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List of military and civilian missions of the European Union
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<h2 id="classification">Classification</h2> <p>In the EU terminology, civilian CSDP interventions are called 'missions', regardless of whether they have an executive mandate such as <a href="/facts/EULEX_Kosovo/WSNS8LXx">EULEX Kosovo</a> or a non-executive mandate (all others). Civilian missions include uniformed personnel such as Police and Gendarmerie, but not military personnel. </p><p>Military interventions, however, can either have an executive mandate such as for example <a href="/facts/Operation_Atalanta/YSsvsSM7">Operation Atalanta</a> in which case they are referred to as 'operations' and are commanded at two-star level; or non-executive mandate (e.g. <a href="/facts/EUTM_Somalia/7DCtPfss">EUTM Somalia</a>) in which case they are called 'missions' and are commanded at one-star level. </p> <h2 id="deployment-procedure">Deployment procedure</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Structure_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy/yl7ke8kJ">Structure of the Common Security and Defence Policy § Deployment procedure</a></p> <p>The decision to deploy – together with any subsequent management of – the mission or operation in question, will ultimately be taken by the EU <a href="/facts/Member_state_of_the_European_Union/hsFC1pJH">member states</a> in the <a href="/facts/Foreign_Affairs_Council/qesRzpNW">Foreign Affairs Council</a> (FAC). </p><p>Military operations may be launched after four planning phases, through which the Operation Commander (Op. Cdr.), <a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Staff/6sDS7cLz">Military Staff</a> (EUMS), <a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Committee/hUYGba3p">Military Committee</a> (EUMC), <a href="/facts/Political_and_Security_Committee/9t5GdJFr">Political and Security Committee</a> (PSC) and <a href="/facts/Council_of_the_European_Union/xlE6rYKb">Council</a> have different roles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="command-and-control-structure">Command and control structure</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Command_and_control_structure_of_the_European_Union/RJ65WQKF">Command and control structure of the European Union</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Command_and_control_structure_of_the_European_Union/RJ65WQKF">EU command and control (C2) structure</a> is directed by political bodies composed of <a href="/facts/Member_state_of_the_European_Union/hsFC1pJH">member states</a>' representatives, and generally requires unanimous decisions. As of April 2019:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> Liaison: Advice and recommendations Support and monitoring Preparatory work <ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><i>Political strategic level:</i>[5]</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/European_Union_Institute_for_Security_Studies/a4qFFY1u">ISS</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/President_of_the_European_Council/y08CyCaw">EUCO Pres.</a> (<a href="/facts/European_Council/QLJLlbkt">EUCO</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Command_hierarchy/s91MBp3L">Chain of command</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Coordination/support</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/European_Union_Satellite_Centre/wLDqMkFB">SatCen</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Committee_for_Civilian_Aspects_of_Crisis_Management/Jokd8X4h">CIVCOM</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy/Lqb5Joc1">HR/VP</a> (<a href="/facts/Foreign_Affairs_Council/qesRzpNW">FAC</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/European_Union_Intelligence_and_Situation_Centre/LEsJI94q">INTCEN</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy/Lqb5Joc1">HR/VP</a> (<a href="/facts/Politico-Military_Group/dPJyNlVQ">PMG</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy/Lqb5Joc1">HR/VP</a> (<a href="/facts/Political_and_Security_Committee/9t5GdJFr">PSC</a>)[6]</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"> <a href="/facts/Chairman_of_the_European_Union_Military_Committee/N9RlI8LA">CEUMC</a> (<a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Committee/hUYGba3p">EUMC</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Crisis_Management_and_Planning_Directorate_(European_Union)/IpXIGp3C">CMPD</a></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Director_General_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff/0vayaIw7">DGEUMS</a>[3] (<a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Staff/6sDS7cLz">EUMS</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><i>Military/civilian strategic level:</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Director_General_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff/0vayaIw7">Dir MPCC</a>[3] (<a href="/facts/Military_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/wagIKoPV">MPCC</a>)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Joint_Support_Coordination_Cell/WudwM5Mz">JSCC</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Director_of_the_Civilian_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/CTW158DP">Civ OpCdr</a> <a href="/facts/Civilian_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/DfUaW2TE">CPCC</a>[1]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><i>Operational level:</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">MFCdr[4] (MFHQ)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">HoM[1]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><i>Tactical level:</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">CC[2] Land</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">CC[2] Air</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">CC[2] Mar</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Other CCs[2]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Forces</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Forces</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Forces</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Forces</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table> 1 In the event of a CSDP Civilian Mission also being in the field, the relations with the <a href="/facts/Civilian_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/DfUaW2TE">Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability</a> (CPCC) and its Civilian Operation Commander (Civ OpCdr), as well as the subordinate Head of Mission (HoM), are coordinated as shown. 2 Other Component Commanders (CCs) and <a href="/facts/Service_branch/Gzk8yWHD">service branches</a> which may be established. 3 The MPCC is part of the EUMS and Dir MPCC is double-hatted as DGEUMS. Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), either a national OHQ offered by member states or the <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a> Command Structure (NCS) would serve this purpose. In the latter instance, <a href="/facts/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe/yYL936KL">Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a> (DSACEUR), rather than Dir MPCC, would serve as Operation Commander (OpCdr). 4 Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), the MFCdr would be known as a Force Commander (FCdr), and direct a Force Headquarters (FHQ) rather than a MFHQ. Whereas the MFHQ would act both on the operational and tactical level, the FHQ would act purely on the operational level. 5 The political strategic level is not part of the C2 structure per se, but represents the political bodies, with associated support facilities, that determine the missions' general direction. The <a href="/facts/Council_of_the_European_Union/xlE6rYKb">Council</a> determines the role of the <a href="/facts/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy/Lqb5Joc1">High Representative</a> (HR/VP), who serves as <a href="/facts/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission/oNCyLanN">Vice-President</a> of the <a href="/facts/European_Commission/Cc5JgbEI">European Commission</a>, attends <a href="/facts/European_Council/QLJLlbkt">European Council</a> meetings, chairs the <a href="/facts/Foreign_Affairs_Council/qesRzpNW">Foreign Affairs Council</a> (FAC) and may chair the <a href="/facts/Political_and_Security_Committee/9t5GdJFr">Political and Security Committee</a> (PSC) in times of crisis. The HR/VP proposes and implements CSDP decisions. 6 Same composition as <a href="/facts/Committee_of_Permanent_Representatives/bVSIn4S6">Committee of Permanent Representatives</a> (COREPER) II, which also prepares for the CSDP-related work of the FAC. <h2 id="list-of-ongoing-missions">List of ongoing missions</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Beginning</th><th>Name</th><th>Abbreviation</th></tr><tr><td>2 December 2004</td><td><a href="/facts/Operation_Althea/95nY1DKe">European Union Force Bosnia and Herzegovina ALTHEA</a></td><td>EUFOR ALTHEA</td></tr><tr><td>25 November 2005</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Border_Assistance_Mission_to_Rafah/Ka4ou973">European Union Border Assistance Mission to Rafah</a></td><td>EUBAM Rafah</td></tr><tr><td>1 January 2006</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Police_Mission_in_the_Palestinian_Territories/CWaIxqts">European Union Mission for the Support of Palestinian Police and Rule of Law</a></td><td>EUPOL COPPS</td></tr><tr><td>1 October 2008</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Monitoring_Mission_in_Georgia/HqjDXQYf">European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia</a></td><td>EUMM Georgia</td></tr><tr><td>5 November 2008</td><td><a href="/facts/Operation_Atalanta/YSsvsSM7">European Union Naval Force Operation Somalia ATALANTA</a></td><td>EU NAVFOR ATALANTA</td></tr><tr><td>9 December 2008</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Rule_of_Law_Mission_in_Kosovo/WSNS8LXx">European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo</a></td><td>EULEX Kosovo</td></tr><tr><td>10 April 2010</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Training_Mission_in_Somalia/7DCtPfss">European Union Training Mission in Somalia</a></td><td>EUTM Somalia</td></tr><tr><td>16 July 2012</td><td>European Union Capacity Building Mission in Somalia</td><td>EUCAP Somalia</td></tr><tr><td>May 2013</td><td>European Union Integrated Border Assistance Mission in Libya</td><td>EUBAM Libya</td></tr><tr><td>April 2014</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Capacity_Building_Mission_in_Mali/xElGWnxX">European Union Capacity Building Mission in Mali</a></td><td>EUCAP Sahel Mali</td></tr><tr><td>December 2014</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Advisory_Mission_in_Ukraine/uE2aFPsf">European Union Advisory Mission in Ukraine</a></td><td>EUAM Ukraine</td></tr><tr><td>16 July 2016</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Training_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic/JoSU0V3w">European Union Training Mission in the Central African Republic</a></td><td>EUTM RCA</td></tr><tr><td>22 November 2017</td><td><a href="/facts/EUAM_Iraq/2J2M3npy">European Union Advisory Mission in Iraq</a></td><td>EUAM Iraq</td></tr><tr><td>June 2019</td><td>European Union Regional Advisory Cell for the Sahel</td><td>EU RACC SAHEL</td></tr><tr><td>9 December 2019</td><td>European Union Advisory Mission in the Central African Republic</td><td>EUAM RCA</td></tr><tr><td>31 March 2020</td><td><a href="/facts/Operation_Irini/6HIzhI8J">European Union Naval Force Mediterranean IRINI</a></td><td>EUNAVFOR MED IRINI</td></tr><tr><td>17 October 2022</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Assistance_Mission_Ukraine/3A3gTlAD">European Union Military Assistance Mission in Support of Ukraine</a></td><td>EUMAM Ukraine</td></tr><tr><td>23 January 2023</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Mission_in_Armenia/q6cSC9p2">European Union Mission in Armenia</a></td><td>EUM Armenia</td></tr><tr><td>December 2023</td><td>European Union Security and Defence Initiative in Support of West African Countries of the Golf of Guinea</td><td>EU SDI GOG</td></tr><tr><td>24 April 2023</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Partnership_Mission_in_Moldova/QhjybMys">European Union Partnership Mission in the Republic of Moldova</a></td><td>EUPM Moldova</td></tr><tr><td>19 February 2024</td><td><a href="/facts/Operation_Aspides/nAms7PT9">European Union Naval Force Operation ASPIDES</a></td><td>EUNAVFOR ASPIDES</td></tr><tr><td>1 September 2024</td><td>European Union Military Assistance Mission Mozambique</td><td>EUMAM Mozambique</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="list-of-past-missions">List of past missions</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Beginning</th><th>End</th><th>Name</th><th>Abbreviation</th><th>Alternative name</th><th>Personnel</th><th><a href="/facts/Operational_headquarters_of_the_European_Union/RJ65WQKF">OHQ</a></th></tr><tr><td>July 1991</td><td>31 December 2007</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Monitoring_Mission_in_the_former_Yugoslavia/Q5wYqJ3P">European Union Monitoring Mission in the former Yugoslavia</a></td><td>ECMM / EUMM</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>December 2002</td><td>—</td><td>Police Assistance Mission of the European Community to Albania</td><td>PAMECA</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>1 January 2003</td><td>30 June 2012</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Police_Mission_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/QIdQxxJm">European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td><td>EUPM BiH</td><td>N/A</td><td>774<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>31 March 2003</td><td>15 December 2003</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Operation_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia/brItok7F">European Union Military Operation in the Republic of Macedonia</a></td><td>EUFOR Concordia</td><td>Operation Concordia</td><td>400<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe/NbaGtA8f">ACO</a></td></tr><tr><td>12 June 2003</td><td>1 September 2003</td><td>European Union Military Operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</td><td>EUFOR Artemis</td><td><a href="/facts/Operation_Artemis/3f8Uok8j">Operation Artemis</a></td><td>1800<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3"></a> <a href="/facts/Paris/DrNHpwnA">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><td>15 December 2003</td><td>14 December 2005</td><td>European Union Police Mission in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td>EUPOL FYROM</td><td>EUPOL Proxima</td><td>200<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>16 July 2004</td><td>14 July 2005</td><td>European Union Rule of Law Mission in Georgia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td>EUJUST Georgia</td><td>EUJUST Themis</td><td>27<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>12 April 2005</td><td>30 June 2007</td><td>European Union Police Mission in Kinshasa<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td>EUPOL Kinshasa</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>8 June 2005</td><td>2016</td><td>European Union Security Sector Reform Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td>EUSEC RD Congo</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>1 July 2005</td><td>31 December 2013</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Integrated_Rule_of_Law_Mission_in_Iraq/qwzMjXmP">European Union Integrated Rule of Law Mission in Iraq</a></td><td>EUJUST LEX Iraq</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>18 July 2005</td><td>31 December 2007</td><td>European Union Support to African Union Mission in Sudan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td>AMIS EU Supporting Action</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>15 September 2005</td><td>15 December 2006</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Monitoring_Mission_in_Aceh/fz7245dr">European Union Monitoring Mission in Aceh</a></td><td>AMM</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>15 December 2005</td><td>14 June 2006</td><td>European Union Police Advisory Team in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td>EUPAT</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>12 June 2006</td><td>30 November 2006</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Operation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(2006)/EbV3gN93">European Union Military Operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2006)</a></td><td>EUFOR RD Congo</td><td>N/A</td><td>2300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>15 June 2007</td><td>31 December 2016</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Police_Mission_in_Afghanistan/rcwl8onC">European Union Police Mission in Afghanistan</a></td><td>EUPOL Afghanistan</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>1 July 2007</td><td>30 September 2014</td><td>European Union Police Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>EUPOL RD Congo</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>12 February 2008</td><td>30 September 2010</td><td>European Union Mission in Support of Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td>EUSSR Guinea-Bissau</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>17 March 2008</td><td>15 March 2009</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Operation_in_Chad_and_the_Central_African_Republic/gcGbacrF">European Union Military Operation in Chad and the Central African Republic</a></td><td>EUFOR Tchad/RCA</td><td>N/A</td><td>3700<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>July 2012</td><td>30 June 2024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Capacity_Building_Mission_in_Niger/QAhWA1Y4">European Union Capacity Building Mission in Niger</a></td><td>EUCAP Sahel Niger</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM"></a> <a href="/facts/Civilian_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/DfUaW2TE">CPCC</a></td></tr><tr><td>February 2013</td><td>January 2014</td><td>European Union Aviation Security Mission in South Sudan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>EUAVSEC South Sudan</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>18 February 2013</td><td>17 May 2024</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Training_Mission_in_Mali/IKq5R1w6">European Union Training Mission in Mali</a></td><td>EUTM Mali</td><td>N/A</td><td>500<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Staff/6sDS7cLz"></a> <a href="/facts/Military_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/wagIKoPV">MPCC</a></td></tr><tr><td>10 February 2014</td><td>23 March 2015</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Operation_in_the_Central_African_Republic/l1hdf0hD">European Union Military Operation in the Central African Republic</a></td><td>EUFOR RCA</td><td>N/A</td><td>600<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>23 March 2015</td><td>16 July 2016</td><td>European Union Military Advisory Mission in the Central African Republic</td><td>EUMAM RCA</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>22 June 2015</td><td>31 March 2020</td><td><a href="/facts/Operation_Sophia/VlnMTzeA">European Union Naval Force Mediterranean</a></td><td>EUNAVFOR Med</td><td>Operation Sophia</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF"></a> ITA-JFHQ</td></tr><tr><td>20 February 2023</td><td>30 June 2024</td><td>European Union Military Partnership Mission in Niger<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>EUMPM Niger</td><td>N/A</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>European Union portal</li></ul> <p>Related topics of the <a href="/facts/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy/rDpJzIrn">Common Security and Defence Policy</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/European_Border_and_Coast_Guard_Agency/1ATJBf5X">Operations of the European Border and Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Defence_forces_of_the_European_Union/vMM3HQP5">Defence forces of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy/Ian1Vx2o">History of the Common Security and Defence Policy</a></li></ul> <p>Operations and exercises of the precursors of the Common Security and Defence Policy </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Western_European_Union/KLtu7fbc">Missions of the Western European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Western_Union_(alliance)/AEmtYDk5">Exercises of the Western Union</a></li></ul> <p>Operations and exercises of the multinational forces made available to the CSDP in accordance with article 42.3 of the <a href="/facts/Treaty_on_European_Union/0pNgKBaG">Treaty on European Union</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/European_Maritime_Force/h5G4xPEV">List of operations of the European Maritime Force</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/European_Rapid_Operational_Force/hkjc1tkW">List of operations of the European Rapid Operational Force</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/European_Gendarmerie_Force/8acrNByN">List of missions of the European Gendarmerie Force</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/European_Maritime_Force/h5G4xPEV">List of exercises of the European Maritime Force</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eurocorps/GCkSfbbt">List of operations of the European Corps</a></li></ul> <p>Missions and exercises of other organisations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions/DRTFVNeH">List of missions of the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_NATO_operations/kVuKBRpx">List of operations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_NATO_exercises/e1LDfCgm">List of exercises of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military operations involving the European Union. <ul><li><a href="https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/missions-and-operations_en?s=410283">List of CSDP missions</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf"><i>EU Civilian and Military Missions 2003-14</i></a>, <a href="/facts/London_School_of_Economics/L8SkGefj">London School of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/vital/access/manager/Repository/unige:1407">PhD Thesis on Civilian CSDP – EU Civilian crisis management (University of Geneva, 2008, 441 p. in French)</a></li> <li>Benjamin Pohl (2013) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175238/http://euroakadeemia.ee/materjalid/Logic%20of%20the%20EU%20crises%20mang.pdf">The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations</a>, <i>European Security</i>, 22(3): 307–325, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09662839.2012.726220#.VI2xNns0-rI">DOI:10.1080/09662839.2012.726220</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/European_Centre_of_Excellence_for_Civilian_Crisis_Management/XcmEMo4M">European Centre of Excellence for Civilian Crisis Management</a> <a href="https://www.coe-civ.eu/">European Centre of Excellence for Civilian Crisis Management</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>European Union External Action > EU Operations [1] <a href="http://www.eeas.europa.eu/csdp/missions-and-operations/completed/index_en.htm" target="_blank">http://www.eeas.europa.eu/csdp/missions-and-operations/completed/index_en.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Benjamin Pohl (2013) The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations, European Security, 22(3): 307-325, DOI:10.1080/09662839.2012.726220, p. 311. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175238/http://euroakadeemia.ee/materjalid/Logic%20of%20the%20EU%20crises%20mang.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175238/http://euroakadeemia.ee/materjalid/Logic%20of%20the%20EU%20crises%20mang.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"The EU Military Staff: A frog in boiling water?". 10 August 2017. <a href="https://www.militairespectator.nl/thema/internationale-samenwerking/artikel/eu-military-staff-frog-boiling-water" target="_blank">https://www.militairespectator.nl/thema/internationale-samenwerking/artikel/eu-military-staff-frog-boiling-water</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>EU Command and Control, p. 13, Military Staff <a href="https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-8798-2019-INIT/en/pdf" target="_blank">https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-8798-2019-INIT/en/pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>This operation was launched on 15 December 2003 and covered an initial period of one year. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>This mission was launched on 16 July 2004 for a duration of 12 months, and was designed to support the Georgian authorities in challenges to the criminal justice system and reform process. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>In October 2003, the Democratic Republic of Congo requested the EU for assistance in setting up an Integrated Police Unit. EUPOL Kinshasa monitored, mentored and advised the IPU once trained and operational under a Congolese chain of command, until the national elections in DRC held in 2005. The mission finished on 30 June 2007.[6] <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" target="_blank">/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>The European Union mission is to provide advice and assistance for security sector reform in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[7] Among EUSEC DR Congo's projects was the 'Modernisation de l’Administration des Forces Armées de la RDC' (Modernisation of the Administration of the FARDC) underway in December 2008, under which, amongst other projects, information technology training was being delivered.[8] It appears that in December 2009, Secretary-General/High Representative Javier Solana issued a formal invitation for the United States government to offer a contribution to EUSEC RD Congo.[citation needed] EUSEC DR Congo was initially planned in 2005-06 to include eight EU advisors assigned to posts in the DRC's integrated military structure (Structure Militaire d'Integration (?)), the army general staff, the National Committee for Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (CONADER?), the Joint Operational Committee, and the Ministry of Defence.[9] From 2007 to 2011 EUSEC personnel grew from 8 to 46, with about 30 locally employed staff. 34 locally employed staff were listed in 2011. In 2008 with 46 staff 26 were in Kinshasa and 20 in the eastern DRC. Two personnel have died due to illness.[10] <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>European Union support for the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS), the mission of the African Union in Darfur. NATO likewise provided support to AMIS from 2005 to 2007[11] Both EU and NATO missions ended with the handover to UNAMID on 31 December 2007. It included provision of airlift for 2,000 personnel, financial aid totalling more than EUR 500 million, the deployment of 15 military experts, 30 police officers, two military observers with AMIS, plus several military advisors sent to Addis Ababa to support the EU Special Representative.[12] <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" target="_blank">/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Launched on 15 December 2005 as a follow-on mission to EUPOL Proxima. The EU monitors and mentors the country's police on priority issues in the field of border police, public peace and order and accountability, the fight against corruption and organised crime. It finished its mandate in May 2006.[6] <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Established as a successor to EUPOL Kinshasa with an initial mandate until 30 June 2008. <a href="/w/index.php?title=EUPOL_Kinshasa&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=EUPOL_Kinshasa&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>A mission for security sector reform in Guinea-Bissau with an initial mandate until 31 May 2009. Ended due to concerns over cooperation by Guinea-Bissau.[13] <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" target="_blank">/wiki/Guinea-Bissau</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"EUCAP Sahel Niger: mission prolongée jusqu'au 30 septembre 2024 avec un mandat adapté". www.consilium.europa.eu (in French). Retrieved 17 January 2023. <a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/press/press-releases/2022/09/09/eucap-sahel-niger-mission-extended-until-30-september-2024-with-an-adjusted-mandate/" target="_blank">https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/press/press-releases/2022/09/09/eucap-sahel-niger-mission-extended-until-30-september-2024-with-an-adjusted-mandate/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Strengthening aviation security at Juba's airport.[15] <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030534/http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military-Missions-since-2003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Niger: EU launches its military partnership mission". <a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/02/20/niger-eu-launches-its-military-partnership-mission/" target="_blank">https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/02/20/niger-eu-launches-its-military-partnership-mission/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"EU Military Partnership Mission in Niger | EEAS". <a href="https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eumpm-niger_en?s=410280" target="_blank">https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eumpm-niger_en?s=410280</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"EU to end military mission to Niger by June 30". Reuters. 27 May 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/eu-end-military-mission-niger-by-june-30-2024-05-27/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/eu-end-military-mission-niger-by-june-30-2024-05-27/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>