1.83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Crans, D. C.; Trujillo, A. M.; Pharazyn, P. S.; Cohen, M. D. (2011). "How environment affects drug activity: Localization, compartmentalization and reactions of a vanadium insulin-enhancing compound, dipicolinatooxovanadium(V)". Coord. Chem. Rev. 255 (19–20): 2178–2192. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.01.032. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Yeh, Gloria Y.; Eisenberg, David M.; Kaptchuk, Ted J.; Phillips, Russell S. (2003). "Systematic Review of Herbs and Dietary Supplements for Glycemic Control in Diabetes". Diabetes Care. 26 (4): 1277–1294. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.4.1277. PMID 12663610. <a href="http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/4/1277" target="_blank">http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/4/1277</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Smith, D.M.; Pickering, R.M.; Lewith, G.T. (31 January 2008). "A systematic review of vanadium oral supplements for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus". QJM. 101 (5): 351–358. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcn003. PMID 18319296. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcn003" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcn003</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Schwarz, Klaus; Milne, David B. (1971). "Growth Effects of Vanadium in the Rat". Science. 174 (4007): 426–428. Bibcode:1971Sci...174..426S. doi:10.1126/science.174.4007.426. JSTOR 1731776. PMID 5112000. S2CID 24362265. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Talbott, Shawn M.; Hughes, Kerry (2007). "Vanadium". The Health Professional's Guide to Dietary Supplements. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 419–422. ISBN 978-0-7817-4672-4. <a href="978-0-7817-4672-4" target="_blank">978-0-7817-4672-4</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Vanadyl sulfate open-in-new

Vanadyl sulfate