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1948 in science
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<h2 id="astronomy-and-space-science">Astronomy and space science</h2> <ul><li>February 16 – <a href="/facts/Miranda_(moon)/ILmQCtMM">Miranda</a>, innermost of the large <a href="/facts/Moons_of_Uranus/evfGRq7F">moons of Uranus</a>, is discovered by <a href="/facts/Gerard_Kuiper/2VghxPem">Gerard Kuiper</a> from the <a href="/facts/McDonald_Observatory/sop8npHh">McDonald Observatory</a> in Texas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li>October 10 – An <a href="/facts/R-1_(missile)/yGYUDdfC">R-1 (missile)</a> on test becomes the first <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet</a> launch to enter space.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>August 7 – Teaching and research in <a href="/facts/Mendelian_inheritance/v2038wkl">Mendelian</a> <a href="/facts/Genetics/bu8wne0A">genetics</a> is prohibited in the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> in favour of <a href="/facts/Lysenkoism/MD15J346">Lysenkoist</a> theories of the <a href="/facts/Inheritance_of_acquired_characteristics/5bwVUmP8">inheritance of acquired characteristics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>October 5 – Delegates to a conference organised by Sir <a href="/facts/Julian_Huxley/pIST2QoX">Julian Huxley</a> at <a href="/facts/Fontainebleau/G4tu83df">Fontainebleau</a> agree to formation of the <a href="/facts/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature/QwV8JXup">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>November 20 – The <a href="/facts/South_Island_takah%25C4%2593/EsaeWXnF">South Island takahē</a>, a flightless bird generally thought to have been <a href="/facts/Extinct/24p5NP2q">extinct</a> for fifty years, is rediscovered by <a href="/facts/Geoffrey_Orbell/6gd4xWlB">Geoffrey Orbell</a> near <a href="/facts/Lake_Te_Anau/9YnwTACS">Lake Te Anau</a> in the <a href="/facts/South_Island/asD6NsNx">South Island</a> of <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a>.</li> <li>Last recorded sighting of the <a href="/facts/Caspian_tiger/guXb68XJ">Caspian tiger</a> in <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a>.</li> <li>Publication of <a href="/facts/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn%2c_Jr./ehkoMdSv">Fairfield Osborne</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Our_Plundered_Planet/hGguJ8ol">Our Plundered Planet</a></i>, a <a href="/facts/Malthusian/jbR6UF1B">Malthusian</a> critique of human environmental destruction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="computer-science">Computer science</h2> <ul><li>May 12 – World's first <a href="/facts/Stored-program_computer/CwcIk5S8">stored-program computer</a> operates, the mechanical ARC (Automatic Relay Calculator) at <a href="/facts/Birkbeck_College%2c_University_of_London/0xSxtEUk">Birkbeck College, University of London</a> (largely built by <a href="/facts/Kathleen_Booth/EqozPTAr">Kathleen Booth</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>June 21 – World's first working <a href="/facts/Computer_program/e38jH9N9">program</a> run on an electronic stored-program computer, the <a href="/facts/Manchester_Baby/tpkAwQnc">Manchester Baby</a> (written by <a href="/facts/Tom_Kilburn/TTT1MnBA">Tom Kilburn</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>July–October – <a href="/facts/Claude_E._Shannon/EremsCws">Claude E. Shannon</a> publishes "<a href="/facts/A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication/Dze1Bnpo">A Mathematical Theory of Communication</a>" in <i><a href="/facts/Bell_System_Technical_Journal/JjXNS5y1">Bell System Technical Journal</a></i>, regarded as a foundation of <a href="/facts/Information_theory/qNLH3U5P">information theory</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> introducing the concept of <a href="/facts/Shannon_entropy/NLg4NLvt">Shannon entropy</a> and adopting the term <i><a href="/facts/Bit/S972NSaD">Bit</a></i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="history-of-science">History of science</h2> <ul><li>December 17 – The original <i><a href="/facts/Wright_Flyer/AltAzzvr">Wright Flyer</a></i> goes on display in the <a href="/facts/Smithsonian_Institution/pqC74ta9">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="medicine-and-human-sciences">Medicine and human sciences</h2> <ul><li>January 5 – The first <a href="/facts/Kinsey_Reports/0HN090gp">Kinsey Report</a>, <i>Sexual Behavior in the Human Male</i>, is published in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>.</li> <li>April 7 – The <a href="/facts/World_Health_Organization/YNN3bgug">World Health Organization</a> is established by the <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a>.</li> <li>July 5 – The <a href="/facts/National_Health_Service/lTzheqYw">National Health Service</a> begins functioning in the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>, giving the right to universal healthcare, free at point of use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>Winter 1948/49 – Outbreak of <a href="/facts/Akureyri_disease/I8NXRbuB">Akureyri disease</a> in Iceland.</li> <li>In <a href="/facts/Psychology/duoqW7Sz">psychology</a>, <a href="/facts/Bertram_Forer/5BBFvG2A">Bertram Forer</a> demonstrates the <a href="/facts/Barnum_effect/qQG8Ek4u">Barnum effect</a> (that people tend to accept generalised descriptions of personality as uniquely applicable to themselves).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Julius_Axelrod/RfxCLUgC">Julius Axelrod</a> and <a href="/facts/Bernard_Brodie_(biochemist)/rm47n5vb">Bernard Brodie</a> identify the <a href="/facts/Analgesic/xLj4XBcq">analgesic</a> properties of <a href="/facts/Acetaminophen/SNDfQWcf">acetaminophen</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="meteorology">Meteorology</h2> <ul><li>March 25 – Meteorologists at <a href="/facts/Tinker_Air_Force_Base/uW3LFF6g">Tinker Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/facts/Oklahoma_City/o7P8l8Cd">Oklahoma City</a> issue the world's first <a href="/facts/Tornado/HSGNQzHa">tornado</a> <a href="/facts/Weather_forecasting/nzqyMFCa">forecast</a>, for the second of the <a href="/facts/1948_Tinker_Air_Force_Base_tornadoes/HUDSCWou">1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>April 1 – Physicists <a href="/facts/Ralph_Asher_Alpher/TQutAYsV">Ralph Asher Alpher</a> and <a href="/facts/George_Gamow/n79Pqk8R">George Gamow</a> publish the <a href="/facts/Alpher%25E2%2580%2593Bethe%25E2%2580%2593Gamow_paper/goBG5zAF">Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper</a> about the <a href="/facts/Big_Bang/I5T1vTnv">Big Bang</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>May 29 – <a href="/facts/Casimir_effect/xRhpDH6T">Casimir effect</a> predicted by Dutch physicist <a href="/facts/Hendrik_Casimir/pAVEPhYd">Hendrik Casimir</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Herbert_Fr%25C3%25B6hlich/vvMvUKNU">Herbert Fröhlich</a> makes a key breakthrough in understanding <a href="/facts/Superconductivity/pqQAlSzJ">superconductivity</a>, at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Liverpool/c9yBULDJ">University of Liverpool</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>June 18 – <a href="/facts/Columbia_Records/yV1YYE69">Columbia Records</a> unveil the <a href="/facts/LP_record/0QpKHzHM">LP records</a> developed by <a href="/facts/Peter_Carl_Goldmark/RfdKNnh5">Peter Goldmark</a> of <a href="/facts/CBS_Laboratories/SFNdySmB">CBS Laboratories</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>First modern long-span permanent <a href="/facts/Box_girder_bridge/eVKVDmdJ">box girder bridge</a> completed, between <a href="/facts/Cologne/U2qmyGga">Cologne</a> and <a href="/facts/Deutz%2c_Cologne/LwSFh3VP">Deutz</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="publications">Publications</h2> <ul><li>First publication of <a href="/facts/Norbert_Wiener/cVMRAHCU">Norbert Wiener</a>'s <i>Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine</i>.</li> <li>Publication in Britain of the novel <i><a href="/facts/No_Highway/0xbeh2nA">No Highway</a></i> by former <a href="/facts/Aeronautical_engineer/2Ib02w7f">aeronautical engineer</a> <a href="/facts/Nevil_Shute/VUQELmFJ">Nevil Shute</a>, dealing with the effects of <a href="/facts/Metal_fatigue/zmJY8hMt">metal fatigue</a> on aircraft.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prizes</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett/qlkRLal2">Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Arne_Wilhelm_Kaurin_Tiselius/eqvyeCz9">Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – <a href="/facts/Paul_Hermann_Muller/BbMTMFql">Paul Hermann Müller</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>January 30 – <a href="/facts/Akira_Yoshino/T1AdMTtz">Akira Yoshino</a>, <a href="/facts/Japanese_people/MSKDKv3J">Japanese</a> chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</li> <li>March 1 – <a href="/facts/Alison_Richard/2bLD4voQ">Alison Richard</a>, <a href="/facts/English_people/IeI9c7BK">English</a> <a href="/facts/Primatologist/BmS9LAqK">primatologist</a> and academic.</li> <li>March 9 – <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25A1szl%25C3%25B3_Lov%25C3%25A1sz/X0VB38Ee">László Lovász</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungarians/Aqot45Va">Hungarian</a> <a href="/facts/Computer_scientist/DavggjGL">computer scientist</a>.</li> <li>March 21 – <a href="/facts/Robert_Watson_(scientist)/00bszvVx">Robert Watson</a>, <a href="/facts/British_people/xn7cqlzV">British</a> atmospheric chemist.</li> <li>May – <a href="/facts/David_Mabberley/gA9lzEG7">David Mabberley</a>, English-born plant taxonomist.</li> <li>June 13 – <a href="/facts/Nina_L._Etkin/eCvRDknG">Nina L. Etkin</a> (died <a href="/facts/2009_in_science/m9t2hRa2">2009</a>), <a href="/facts/Americans/srd9GJ5U">American</a> <a href="/facts/Anthropology/W6WK1C3a">anthropologist</a> and <a href="/facts/Biologist/yJJGXyKR">biologist</a>.</li> <li>June 28 – <a href="/facts/Kenneth_Alan_Ribet/6hU9bzw8">Kenneth Alan Ribet</a>, American mathematician.</li> <li>July 20 – <a href="/facts/Martin_Green_(professor)/Yjo4xpX4">Martin Green</a>, <a href="/facts/Australians/hCxBM7cd">Australian</a> <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cell</a> researcher.</li> <li>August 4 – <a href="/facts/Giorgio_Parisi/TnJWYAbe">Giorgio Parisi</a>, <a href="/facts/Italians/dsdUeJ1n">Italian</a> theoretical physicist, recipient of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>.</li> <li>August 7 – <a href="/facts/James_P._Allison/VK9c7VsA">James P. Allison</a>, American immunologist, recipient of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li> <li>August 25 – <a href="/facts/Nicholas_A._Peppas/l44MP0Hx">Nicholas A. Peppas</a>, <a href="/facts/Greeks/wXwd2xlb">Greek</a> <a href="/facts/Chemical_engineering/Fb64amQf">chemical</a> and <a href="/facts/Biomedical_engineering/TNAa3sqa">biomedical engineer</a>.</li> <li>August 29 – <a href="/facts/Robert_S._Langer/bzxwh1lY">Robert S. Langer</a>, American biomedical engineer.</li> <li>August 30 – <a href="/facts/Victor_Skumin/QRFAFfB1">Victor Skumin</a>, <a href="/facts/Russian_scientists/xhN8WpKN">Russian scientist</a>, <a href="/facts/Psychiatrist/hS7EnAU6">psychiatrist</a> and <a href="/facts/Psychologist/J4l4QdX2">psychologist</a>; describes Skumin syndrome in 1978.</li> <li>September 2 – <a href="/facts/Christa_McAuliffe/Fq9xeu1z">Christa McAuliffe</a>, born Sharon Christa Corrigan (died <a href="/facts/1986_in_science/ywkYU3NA">1986</a>), American <a href="/facts/Astronaut/HB1bd6Lz">astronaut</a>.</li> <li>October 29 – <a href="/facts/Frans_de_Waal/c3oXb7rI">Frans de Waal</a>, <a href="/facts/Dutch_people/QhHtJ2WK">Dutch</a> primatologist.</li> <li>October 31 – <a href="/facts/Mu-ming_Poo/cp8eWTrm">Mu-ming Poo</a>, <a href="/facts/Chinese_people/Ft6TzPzd">Chinese</a> <a href="/facts/Neuroscientist/DvcNRpyM">neuroscientist</a>.</li> <li>December 30 – <a href="/facts/Randy_Schekman/m1GvYncu">Randy Schekman</a>, American <a href="/facts/Cell_biologist/kdIBGHub">cell biologist</a>, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Margaret_Allen/l8mQBxYc">Margaret Allen</a>, American <a href="/facts/Cardiothoracic_surgeon/I3dIcapo">cardiothoracic surgeon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Plomin/YY0AadXw">Robert Plomin</a>, American-born <a href="/facts/Psychologist/J4l4QdX2">psychologist</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>January 30 – <a href="/facts/Orville_Wright/byU6xEkD">Orville Wright</a> (born <a href="/facts/1871_in_science/JxgmMrur">1871</a>), <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">American</a> pioneer <a href="/facts/Aviator/SJaN1UAJ">aviator</a>.</li> <li>May 26 – Sir <a href="/facts/George_Newman_(doctor)/V8bCGlew">George Newman</a> (born <a href="/facts/1870_in_science/o4uJznAF">1870</a>), <a href="/facts/English_people/IeI9c7BK">English</a> public health physician.</li> <li>June 10 – <a href="/facts/Philippa_Fawcett/AbAydbUS">Philippa Fawcett</a> (born <a href="/facts/1868_in_science/K35shjPr">1868</a>), English mathematician.</li> <li>June 21 – <a href="/facts/D%2527Arcy_Wentworth_Thompson/gjTsQzJ5">D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson</a> (born <a href="/facts/1860_in_science/RDhtEhvt">1860</a>), <a href="/facts/Scottish_people/0rp2bd12">Scottish</a> <a href="/facts/Biologist/yJJGXyKR">biologist</a>.</li> <li>December 12 – <a href="/facts/Marjory_Stephenson/XrlMxvbN">Marjory Stephenson</a> (born <a href="/facts/1885_in_science/UH5qqvQA">1885</a>), English <a href="/facts/Biochemist/gAWNAY5v">biochemist</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Moore, Patrick (1995). The Guinness Book of Astronomy (5th ed.). Enfield, UK: Guinness Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 978-0851126432. <a href="978-0851126432" target="_blank">978-0851126432</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Wade, Mark. "R-1". Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved 2020-12-06. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820192642/http://www.astronautix.com/r/r-1.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160820192642/http://www.astronautix.com/r/r-1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Joravsky, David (1970). The Lysenko Affair. Russian Research Center studies, 61. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53985-3. <a href="978-0-674-53985-3" target="_blank">978-0-674-53985-3</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Cohen, Barry M. (1965). "The descent of Lysenko". The Journal of Heredity. 56 (5): 229–233. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Christoffersen, Leif E. (1994). "IUCN: A Bridge-Builder for Nature Conservation" (PDF). Green Globe YearBook. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2011-11-02. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216230117/http://www.fni.no/YBICED/97_04_christoffersen.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081216230117/http://www.fni.no/YBICED/97_04_christoffersen.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Netzley, Patricia (1999). Environmental Literature. California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-000-0. <a href="978-1-57607-000-0" target="_blank">978-1-57607-000-0</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Desrochers, Pierre; Hoffbauer, Christine (2009). "The Post War Intellectual Roots of the Population Bomb: Fairfield Osborne's Our Plundered Planet and William Vogt's Road to Survival in retrospect" (PDF). The Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development. 1 (3): 73–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2011-12-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302185414/http://www.dpi.inpe.br/sil/cst310/Aula2_fundamentos/THE_POST_WAR_INTELLECTUAL_ROOTS_OF_THE_POPULATION_BOMB_-_FAIRFIELD_OSBORNS_OUR_PLUNDERED_PLANET_AND_WILLIAM_VOGTS_ROAD_TO_SURVIVAL_IN_RETROSPECT.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120302185414/http://www.dpi.inpe.br/sil/cst310/Aula2_fundamentos/THE_POST_WAR_INTELLECTUAL_ROOTS_OF_THE_POPULATION_BOMB_-_FAIRFIELD_OSBORNS_OUR_PLUNDERED_PLANET_AND_WILLIAM_VOGTS_ROAD_TO_SURVIVAL_IN_RETROSPECT.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2022-11-12). "Kathleen Booth". The Guardian. London. p. 9 (Journal). Retrieved 2022-11-13. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/nov/10/kathleen-booth-obituary" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/nov/10/kathleen-booth-obituary</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998). "Computing's Golden Jubilee". Resurrection (20). Computer Conservation Society. ISSN 0958-7403. Archived from the original on 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2011-11-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120109142655/http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res20.htm#d" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120109142655/http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res20.htm#d</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>James, Ioan (2009). "Claude Elwood Shannon 30 April 1916 – 24 February 2001". 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