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<h2 id="astronomy-and-space-sciences">Astronomy and space sciences</h2> <ul><li>August 10 – A 5.1 kg <a href="/facts/Chondrite/mbzbGm5A">chondrite</a>-type <a href="/facts/Meteorite/NsmHlBlX">meteorite</a> breaks into fragments and strikes earth near the town of <a href="/facts/Archie%2c_Missouri/XG14sApr">Archie, Missouri</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonian</a> astronomer <a href="/facts/Ernst_%25C3%2596pik/DYT6Pmpx">Ernst Öpik</a> postulates that <a href="/facts/Long-period_comet/w34utQCd">long-period comets</a> originate in an orbiting cloud (the Öpik–<a href="/facts/Oort_cloud/wdP3VNxd">Oort cloud</a>) at the outermost edge of the <a href="/facts/Solar_System/QIcLSazQ">Solar System</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>English <a href="/facts/Geneticist/cCvzvuKU">geneticist</a> <a href="/facts/C._D._Darlington/xVjcm64f">C. D. Darlington</a> publishes <i>Recent Advances in Cytology</i>, describing the mechanics of <a href="/facts/Chromosomal_crossover/UKewoPa2">chromosomal crossover</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> and its role in <a href="/facts/Evolution/Hj0qAaBk">evolutionary</a> science.</li> <li>English geneticist <a href="/facts/J._B._S._Haldane/sywPNzfh">J. B. S. Haldane</a> publishes <i>The Causes of Evolution</i>, unifying the findings of Mendelian <a href="/facts/Genetics/bu8wne0A">genetics</a> with those of evolutionary science.</li> <li>American <a href="/facts/Physiologist/fh25y2pQ">physiologist</a> <a href="/facts/Walter_Bradford_Cannon/y3SXCS03">Walter Bradford Cannon</a> publishes <i>The Wisdom of the Body</i>, developing and popularising the concept of <a href="/facts/Homeostasis/rloTGAHa">homeostasis</a>.</li> <li>A flock of <a href="/facts/Soay_sheep/XkULxqzP">Soay sheep</a> is translocated from <a href="/facts/Soay%2c_St_Kilda/buQkTD3B">Soay</a> to <a href="/facts/Hirta/A4bxUu1Y">Hirta</a> (also in the depopulated <a href="/facts/Archipelago/50BeC9tl">archipelago</a> of <a href="/facts/St_Kilda%2c_Scotland/NynpnX0l">St Kilda, Scotland</a>) by conservationist <a href="/facts/John_Crichton-Stuart%2c_4th_Marquess_of_Bute/bMlxp3GR">John Crichton-Stuart, 4th Marquess of Bute</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Heath_hen/TPbzFDpJ">heath hen</a> becomes extinct in North America.</li></ul> <h2 id="earth-sciences">Earth sciences</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Braggite/pwvod8LU">Braggite</a> is first described, the first mineral discovered with the assistance of <a href="/facts/X_rays/wseP79cN">X rays</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Inductive_dimension/dLcC871h">Menger-Nöbeling theorem</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_von_Neumann/aUk6urof">John von Neumann</a> makes foundational contributions to <a href="/facts/Ergodic_theory/rkqCbIy0">ergodic theory</a> in a series of papers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/R%25C3%25B3zsa_P%25C3%25A9ter/rXPJ8Waw">Rózsa Péter</a> presents the results of her paper on <a href="/facts/Recursive_function_theory/pQezUupS">recursive function theory</a>, "Rekursive Funktionen," to the <a href="/facts/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians/qQX4kVpe">International Congress of Mathematicians</a> in Zurich, Switzerland.</li> <li>December – <a href="/facts/Marian_Rejewski/KjhB4Gdc">Marian Rejewski</a> of the <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Polish</a> <a href="/facts/Biuro_Szyfr%25C3%25B3w/gBdo8THz">Biuro Szyfrów</a> applies pure mathematics – <a href="/facts/Permutation_group/vRsNNwwx">permutation group</a> theory – to breaking the <a href="/facts/Wehrmacht/cVGQH8JW">German armed forces</a>' <a href="/facts/Enigma_machine/FSMJwbCL">Enigma machine</a> ciphers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li>January 5 – The <a href="/facts/Pathology/U9b18LJG">pathology</a> of <a href="/facts/Cushing%2527s_syndrome/AYW7Gjma">Cushing's syndrome</a> is first described by <a href="/facts/Harvey_Cushing/CHgABVnf">Harvey Cushing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Americans/srd9GJ5U">American</a> <a href="/facts/Gastroenterology/89aMlDF0">gastroenterologist</a> <a href="/facts/Burrill_Bernard_Crohn/cRn5THu2">Burrill Bernard Crohn</a> and colleagues describe a series of patients with "regional ileitis", inflammation of the <a href="/facts/Terminal_ileum/rCWGkFuf">terminal ileum</a>, the area most commonly affected by the condition which will become known as <a href="/facts/Crohn%2527s_disease/zm55cBtd">Crohn's disease</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Grace_Medes/KFp3eksq">Grace Medes</a> discovers tyrosinosis, the <a href="/facts/Metabolic_disorder/mXnwRURT">metabolic disorder</a> later known as <a href="/facts/Type_I_tyrosinemia/XMnpeSzT">Type I tyrosinemia</a>.</li> <li>Swedish neurosurgeon <a href="/facts/Herbert_Olivecrona/kcbjRfrE">Herbert Olivecrona</a> performs the first surgical excision of an intracranial <a href="/facts/Arteriovenous_malformation/4yIVzsBR">arteriovenous malformation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rudolf_Schindler_(doctor)/Usbkff9U">Rudolph Schindler</a> introduces the first semi-flexible <a href="/facts/Gastroscope/5mDpBzLA">gastroscope</a>, in Germany.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>Commencement of the 40-year <a href="/facts/Tuskegee_syphilis_experiment/RtreVUKu">Tuskegee syphilis experiment</a> by the <a href="/facts/U.S._Public_Health_Service/utUnKRuS">U.S. Public Health Service</a> to study the natural progression of untreated <a href="/facts/Syphilis/fdnGLyLT">syphilis</a> in poor <a href="/facts/African-American/pTgcAdo8">African-American</a> <a href="/facts/Sharecroppers/J0DshurW">sharecroppers</a> in <a href="/facts/Alabama/1Xk8EveN">Alabama</a> without their <a href="/facts/Medical_ethics/Dm4TCznf">informed consent</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>First published use of the term <i><a href="/facts/Medical_genetics/hA6DXds9">Medical genetics</a></i>, in an article by <a href="/facts/Madge_Macklin/bx610nAP">Madge Thurlow Macklin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gerhard_Domagk/bwU90jR4">Gerhard Domagk</a> develops a chemotherapeutic cure for <a href="/facts/Streptococcus/Fx8lJ0nz">streptococcus</a></li></ul> <h2 id="pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Albert_Szent-Gy%25C3%25B6rgyi/DTBenFpC">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a> and <a href="/facts/Charles_Glen_King/z8x14bL9">Charles Glen King</a> identify <a href="/facts/Ascorbic_acid/IA2f1fTm">ascorbic acid</a> as an <a href="/facts/Anti-scorbutic/VEpTjUWM">anti-scorbutic</a>.</li> <li>December 25 – <a href="/facts/IG_Farben/3cTsQw87">IG Farben</a> file a <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a> application in Germany for the medical application of the first <a href="/facts/Sulfonamide_(medicine)/4vXtwwwm">sulfonamide</a> drug, Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730; which will be marketed as <a href="/facts/Prontosil/qb42up4x">Prontosil</a>), following <a href="/facts/Gerhard_Domagk/bwU90jR4">Gerhard Domagk</a>'s laboratory demonstration of its properties as an <a href="/facts/Antibiotic/sF1kIfxg">antibiotic</a> at the conglomerate's <a href="/facts/Bayer_AG/fnYepBcG">Bayer</a> laboratories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>April 14 – <a href="/facts/John_Cockcroft/Is5qGyKV">John Cockcroft</a> and <a href="/facts/Ernest_Walton/97mCDtyU">Ernest Walton</a> focus a proton beam on lithium and split its nucleus.</li> <li>May – <a href="/facts/Radio_Luxembourg/voQv4abz">Radio Luxembourg</a> begins high-powered <a href="/facts/Longwave/w4flmdvu">longwave</a> test transmissions aimed directly at the <a href="/facts/British_Isles/4fBquvMU">British Isles</a> which prove, inadvertently, to be the first radio modification of the <a href="/facts/Ionosphere/mT9tTBE5">ionosphere</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>May 10 – <a href="/facts/James_Chadwick/nwStNAzI">James Chadwick</a> discovers the <a href="/facts/Neutron/oRCM1geb">neutron</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Werner_Heisenberg/n4qzYvj4">Werner Heisenberg</a> explains its symmetries by introducing the concept of <a href="/facts/Isospin/mnksCIaP">isospin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>August 2 – The <a href="/facts/Positron/HgV4zBzA">positron</a> is observed by <a href="/facts/Carl_David_Anderson/rIMqD9ax">Carl Anderson</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>November 1 – The <a href="/facts/Kennedy%25E2%2580%2593Thorndike_experiment/HEhq1SyS">Kennedy–Thorndike experiment</a> is published, showing that measured time as well as length is affected by motion, in accordance with the theory of <a href="/facts/Special_relativity/vsFFc63E">special relativity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_von_Neumann/aUk6urof">John von Neumann</a> rigorously establishes a mathematical framework for <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanics/BRc3Mzgr">quantum mechanics</a> in <i>Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik</i>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zero-length_spring/jknGXzTq">Zero-length springs</a> are invented, revolutionizing <a href="/facts/Seismometer/CCc9vwqf">seismometers</a> and <a href="/facts/Gravimeter/kPrbm8wx">gravimeters</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prizes</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Werner_Heisenberg/n4qzYvj4">Werner Karl Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Irving_Langmuir/mPt8xwUp">Irving Langmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – Sir <a href="/facts/Charles_Scott_Sherrington/f88X9oft">Charles Sherrington</a>, <a href="/facts/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian/Nhd9DsJx">Edgar Adrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>January 16 – <a href="/facts/Dian_Fossey/M4qE33NW">Dian Fossey</a> (murdered <a href="/facts/1985_in_science/uwrMxH5k">1985</a>), <a href="/facts/Americans/srd9GJ5U">American</a> <a href="/facts/Primatologist/BmS9LAqK">primatologist</a>.</li> <li>February 7 – <a href="/facts/Alfred_Worden/kLR9Fwe2">Alfred Worden</a> (died <a href="/facts/2020_in_science/t6HkpHEr">2020</a>), American <a href="/facts/Astronaut/HB1bd6Lz">astronaut</a>.</li> <li>February 10 – <a href="/facts/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)/VyTkFyta">Robert Taylor</a> (died <a href="/facts/2017_in_science/qFe0XI9H">2017</a>), American computer scientist.</li> <li>March 10 – <a href="/facts/Udupi_Ramachandra_Rao/NwzJnACT">Udupi Ramachandra Rao</a> (died 2017), <a href="/facts/Indian_people/S30UyveY">Indian</a> <a href="/facts/Space_scientist/Q7dCLVdN">space scientist</a>.</li> <li>March 14 – <a href="/facts/Joseph_Bryan_Nelson/po4fBR0n">Joseph Bryan Nelson</a> (died <a href="/facts/2015_in_science/ztLIsTpJ">2015</a>), British <a href="/facts/Ornithologist/5reEUbx1">ornithologist</a>.</li> <li>March 15 – <a href="/facts/Alan_Bean/dRLtsPvD">Alan Bean</a> (died <a href="/facts/2018_in_science/Sdha6SfH">2018</a>), American astronaut.</li> <li>March 21 – <a href="/facts/Walter_Gilbert/9NHoCjHl">Walter Gilbert</a>, American chemist and <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel</a> laureate</li> <li>March 24 – <a href="/facts/Lodewijk_van_den_Berg/6f8K3EW9">Lodewijk van den Berg</a> (died <a href="/facts/2022_in_science/cqUnXMTh">2022</a>), Dutch-born American chemical engineer and astronaut</li> <li>April 26 – <a href="/facts/Michael_Smith_(chemist)/UGxtgVjX">Michael Smith</a> (died <a href="/facts/2000_in_science/JwxhmCoM">2000</a>), English-born <a href="/facts/Biochemist/gAWNAY5v">biochemist</a>, recipient of the 1993 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.</li> <li>May 22 – <a href="/facts/Robert_Spitzer_(psychiatrist)/ayFWLsIs">Robert Spitzer</a> (died 2015), American <a href="/facts/Psychiatrist/hS7EnAU6">psychiatrist</a>.</li> <li>July 10 – <a href="/facts/Ioan_Pu%25C8%2599ca%25C8%2599/xNwBPwwD">Ioan Pușcaș</a> (died 2015), Romanian gastroenterologist.</li> <li>July 31 – <a href="/facts/John_Searle/YDMljSH7">John Searle</a>, American philosopher of the mind and language.</li> <li>August 4 – <a href="/facts/Frances_E._Allen/GtoQRgdB">Frances E. Allen</a> (died 2020), American computer scientist, <a href="/facts/Turing_Award/HbEEp0GF">Turing Award</a> winner.</li> <li>August 15 – <a href="/facts/Robert_L._Forward/aFwsLFSs">Robert L. Forward</a> (died <a href="/facts/2002_in_science/LP4lLXeB">2002</a>), American <a href="/facts/Science_fiction/d9hE2Lwt">science fiction</a> author and <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a>.</li> <li>August 18 – <a href="/facts/Luc_Montagnier/5jIATmWX">Luc Montagnier</a> (died <a href="/facts/2022_in_science/cqUnXMTh">2022</a>), French <a href="/facts/Virology/doDESmsB">virologist</a> and joint recipient of the 2008 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for the discovery of the <a href="/facts/Human_immunodeficiency_virus/ulY2rgzu">human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV).</li> <li>September 18 – <a href="/facts/Nikolai_Rukavishnikov/LKBvpGto">Nikolai Rukavishnikov</a> (died 2002), Russian <a href="/facts/Astronaut/HB1bd6Lz">cosmonaut</a>.</li> <li>September 29 – <a href="/facts/Rainer_Weiss/LD6X2WoK">Rainer Weiss</a>, German-born American physicist, joint recipient of the 2017 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for detection of <a href="/facts/Gravitational_wave/4XWN3NtG">gravitational waves</a>.</li> <li>October 1 – <a href="/facts/Biswa_Ranjan_Nag/NHwa8lJh">Biswa Ranjan Nag</a> (died <a href="/facts/2004_in_science/Hv6XlPBW">2004</a>), Indian physicist.</li> <li>October 3 – <a href="/facts/Terence_English/1jqbnlhh">Terence English</a>, <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South African</a>-born <a href="/facts/Cardiac_surgeon/I3dIcapo">cardiac surgeon</a>.</li> <li>October 13 – <a href="/facts/John_G._Thompson/M6tF5WNE">John G. Thompson</a>, American <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>November 6 – <a href="/facts/Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Englert/nNbs7PxG">François Englert</a>, Belgian <a href="/facts/Theoretical_physicist/Cs2Y12rQ">theoretical physicist</a>, joint recipient of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of the <a href="/facts/Higgs_mechanism/Vs5Cbxyy">Higgs mechanism</a>.</li> <li>December 15 – <a href="/facts/John_Meurig_Thomas/amT2khzS">John Meurig Thomas</a> (died <a href="/facts/2020_in_science/t6HkpHEr">2020</a>), <a href="/facts/Welsh_people/gWY430zy">Welsh</a> physical chemist.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>February 29 – <a href="/facts/George_Claridge_Druce/ocMhtrgx">George Claridge Druce</a> (born <a href="/facts/1850_in_science/ftR77CAq">1850</a>), English <a href="/facts/Botanist/PaIRoxnb">botanist</a>.</li> <li>March 14 – <a href="/facts/George_Eastman/8FxpnoKV">George Eastman</a> (born <a href="/facts/1854_in_science/jsrGlvtb">1854</a>), American <a href="/facts/Photography/ezLPT43M">photography</a> pioneer (suicide).</li> <li>April 3 – <a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Ostwald/Abr7Rppg">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> (born <a href="/facts/1853_in_science/R7q2BBVn">1853</a>), <a href="/facts/Baltic_German/zjwxu4lK">Baltic German</a> <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a>.</li> <li>April 20 – <a href="/facts/Giuseppe_Peano/VT2Wsmu7">Giuseppe Peano</a> (born <a href="/facts/1858_in_science/bxUykk1b">1858</a>), Italian <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>May 29 – <a href="/facts/Cuthbert_Christy/tYmMRG3b">Cuthbert Christy</a> (born <a href="/facts/1863_in_science/ISd4glP4">1863</a>), English medical investigator, <a href="/facts/Zoologist/6Kj13mBt">zoologist</a> and explorer.</li> <li>June 21 – <a href="/facts/Major_Taylor/Vu4y37e1">Major Taylor</a> (born <a href="/facts/1878_in_science/MQME3dqx">1878</a>), <a href="/facts/African_American/pTgcAdo8">African American</a> racing cyclist.</li> <li>July 9 – <a href="/facts/King_Camp_Gillette/Dqf8XVXm">King Camp Gillette</a> (born <a href="/facts/1855_in_science/TjMx5LHR">1855</a>), American <a href="/facts/Inventor/P3LdUHBY">inventor</a>.</li> <li>July 14 – <a href="/facts/Fran_Jesenko/e1wkbjDj">Fran Jesenko</a> (born <a href="/facts/1875_in_science/uXaVxjU1">1875</a>), Slovene botanist and <a href="/facts/Plant_geneticist/8EneBI1u">plant geneticist</a>.</li> <li>July 22 – <a href="/facts/Reginald_Fessenden/UnxzNhy0">Reginald Fessenden</a> (born <a href="/facts/1866_in_science/pLoM3mjz">1866</a>), Canadian American <a href="/facts/Radio_broadcasting/FLJVq8Ec">radio broadcasting</a> pioneer.</li> <li>August 9 – <a href="/facts/John_Charles_Fields/Pz72qj7y">John Charles Fields</a> (born 1863), Canadian mathematician.</li> <li>September 16 – Sir <a href="/facts/Ronald_Ross/qJqD5MNS">Ronald Ross</a> (born <a href="/facts/1857_in_science/QtXS6yHk">1857</a>), British <a href="/facts/Physiologist/fh25y2pQ">physiologist</a>.</li> <li>November 12 – Sir <a href="/facts/Dugald_Clerk/7qhkpYwh">Dugald Clerk</a> (born <a href="/facts/1854_in_science/jsrGlvtb">1854</a>), Scottish-born <a href="/facts/Mechanical_engineer/cbId4fye">mechanical engineer</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Öpik, E. (October 1932). "Note on Stellar Perturbations of Nearly Parabolic Orbits". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 67 (6): 169–183. Bibcode:1932PAAAS..67..169O. doi:10.2307/20022899. JSTOR 20022899. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Benirschke, K. (2004). "The Man Who Invented the Chromosome: A Life of Cyril Darlington". Journal of Heredity. 95 (6): 541–542. doi:10.1093/jhered/esh080. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesh080" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesh080</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Braggite". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2011-08-18. <a href="http://www.mindat.org/min-751.html" target="_blank">http://www.mindat.org/min-751.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Braggite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineral Data Publishing. 2001–2005. Retrieved 2011-08-18. <a href="http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/braggite.pdf" target="_blank">http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/braggite.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>von Neumann, John (1932). "Proof of the Quasi-ergodic Hypothesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 18 (1): 70–82. Bibcode:1932PNAS...18...70N. doi:10.1073/pnas.18.1.70. PMC 1076162. PMID 16577432. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076162" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076162</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>von Neumann, John (1932). "Physical Applications of the Ergodic Hypothesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 18 (3): 263–266. Bibcode:1932PNAS...18..263N. doi:10.1073/pnas.18.3.263. JSTOR 86260. PMC 1076204. 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