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Median lethal dose
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<h2 id="conventions">Conventions</h2> <p>The LD50 is usually expressed as the mass of substance administered per unit mass of test subject, typically as <a href="/facts/Milligram/lU2zbPk8">milligrams</a> of substance per <a href="/facts/Kilogram/lU2zbPk8">kilogram</a> of body mass, sometimes also stated as <a href="/facts/Nanogram/2jIXpAFv">nanograms</a> (suitable for <a href="/facts/Botulinum_toxin/F2LTx09G">botulinum toxin</a>), <a href="/facts/Microgram/aAHxytph">micrograms</a>, or <a href="/facts/Gram/sRSW5RJb">grams</a> (suitable for <a href="/facts/Paracetamol/SNDfQWcf">paracetamol</a>) per kilogram. Stating it this way allows the relative toxicity of different substances to be compared and normalizes for the variation in the size of the animals exposed (although toxicity does not always scale simply with body mass). For substances in the environment, such as poisonous vapors or substances in water that are toxic to fish, the concentration in the environment (per cubic metre or per litre) is used, giving a value of LC50. But in this case, the exposure time is important (see below). </p><p>The choice of 50% lethality as a benchmark avoids the potential for ambiguity of making measurements in the extremes and reduces the amount of testing required. However, this also means that LD50 is not the lethal dose for all subjects; some may be killed by much less, while others survive doses far higher than the LD50. Measures such as "LD1" and "LD99" (dosage required to kill 1% or 99%, respectively, of the test population) are occasionally used for specific purposes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Lethal dosage often varies depending on the method of <a href="/facts/Drug_administration/h9mhwWP2">administration</a>; for instance, many substances are less toxic when administered orally than when <a href="/facts/Intravenous_therapy/AwwuD3Nu">intravenously</a> administered. For this reason, LD50 figures are often qualified with the mode of administration, e.g., "LD50 i.v." </p><p>The related quantities LD50/30 or LD50/60 are used to refer to a dose that without treatment will be lethal to 50% of the population within (respectively) 30 or 60 days. These measures are used more commonly within radiation <a href="/facts/Health_physics/080AtWpP">health physics</a>, for <a href="/facts/Ionizing_radiation/vw0d9GaT">ionizing radiation</a>, as survival beyond 60 days usually results in recovery. </p><p>A comparable measurement is LCt50, which relates to lethal dosage from exposure, where C is concentration and t is time. It is often expressed in terms of mg-min/m3. ICt50 is the dose that will cause incapacitation rather than death. These measures are commonly used to indicate the comparative efficacy of <a href="/facts/Chemical_warfare/zT4t2DGk">chemical warfare</a> agents, and dosages are typically qualified by rates of breathing (e.g., resting = 10 L/min) for inhalation, or degree of clothing for skin penetration. The concept of Ct was first proposed by <a href="/facts/Fritz_Haber/cj5QTJKT">Fritz Haber</a> and is sometimes referred to as <a href="/facts/Haber%2527s_law/vyXvHxeT">Haber's law</a>, which assumes that exposure to 1 minute of 100 mg/m3 is equivalent to 10 minutes of 10 mg/m3 (1 × 100 = 100, as does 10 × 10 = 100). </p><p>Some chemicals, such as <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_cyanide/vNtA0Mxe">hydrogen cyanide</a>, are rapidly detoxified by the human body, and do not follow Haber's law. In these cases, the lethal concentration may be given simply as LC50 and qualified by a duration of exposure (e.g., 10 minutes). The <a href="/facts/Material_safety_data_sheet/jbshEV2W">material safety data sheets</a> for toxic substances frequently use this form of the term even if the substance does follow Haber's law. </p><p>For disease-causing organisms, there is also a measure known as the median infective dose and dosage. The median infective dose (ID50) is the number of organisms received by a person or test animal qualified by the route of administration (e.g., 1,200 org/man per oral). Because of the difficulties in counting actual organisms in a dose, infective doses may be expressed in terms of biological assay, such as the number of LD50s to some test animal. In <a href="/facts/Biological_warfare/hLnbu8Sd">biological warfare</a> infective dosage is the number of infective doses per cubic metre of air times the number of minutes of exposure (e.g., ICt50 is 100 medium doses - min/m3). </p> <h2 id="limitation">Limitation</h2> <p>As a measure of toxicity, LD50 is somewhat unreliable and results may vary greatly between testing facilities due to factors such as the genetic characteristics of the sample population, animal species tested, environmental factors and mode of administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>There can be wide variability between species as well; what is relatively safe for rats may very well be extremely toxic for humans (<i><a href="/facts/Cf./hdmpMAfU">cf.</a></i> <a href="/facts/Paracetamol_toxicity/eM5q9dj8">paracetamol toxicity</a>), and vice versa. For example, chocolate, comparatively harmless to humans, is known to be <a href="/facts/Health_effects_of_chocolate/YUmMknuh">toxic to many animals</a>. When used to test <a href="/facts/Venom/2jMUVqKe">venom</a> from venomous creatures, such as <a href="/facts/Snake/YhA2gcn0">snakes</a>, LD50 results may be misleading due to the physiological differences between mice, rats, and humans. Many <a href="/facts/Venomous_snake/YR9d8Eaf">venomous snakes</a> are specialized predators on mice, and their venom may be adapted specifically to incapacitate mice; and <a href="/facts/Mongoose/PfYrQUuB">mongooses</a> may be exceptionally resistant. While most <a href="/facts/Mammal/phSwTzBo">mammals</a> have a very similar physiology, LD50 results may or may not have equal bearing upon every mammal species, such as humans, etc. </p> <h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <p>Note: Comparing substances (especially drugs) to each other by LD50 can be misleading in many cases due (in part) to differences in <a href="/facts/Effective_dose_(pharmacology)/qx2wPdUV">effective dose</a> (ED50). Therefore, it is more useful to compare such substances by <a href="/facts/Therapeutic_index/h311pqE5">therapeutic index</a>, which is simply the ratio of LD50 to ED50.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The following examples are listed in reference to LD50 values, in descending order, and accompanied by LC50 values, {bracketed}, when appropriate. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Substance</th><th>Animal, route</th><th>LD50 {LC50} </th><th>LD50 : g/kg {LC50 : g/L} standardised</th><th>Reference</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Water_intoxication/Jg0DpnA0">Water</a> (H2O)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>>90,000 mg/kg</td><td>>90</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sucrose/7y1ke94L">Sucrose</a> (table sugar)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>29,700 mg/kg</td><td>29.7</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Corn_syrup/P8CBE89H">Corn syrup</a></td><td>rat, oral</td><td>25,800 mg/kg</td><td>25.8</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Glucose/oUSkoLCD">Glucose</a> (blood sugar)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>25,800 mg/kg</td><td>25.8</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Monosodium_glutamate/cADzIYgU">Monosodium glutamate</a> (MSG)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>16,600 mg/kg</td><td>16.6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Stevioside/JFcushqx">Stevioside</a> (from <a href="/facts/Stevia/zPCfBxjn">stevia</a>)</td><td>mice and rats, oral</td><td>15,000 mg/kg</td><td>15</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gasoline/lcnxq5BS">Gasoline</a> (petrol)</td><td>rat</td><td>14,063 mg/kg</td><td>14.0</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Vitamin_C/IA2f1fTm">Vitamin C</a> (ascorbic acid)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>11,900 mg/kg</td><td>11.9</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Glyphosate/dS72T7VY">Glyphosate</a> (isopropylamine salt)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>10,537 mg/kg</td><td>10.537</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lactose/lBa5ozYk">Lactose</a> (milk sugar)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>10,000 mg/kg</td><td>10</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aspartame/KQL62MUN">Aspartame</a></td><td>mice, oral</td><td>10,000 mg/kg</td><td>10</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Urea/6j84AoCG">Urea</a> (OC(NH2)2)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>8,471 mg/kg</td><td>8.471</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cyanuric_acid/KSmuJvtB">Cyanuric acid</a></td><td>rat, oral</td><td>7,700 mg/kg</td><td>7.7</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium_sulfide/lsYV3Gum">Cadmium sulfide</a> (CdS)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>7,080 mg/kg</td><td>7.08</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ethanol/3lCLfBSP">Ethanol</a> (CH3CH2OH)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>7,060 mg/kg</td><td>7.06</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium <a href="/facts/Sarin/aYEK2f61">isopropyl methylphosphonic acid</a> (IMPA, metabolite of <a href="/facts/Sarin/aYEK2f61">sarin</a>)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>6,860 mg/kg</td><td>6.86</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Melamine/wvvc4rrz">Melamine</a></td><td>rat, oral</td><td>6,000 mg/kg</td><td>6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Taurine/Gol6r2l3">Taurine</a></td><td>rat, oral</td><td>5,000 mg/kg</td><td>5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Melamine_cyanurate/WInKJYx8">Melamine cyanurate</a></td><td>rat, oral</td><td>4,100 mg/kg</td><td>4.1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fructose/pEqWJC2N">Fructose</a> (fruit sugar)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>4,000 mg/kg</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sodium_molybdate/rml8f8pH">Sodium molybdate</a> (Na2MoO4)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>4,000 mg/kg</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Salt_poisoning/1P28MhXC">Sodium chloride</a> (table salt)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>3,000 mg/kg</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Paracetamol_poisoning/eM5q9dj8">Paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>2000 mg/kg</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aspirin/opMK4qLk">Aspirin</a> (acetylsalicylic acid)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>1,600 mg/kg</td><td>1.6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol/ljryfDfg">Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>1,270 mg/kg</td><td>1.27</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cannabidiol/PgnVbNqo">Cannabidiol</a> (CBD)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>980 mg/kg</td><td>0.98</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Methanol_toxicity/hC3Nllv4">Methanol</a> (CH3OH)</td><td>human, oral</td><td>810 mg/kg</td><td>0.81</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/TNT/sADUt6nC">Trinitrotoluene</a> (TNT)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>790 mg/kg</td><td>0.790</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arsenic_poisoning/JCLk4S68">Arsenic</a> (As)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>763 mg/kg</td><td>0.763</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ibuprofen/vsKBTfVl">Ibuprofen</a></td><td>rat, oral</td><td>636 mg/kg</td><td>0.636</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Formaldehyde/Ck8RLfqk">Formaldehyde</a> (CH2O)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>600–800 mg/kg</td><td>0.6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Solanine/Iwxa3UI5">Solanine</a> (main alkaloid in the several plants in <i><a href="/facts/Solanaceae/HQPdeAVC">Solanaceae</a></i> amongst them <i><a href="/facts/Solanum_tuberosum/F8jRVExs">Solanum tuberosum</a></i>)</td><td>rat, oral (2.8 mg/kg human, oral)</td><td>590 mg/kg</td><td>0.590</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ADBAC/BMg8MMAy">Alkyl dimethyl benzalkonium chloride</a> (ADBAC)</td><td>rat, oral fish, immersion aquatic invertebrates, immersion</td><td>304.5 mg/kg {0.28 mg/L} {0.059 mg/L}</td><td>0.3045 {0.00028} {0.000059}</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Coumarin/bW8bsSzK">Coumarin</a> (<a href="/facts/Benzopyrone/NEST3sDI">benzopyrone</a>, from <i><a href="/facts/Cinnamomum_aromaticum/FardkW1u">Cinnamomum aromaticum</a></i> and other plants)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>293 mg/kg</td><td>0.293</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Psilocybin/0jGynLUX">Psilocybin</a> (from <a href="/facts/Psilocybin_mushroom/tJ29VHJY">psilocybin mushrooms</a>)</td><td>mouse, oral</td><td>280 mg/kg</td><td>0.280</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hydrochloric_acid/HqItJlUT">Hydrochloric acid</a> (HCl)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>238–277 mg/kg</td><td>0.238</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ketamine/BtNSoqvh">Ketamine</a></td><td>rat, intraperitoneal</td><td>229 mg/kg</td><td>0.229</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Caffeine/Hx6E2QC5">Caffeine</a></td><td>rat, oral</td><td>192 mg/kg</td><td>0.192</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arsenic_trisulfide/Tns91XN9">Arsenic trisulfide</a> (As2S3)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>185–6,400 mg/kg</td><td>0.185–6.4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sodium_nitrite/t5p4YpvJ">Sodium nitrite</a> (NaNO2)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>180 mg/kg</td><td>0.18</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/MDMA/WYDACxGN">Methylenedioxymethamphetamine</a> (MDMA)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>160 mg/kg</td><td>0.18</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Uranyl_acetate_dihydrate/a7RXsw2p">Uranyl acetate dihydrate</a> (UO2(CH3COO)2)</td><td>mouse, oral</td><td>136 mg/kg</td><td>0.136</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane/RfYXlCuF">Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane</a> (DDT)</td><td>mouse, oral</td><td>135 mg/kg</td><td>0.135</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">Uranium</a> (U)</td><td>mice, oral</td><td>114 mg/kg (estimated)</td><td>0.114</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bisoprolol/y75bt6ks">Bisoprolol</a></td><td>mouse, oral</td><td>100 mg/kg</td><td>0.1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cocaine/rdQP4zwF">Cocaine</a></td><td>mouse, oral</td><td>96 mg/kg</td><td>0.096</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cobalt(II)_chloride/qAAn3wNU">Cobalt(II) chloride</a> (CoCl2)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>80 mg/kg</td><td>0.08</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium_oxide/44Kovzwf">Cadmium oxide</a> (CdO)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>72 mg/kg</td><td>0.072</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Thiopental_sodium/gMH3jfAz">Thiopental sodium</a> (used in <a href="/facts/Lethal_injection/Ckyz8Nvg">lethal injection</a>)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>64 mg/kg</td><td>0.064</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Demeton-S-methyl/NJzwqR5I">Demeton-S-methyl</a></td><td>rat, oral</td><td>60 mg/kg</td><td>0.060</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Methamphetamine/vS1jloMe">Methamphetamine</a></td><td>rat, intraperitoneal</td><td>57 mg/kg</td><td>0.057</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sodium_fluoride/HHcvwK7s">Sodium fluoride</a> (NaF)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>52 mg/kg</td><td>0.052</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nicotine/VQ6HcIrY">Nicotine</a></td><td>mouse and rat, oral<p>human, smoking</p></td><td>50 mg/kg</td><td>0.05</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pentaborane/coB2EDUm">Pentaborane</a></td><td>human, oral</td><td>50 mg/kg</td><td>0.05</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Capsaicin/aXaaFxDp">Capsaicin</a></td><td>mouse, oral</td><td>47.2 mg/kg</td><td>0.0472</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Vitamin_D3/ILqn7syS">Vitamin D3</a> (cholecalciferol)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>37 mg/kg</td><td>0.037</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Piperidine/dU6YTIC6">Piperidine</a> (from <a href="/facts/Black_pepper/6MMqGwm4">black pepper</a>)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>30 mg/kg</td><td>0.030</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Heroin/rYwrKHPk">Heroin</a> (diamorphine)</td><td>mouse, intravenous</td><td>21.8 mg/kg</td><td>0.0218</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide/o5qq0grH">Lysergic acid diethylamide</a> (LSD)</td><td>rat, intravenous</td><td>16.5 mg/kg</td><td>0.0165</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arsenic_trioxide/YhlrDAg7">Arsenic trioxide</a> (As2O3)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>14 mg/kg</td><td>0.014</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Metallic <a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">arsenic</a> (As)</td><td>rat, <a href="/facts/Intraperitoneal/BotJhUr0">intraperitoneal</a></td><td>13 mg/kg</td><td>0.013</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sodium_cyanide/CQfl206o">Sodium cyanide</a> (NaCN)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>6.4 mg/kg</td><td>0.0064</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chlorotoxin/Jb45uPj3">Chlorotoxin</a> (CTX, from <a href="/facts/Scorpion/clJKHDdY">scorpions</a>)</td><td>mice</td><td>4.3 mg/kg</td><td>0.0043</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hydrogen_cyanide/vNtA0Mxe">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</td><td>mouse, oral</td><td>3.7 mg/kg</td><td>0.0037</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Carfentanil/bCnYQJhh">Carfentanil</a></td><td>rat, intravenous</td><td>3.39 mg/kg</td><td>0.00339</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nicotine/VQ6HcIrY">Nicotine</a> (from various <i><a href="/facts/Solanaceae/HQPdeAVC">Solanaceae</a> genera</i>)</td><td>mice, oral</td><td>3.3 mg/kg</td><td>0.0033</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/White_phosphorus/GarX3byj">White phosphorus</a> (P)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>3.03 mg/kg</td><td>0.00303</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Strychnine/oaAfW1xP">Strychnine</a> (from <i><a href="/facts/Strychnos_nux-vomica/vs3qQSbU">Strychnos nux-vomica</a></i>)</td><td>human, oral</td><td>1–2 mg/kg (estimated)</td><td>0.001–0.002</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aconitine/Nx9SMe1h">Aconitine</a> (from <i><a href="/facts/Aconitum_napellus/jjkuBrdD">Aconitum napellus</a></i> and related species)</td><td>human, oral</td><td>1–2 mg/kg</td><td>0.001–0.002</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mercury(II)_chloride/aUAKsq6a">Mercury(II) chloride</a> (HgCl2)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>1 mg/kg</td><td>0.001</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cantharidin/vXGFx022">Cantharidin</a> (from <a href="/facts/Blister_beetle/wGz63nd0">blister beetles</a>)</td><td>human, oral</td><td>500 μg/kg</td><td>0.0005</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aflatoxin/EUu21Ywp">Aflatoxin B1</a> (from <i><a href="/facts/Aspergillus_flavus/3y1jGsPT">Aspergillus flavus</a></i> mold)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>480 μg/kg</td><td>0.00048</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Plutonium/4bUw9zH3">Plutonium</a> (Pu)</td><td>dog, intravenous</td><td>320 μg/kg</td><td>0.00032</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bufotoxin/IDleKDAQ">Bufotoxin</a> (from <i><a href="/facts/Bufo/2jmj22yM">Bufo</a></i> toads)</td><td>cat, intravenous</td><td>300 μg/kg</td><td>0.0003</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Brodifacoum/Id8lyXzp">Brodifacoum</a></td><td>rat, oral</td><td>270 μg/kg</td><td>0.00027</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Caesium-137/NrY5Tb6j">Caesium-137</a> (137Cs)</td><td>mouse, parenteral</td><td>21.5 μCi/g</td><td>0.000245</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sodium_fluoroacetate/6g4RPVmb">Sodium fluoroacetate</a> (CH2FCOONa)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>220 μg/kg</td><td>0.00022</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chlorine_trifluoride/QhAU6UL6">Chlorine trifluoride</a> (ClF3)</td><td>mouse, absorption through skin</td><td>178 μg/kg</td><td>0.000178</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sarin/aYEK2f61">Sarin</a></td><td>mouse, subcutaneous injection</td><td>172 μg/kg</td><td>0.000172</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Robustoxin/1gXw026p">Robustoxin</a> (from <a href="/facts/Sydney_funnel-web_spider/LsupqJS5">Sydney funnel-web spider</a>)</td><td>mice</td><td>150 μg/kg</td><td>0.000150</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/VX_(nerve_agent)/71BKt6Gm">VX</a></td><td>human, oral, inhalation, absorption through skin/eyes</td><td>140 μg/kg (estimated)</td><td>0.00014</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Venom of the <a href="/facts/Brazilian_wandering_spider/lxuRHQ9T">Brazilian wandering spider</a></td><td>rat, subcutaneous</td><td>134 μg/kg</td><td>0.000134</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Amatoxin/tL5PVLeY">Amatoxin</a> (from <i><a href="/facts/Amanita_phalloides/yea3ok6C">Amanita phalloides</a></i> mushrooms)</td><td>human, oral</td><td>100 μg/kg</td><td>0.0001</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dimethylmercury/ettgPTS7">Dimethylmercury</a> (Hg(CH3)2)</td><td>human, transdermal</td><td>50 μg/kg</td><td>0.000050</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/TBPO/EemxrkcB">TBPO</a> (t-Butyl-bicyclophosphate)</td><td>mouse, intravenous</td><td>36 μg/kg</td><td>0.000036</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fentanyl/MMD9GdD3">Fentanyl</a></td><td>monkey</td><td>30 μg/kg</td><td>0.00003</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Venom of the <a href="/facts/Inland_taipan/rxlG28l4">inland taipan</a></td><td>rat, subcutaneous</td><td>25 μg/kg</td><td>0.000025</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ricin/6R9wsnRc">Ricin</a> (from <a href="/facts/Castor_oil_plant/qGDbcxn6">castor oil plant</a>)</td><td>rat, intraperitoneal rat, oral</td><td>22 μg/kg 20–30 mg/kg</td><td>0.000022 0.02</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/2%2c3%2c7%2c8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/zSHhaM73">2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin</a> (TCDD, in <a href="/facts/Agent_Orange/L73dWGkn">Agent Orange</a>)</td><td>rat, oral</td><td>20 μg/kg</td><td>0.00002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tetrodotoxin/hsEJAUwA">Tetrodotoxin</a> from the <a href="/facts/Blue-ringed_octopus/Cun08eH0">blue-ringed octopus</a></td><td>intravenous</td><td>8.2 μg/kg</td><td>0.0000082</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>CrTX-A (from <i><a href="/facts/Carybdea_rastonii/7WxkAcFd">Carybdea rastonii</a></i> <a href="/facts/Box_jellyfish/wgGwPSju">box jellyfish</a> <a href="/facts/Venom/2jMUVqKe">venom</a>)</td><td>crayfish, intraperitoneal</td><td>5 μg/kg</td><td>0.000005</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Latrotoxin/wPQIJIz6">Latrotoxin</a> (from <a href="/facts/Latrodectus/EvakNUEQ">widow spider</a> <a href="/facts/Venom/2jMUVqKe">venom</a>)</td><td>mice</td><td>4.3 μg/kg</td><td>0.0000043</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a>[<i>self-published source?</i>]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Epibatidine/hqFyHg8u">Epibatidine</a> (from <i><a href="/facts/Epipedobates_anthonyi/mNLystf8">Epipedobates anthonyi</a></i> poison dart frog)</td><td>mouse, intravenous</td><td>1.46-13.98 μg/kg</td><td>0.00000146</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Batrachotoxin/Vg46BHJK">Batrachotoxin</a> (from <a href="/facts/Poison_dart_frog/YqxCWrSD">poison dart frog</a>)</td><td>human, sub-cutaneous injection</td><td>2–7 μg/kg (estimated)</td><td>0.000002</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Abrin/QzstP0w9">Abrin</a> (from <a href="/facts/Rosary_pea/V1Loe5CA">rosary pea</a>)</td><td>mice, intravenouslyhuman, inhalationhuman, oral</td><td>0.7 μg/kg3.3 μg/kg10–1000 μg/kg</td><td>0.00000070.00000330.00001–0.001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Saxitoxin/77lgXT4y">Saxitoxin</a> (from certain marine <a href="/facts/Dinoflagellate/jcQuSgM3">dinoflagellates</a>)</td><td>human, intravenouslyhuman, oral</td><td>0.6 μg/kg5.7 μg/kg</td><td>0.00000060.0000057</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pacific <a href="/facts/Ciguatoxin/QtQh0eDI">ciguatoxin</a>-1 (from <a href="/facts/Ciguatera/Y5D0HdQk">ciguateric fish</a>)</td><td>mice, intraperitoneal</td><td>250 ng/kg</td><td>0.00000025</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Palytoxin/rkh0fLUe">Palytoxin</a> (from <i><a href="/facts/Palythoa/EVFaaUhg">Palythoa</a></i> coral)</td><td>mouse, intravenous[<i>What do the 2 different figures represent?</i>]</td><td>45 ng/kg2.3–31.5 μg/kg</td><td>0.0000000450.0000023</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Maitotoxin/njNCGugT">Maitotoxin</a> (from <a href="/facts/Ciguatera/Y5D0HdQk">ciguateric fish</a>)</td><td>mouse, <a href="/facts/Intraperitoneal/BotJhUr0">intraperitoneal</a></td><td>50 ng/kg</td><td>0.00000005</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polonium-210/8DnmI5Lg">Polonium-210</a> (210Po)</td><td>human, inhalation</td><td>10 ng/kg (estimated)</td><td>0.00000001</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Diphtheria_toxin/ap7Ry3Qa">Diphtheria toxin</a> (from <i><a href="/facts/Corynebacterium/dPyL8VPz">Corynebacterium</a></i>)</td><td>mice</td><td>10 ng/kg</td><td>0.00000001</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Shiga_toxin/9ST35CLn">Shiga toxin</a> (from <i><a href="/facts/Shigella/xKEXoT4w">Shigella</a></i> bacteria)</td><td>mice</td><td>2 ng/kg</td><td>0.000000002</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tetanospasmin/Bd256bGq">Tetanospasmin</a> (from <i><a href="/facts/Clostridium_tetani/RzFNBHds">Clostridium tetani</a></i>)</td><td>mice</td><td>2 ng/kg</td><td>0.000000002</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Botulinum_toxin/F2LTx09G">Botulinum toxin</a> (from <i><a href="/facts/Clostridium_botulinum/XpKAjmXw">Clostridium botulinum</a></i>)</td><td>human, oral, injection, inhalation</td><td>1 ng/kg (estimated)</td><td>0.000000001</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ionizing_radiation/vw0d9GaT">Ionizing radiation</a></td><td>human, irradiation</td><td>3–5 <a href="/facts/Gray_(unit)/GFDaGPSL">Gy</a> (Gray)</td><td>—</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="poison-scale">Poison scale</h2> <p>The LD50 values have a very wide range. The <a href="/facts/Botulinum_toxin/F2LTx09G">botulinum toxin</a> as the most toxic substance known has an LD50 value of 1 ng/kg, while the most non-toxic substance <a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">water</a> has an LD50 value of more than 90 g/kg; a difference of about 1 in 100 billion, or 11 orders of magnitude. As with all measured values that differ by many orders of magnitude, a logarithmic view is advisable. Well-known examples are the indication of the earthquake strength using the <a href="/facts/Richter_scale/UDhqkAX1">Richter scale</a>, the <a href="/facts/PH_value/RnSv8D7y">pH value</a>, as a measure for the acidic or basic character of an aqueous solution or of <a href="/facts/Sound_pressure/MgJAcp2I">loudness</a> in <a href="/facts/Decibel/0LyxAPXh">decibels</a>. In this case, the negative decimal logarithm of the LD50 values, which is standardized in kg per kg body weight, is considered −log10(LD50). </p><p>The dimensionless value found can be entered in a toxin scale. Water as the baseline substance is nearly 1 in the negative logarithmic toxin scale. </p> <h2 id="procedures">Procedures</h2> <p>A number of procedures have been defined to derive the LD50. The earliest was the 1927 "conventional" procedure by Trevan, which requires 40 or more animals. The <a href="/facts/Fixed-dose_procedure/T3Yh2Tv6">fixed-dose procedure</a>, proposed in 1984, estimates a level of toxicity by feeding at defined doses and looking for signs of toxicity (without requiring death).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Up-and-down_procedure/dbrvP6HA">up-and-down procedure</a>, proposed in 1985, yields an LD50 value while dosing only one animal at a time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Animal_testing/mHMf98y8">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Reed-Muench_method/5949dH3H">Reed-Muench method</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/The_dose_makes_the_poison/PVx5U6bS">The dose makes the poison</a> – the toxicology adage that high quantities of any substance is lethal</li></ul> <h3>Other measures of toxicity</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/IDLH/ektUbSdQ">IDLH</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Certain_safety_factor/h311pqE5">Certain safety factor</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Therapeutic_index/h311pqE5">Therapeutic index</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Protective_index/zGAAmCCa">Protective index</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Median_toxic_dose/quKJu7Mv">Median toxic dose</a> (TD50)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lowest_published_lethal_dose/Q2IDEBaS">Lowest published lethal dose</a> (LDLo)</li> <li><a href="/facts/EC50/x7oD7ITx">EC50</a> (half maximal effective concentration)</li> <li><a href="/facts/IC50/zdz6qVBP">IC50</a> (half maximal inhibitory concentration)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Draize_test/QUhlT1cz">Draize test</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indicative_limit_value/vUKn7WuG">Indicative limit value</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/No-observed-adverse-effect_level/etB8uRb5">No-observed-adverse-effect level</a> (NOAEL)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lowest-observed-adverse-effect_level/gsUW5s8z">Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level</a> (LOAEL)</li></ul> <h3>Related measures</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/TCID50/lyyPqroe">TCID50</a> Tissue Culture Infective Dosage</li> <li><a href="/facts/Plaque_forming_units/9QkhcLbA">Plaque forming units</a> (pfu)</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Lipnick RL, Cotruvo JA, Hill RN, Bruce RD, Stitzel KA, Walker AP, et al. (March 1995). "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures". <i>Food and Chemical Toxicology</i>. 33 (3): 223–231. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-6915%2894%2900136-C">10.1016/0278-6915(94)00136-C</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7896233">7896233</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/ld50.html">Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626013647/http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/ld50.html">Archived</a> 2015-06-26 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Absolute lethal dose (LD100)". IUPAC Gold Book. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 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