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Orders of magnitude (mass)
Orders of magnitude (mass) in SI system

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−67 kg and 1052 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.

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Units of mass

SI multiples of gram (g)
SubmultiplesMultiples
ValueSI symbolNameValueSI symbolName
10−1 gdgdecigram101 gdagdecagram
10−2 gcgcentigram102 ghghectogram
10−3 gmgmilligram103 gkgkilogram
10−6 gμgmicrogram (mcg)106 gMgmegagram (tonne)
10−9 gngnanogram109 gGggigagram
10−12 gpgpicogram1012 gTgteragram
10−15 gfgfemtogram1015 gPgpetagram
10−18 gagattogram1018 gEgexagram
10−21 gzgzeptogram1021 gZgzettagram
10−24 gygyoctogram1024 gYgyottagram
10−27 grgrontogram1027 gRgronnagram
10−30 gqgquectogram1030 gQgquettagram
Common prefixes are in bold face.1

The table at right is based on the kilogram (kg), the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). The kilogram is the only standard unit to include an SI prefix (kilo-) as part of its name. The gram (10−3 kg) is an SI derived unit of mass. However, the names of all SI mass units are based on gram, rather than on kilogram; thus 103 kg is a megagram (106 g), not a *kilokilogram.

The tonne (t) is an SI-compatible unit of mass equal to a megagram (Mg), or 103 kg. The unit is in common use for masses above about 103 kg and is often used with SI prefixes. For example, a gigagram (Gg) or 109 g is 103 tonnes, commonly called a kilotonne.

Other units

Other units of mass are also in use. Historical units include the stone, the pound, the carat, and the grain.

For subatomic particles, physicists use the mass equivalent to the energy represented by an electronvolt (eV). At the atomic level, chemists use the mass of one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom (the dalton). Astronomers use the mass of the sun (M☉).

The least massive things: below 10−24 kg

Unlike other physical quantities, mass–energy does not have an a priori expected minimal quantity, or an observed basic quantum as in the case of electric charge. Planck's law allows for the existence of photons with arbitrarily low energies. Consequently, there can only ever be an experimental upper bound on the mass of a supposedly massless particle; in the case of the photon, this confirmed upper bound is of the order of 3×10−27 eV/c2 = 10−62 kg.

Factor (kg)ValueItem
10−671.07×10−67 kgGraviton, upper bound (6×10−32 eV/c2)2
10−404.2×10−40 kgMass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (0.235 meV/c2)3
10−361.8×10−36 kg1 eV/c2, the mass equivalent of one electronvolt4
3.6×10−36 kgElectron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c2)5
10−33quectogram (qg)
10−319.11×10−31 kgElectron (511 keV/c2), the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass6
10−30rontogram (rg)3.0–5.5×10−30 kgUp quark (as a current quark) (1.7–3.1 MeV/c2)7
10−281.9×10−28 kgMuon (106 MeV/c2)8
10−27yoctogram (yg)1.661×10−27 kgDalton (Da), a.k.a. unified atomic mass unit (u)
1.673×10−27 kgProton (938.3 MeV/c2)910
1.674×10−27 kgHydrogen atom, the lightest atom
1.675×10−27 kgNeutron (939.6 MeV/c2)1112
10−261.2×10−26 kgLithium atom (6.941 Da)
3.0×10−26 kgWater molecule (18.015 Da)
8.0×10−26 kgTitanium atom (47.867 Da)
10−251.1×10−25 kgCopper atom (63.546 Da)
1.6×10−25 kgZ boson (91.2 GeV/c2)13
2.2×10−25 kgHiggs boson (125 GeV/c2)
3.1×10−25 kgTop quark (173 GeV/c2),14 the heaviest known elementary particle
3.2×10−25 kgCaffeine molecule (194 Da)
3.5×10−25 kgLead-208 atom
4.9×10−25 kgOganesson-294 atom, the heaviest known nuclide

10−24 to 10−18 kg

Factor (kg)ValueItem
10−24zeptogram (zg)1.2×10−24 kgBuckyball molecule (720 Da)
10−231.4×10−23 kgUbiquitin, a small protein (8.6 kDa)15
5.5×10−23 kgA typical protein (median size of roughly 300 amino acids ≈ 33 kDa)16
10−221.1×10−22 kgHaemoglobin A molecule in blood (64.5 kDa)17
10−21attogram (ag)1.65×10−21 kgDouble-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 base pairs (995 kDa)18
4.3×10−21 kgProkaryotic ribosome (2.6 MDa)19
7.1×10−21 kgEukaryotic ribosome (4.3 MDa)20
7.6×10−21 kgBrome mosaic virus, a small virus (4.6 MDa)21
10−203×10−20 kgSynaptic vesicle in rats (16.1 ± 3.8 MDa)22
6.8×10−20 kgTobacco mosaic virus (41 MDa)23
10−191.1×10−19 kgNuclear pore complex in yeast (66 MDa)24
2.5×10−19 kgHuman adenovirus (150 MDa)25

10−18 to 10−12 kg

Factor (kg)ValueItem
10−18femtogram (fg)1×10−18 kgHIV-1 virus2627
4.7×10−18 kgDNA sequence of length 4.6 Mbp, the weight of the E. coli genome28
10−17~1×10−17 kgVaccinia virus, a large virus29
1.1×10−17 kgMass equivalent of 1 joule30
10−163×10−16 kgProchlorococcus cyanobacteria, the smallest (and possibly most plentiful)31 photosynthetic organism on Earth3233
10−15picogram (pg)1×10−15 kgE. coli bacterium (wet weight)34
6×10−15 kgDNA in a typical diploid human cell (approximate)
10−142.2×10−14 kgHuman sperm cell3536
6×10−14 kgYeast cell (quite variable)3738
10−131.5×10−13 kgDunaliella salina, a green alga (dry weight)39

10−12 to 10−6 kg

Factor (kg)ValueItem
10−12nanogram (ng)1×10−12 kgAverage human cell (1 nanogram)40
2–3×10−12 kgHeLa human cell414243
8×10−12 kgGrain of birch pollen44
10−11  
10−102.5×10−10 kgGrain of maize pollen45
3.5×10−10 kgVery fine grain of sand (0.063 mm diameter, 350 nanograms)
10−9microgram (μg)3.6×10−9 kgHuman ovum4647
2.4×10−9 kgUS RDA for vitamin B12 for adults48
10−810−8 kgSpeculated approximate lower limit of the mass of a primordial black hole
1.5×10−8 kgUS RDA for vitamin D for adults49
~2×10−8 kgUncertainty in the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) (±~20 μg)50
2.2×10−8 kgPlanck mass,51 can be expressed as the mass of a 2 Planck Length radius black hole
~7×10−8 kgOne eyelash hair (approximate)52
10−71.5×10−7 kgUS RDA for iodine for adults53
2–3×10−7 kgFruit fly (dry weight)5455

10−6 to 1 kg

Factor (kg)ValueItem
10−6milligram (mg)2.5×10−6 kgMosquitoes, common smaller species (about 2.5 milligrams),56 grain of salt or sand,57 medicines are typically expressed in milligrams58
10−5centigram (cg)1.1×10−5 kgSmall granule of quartz (2 mm diameter, 11 milligrams)59
2×10−5 kgAdult housefly (Musca domestica, 21.4 milligrams)60
10−4decigram (dg)0.27–2.0×10−4 kgRange of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee (27–200 milligrams)61
1.5×10−4 kgA frame of 35mm motion picture film (157 milligrams)62
2×10−4 kgMetric carat (200 milligrams)63
10−3gram (g)1×10−3 kgOne cubic centimeter of water (1 gram)64
1×10−3 kgUS dollar bill (1 gram)65
~1×10−3 kgTwo raisins (approximately 1 gram)66
~8×10−3 kgCoins of one euro (7.5 grams),67 one U.S. dollar (8.1 grams)68 and one Canadian loonie (7 grams [pre-2012], 6.27 grams [2012-])69
10−2decagram (dag)1.2×10−2 kgMass of one mole (6.02214×1023 atoms) of carbon-12 (12 grams)
1.37×10−2 kgAmount of ethanol defined as one standard drink in the U.S. (13.7 grams)70
2–4×10−2 kgAdult mouse (Mus musculus, 20–40 grams)71
2.8×10−2 kgOunce (avoirdupois) (28.3495 grams)72
4.7×10−2 kgMass equivalent of the energy that is 1 megaton of TNT equivalent7374
10−1hectogram   (hg)0.1-0.2 kgAn orange (100–200 grams)75
0.142-0.149 kgA baseball used in the major league.76
0.454 kgPound (avoirdupois) (453.6 grams)77

1 kg to 105 kg

Factor (kg)ValueItem
1 kgkilogram (kg)1 kgOne litre (0.001 m3) of water78
1–3 kgSmallest breed of dog (Chihuahua)79
1–3 kgTypical laptop computer, 201080
1–3 kgAdult domestic tortoise
2.5–4 kgNewborn human baby81
4.0 kgWomen's shot82
4–5 kgHousecat83
7.26 kgMen's shot84
1019–27 kgMedium-sized dog85
10–30 kgA CRT computer monitor or television set
50 kgLarge dog breed (Great Dane)
70 kgAdult human86
102130–180 kgMature lion, female (130 kg) and male (180 kg)87
200–250 kgGiant tortoise
240–450 kgGrand piano8889
400–900 kgDairy cow90
500–500,000 kgA teaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (0.5–500 tonnes)9192
635 kgHeaviest human in recorded history (Jon Brower Minnoch)
907.2 kg1 short ton (2000 pounds - U.S.)93
103megagram (Mg)1000 kg1 tonne (U.S. spelling: metric ton)94
1000 kg1 cubic metre of water95
1016.05 kgTon (British) / 1 long ton (2240 pounds - U.S.)96
1300–1600 kgTypical passenger cars97
2700–6000 kgAdult elephant98
1041.1×104 kgHubble Space Telescope (11 tonnes)99
1.2×104 kgLargest elephant on record (12 tonnes)100
1.4×104 kgBig Ben (bell) (14 tonnes)101
2.7×104 kgENIAC computer, 1946 (30 tonnes)102
4×104 kgMaximum gross mass (truck + load combined) of a semi-trailer truck in the EU (40–44 tonnes)103
5×104–6×104 kgTank; Bulldozer (50–60 tonnes)
6.0×104 kgLargest single-piece meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes)104
7.3×104 kgLargest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes)105
1051.74-1.83×105 kgOperational empty weight of a Boeing 747-300
1.8×105 kgLargest animal ever, a blue whale (180 tonnes)106
4.2×105 kgInternational Space Station (417 tonnes)107
6×105 kgWorld's heaviest aircraft: Antonov An-225 (maximum take-off mass: 600 tonnes, payload: 250 tonnes)108

106 to 1011 kg

Factor (kg)ValueItem
106gigagram (Gg)1×106 kgTrunk of the giant sequoia tree named General Sherman, largest living tree by trunk volume (1121 tonnes)109
2.0×106 kgLaunch mass of the Space Shuttle (2041 tonnes)110
6×106 kgLargest clonal colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (largest living organism) (6000 tonnes)111
7.8×106 kgVirginia-class nuclear submarine (submerged weight)112
1071×107 kgAnnual production of Darjeeling tea113
5.2×107 kgRMS Titanic when fully loaded (52,000 tonnes)114
9.97×107 kgHeaviest train ever: Australia's BHP Iron Ore, 2001 record (99,700 tonnes)115
1086.6×108 kgLargest ship and largest mobile man-made object, Seawise Giant, when fully loaded (660,000 tonnes)116
7×108 kgHeaviest (non-pyramid) building, Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest, Romania117
109teragram (Tg)4.3×109 kgAmount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second118
6×109 kgGreat Pyramid of Giza119
10106×1010 kgAmount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest concrete structure120121
1011~1×1011 kgThe mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe122
2×1011 kgAmount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km3)123
6×1011 kgTotal mass of the world's human population124
5×1011 kgTotal biomass of Antarctic krill, one of the most plentiful animal species on the planet in terms of biomass125

1012 to 1017 kg

Factor (kg)ValueItem
1012petagram (Pg)0.8–2.1×1012 kgGlobal biomass of fish126
4×1012 kgGlobal annual human food production127
4×1012 kgWorld crude oil production in 2009 (3,843 Mt)128
5.5×1012 kgA teaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5000 million tonnes)129
10131×1013 kgMass of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko130
4×1013 kgGlobal annual human carbon dioxide emission131132
10141.05×1014 kgGlobal net primary production – the total mass of carbon fixed in organic compounds by photosynthesis each year on Earth133
7.2×1014 kgTotal carbon stored in Earth's atmosphere134
1015exagram (Eg)2.0×1015 kgTotal carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere135
3.5×1015 kgTotal carbon stored in coal deposits worldwide136
10161×1016 kg951 Gaspra, the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft (rough estimate)137
1×1016 kgRough estimate of the total carbon content of all organisms on Earth.138
3×1016 kgRough estimate of everything produced by the human species.139
3.8×1016 kgTotal carbon stored in the oceans.140
10171.6×1017 kgPrometheus, a shepherd satellite for the inner edge of Saturn's F Ring141

1018 to 1023 kg

Factor (kg)ValueItem
1018zettagram (Zg)5.1×1018 kgEarth's atmosphere142
5.6×1018 kgHyperion, a moon of Saturn143
10193×1019 kg3 Juno, one of the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt144
3×1019 kgThe rings of Saturn145
10209.4×1020 kgCeres, dwarf planet within the asteroid belt146
1021yottagram (Yg)1.4×1021 kgEarth's oceans147
1.5×1021 kgCharon, the largest moon of Pluto148
2.9–3.7×1021 kgThe asteroid belt149
4×1021 kgHaumea150
10221.3×1022 kgPluto151
2.1×1022 kgTriton, largest moon of Neptune152
7.3×1022 kgEarth's Moon153
10231.3×1023 kgTitan, largest moon of Saturn154
1.5×1023 kgGanymede, largest moon of Jupiter155
3.3×1023 kgMercury156
6.4×1023 kgMars157

1024 to 1029 kg

Factor (kg)ValueItem
1024ronnagram (Rg)4.9×1024 kgVenus158
6.0×1024 kgEarth159
10253×1025 kgOort cloud160
8.7×1025 kgUranus161
10261.0×1026 kgNeptune162
5.7×1026 kgSaturn163
1027quettagram (Qg)1.9×1027 kgJupiter164
10282–14×1028 kgBrown dwarfs (approximate)165
10293×1029 kgBarnard's Star, a nearby red dwarf166

1030 to 1035 kg

Factor (kg)ValueItem
10302×1030 kgThe Sun167 (one solar mass or M☉ = 1.989×1030 kg)
2.8×1030 kgChandrasekhar limit (1.4 M☉)168169
10314×1031 kgBetelgeuse, a red supergiant star (20 M☉)170
10324–7×1032 kgR136a1, the most massive of known stars (230 to 345 M☉)171
6–8×1032 kgHyades star cluster (300 to 400 M☉)172
10331.6×1033 kgPleiades star cluster (800 M☉)173
1034
1035~1035 kgTypical globular cluster in the Milky Way (overall range: 3×103 to 4×106 M☉)174
2×1035 kgLow end of mass range for giant molecular clouds (1×105 to 1×107 M☉)175176
7.3×1035 kgJeans mass of a giant molecular cloud at 100 K and density 30 atoms per cubic centimeter;177possible example: Orion molecular cloud complex

1036 to 1041 kg

Factor (kg)ValueItem
10361.79×1036 kgThe entire Carina complex.
2.4×1036 kgThe Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun (1.2×106 M☉)178
7–8×1036 kgThe supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* (3.7±0.2×106 M☉)179
8×1036 kgOmega centauri, the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, containing approximately 10 million stars.
1037  
1038  
1039  
1040  
10411.98×1041 kgPhoenix A, the largest supermassive black hole, weighing 100 billion solar masses (1×1011 M☉)
4×1041 kgVisible mass of the Milky Way galaxy180

The most massive things: 1042 kg and greater

Factor (kg)ValueItem
10421.2×1042 kgMilky Way galaxy (5.8×1011 M☉)181
2–3×1042 kgLocal Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way (1.29±0.14×1012 M☉)182
10435.37×1043 kgESO 146-5, the heaviest known galaxy in the universe183
1044  
10451–2×1045 kgLocal or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group (1×1015 M☉)184
1046  
10472×1047 kgLaniakea Supercluster of galaxies, which encompasses the Virgo supercluster
10482×1048 kgPisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament that includes the Laniakea Supercluster.
10494×1049 kgHercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, the largest structure in the known universe
1050  
1051  
10524.4506×1052 kgMass of the observable universe as estimated by NASA
1.4×1053 kgMass of the observable universe as estimated by the U.S. National Solar Observatory185

See also

Notes

References

  1. Criterion: A combined total of at least 250,000 Google hits on both the modern spelling (‑gram) and the dated British spelling (‑gramme). ↩

  2. Zyla, P.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2020). "Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) /wiki/Particle_Data_Group ↩

  3. Fixsen, D. J. (2009). "The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background". The Astrophysical Journal. 707 (2): 916–920. arXiv:0911.1955. Bibcode:2009ApJ...707..916F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916. S2CID 119217397. /wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal ↩

  4. "Conversion from eV to kg". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 19 October 2011. http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Convert?exp=0&num=1&From=ev&To=kg&Action=Convert+value+and+show+factor ↩

  5. "The most sensitive analysis on the neutrino mass [...] is compatible with a neutrino mass of zero. Considering its uncertainties this value corresponds to an upper limit on the electron neutrino mass of m<2.2 eV/c2 (95% Confidence Level)" The Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine http://www.physik.uni-mainz.de/exakt/neutrino/en_experiment.html ↩

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  7. K. Nakamura; Particle Data Group (2011). "PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b', t', Free)'" (PDF). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 8 August 2011. /wiki/Particle_Data_Group ↩

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  10. "CODATA Value: proton mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011. http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mpc2mev ↩

  11. "CODATA Value: neutron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011. http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mn ↩

  12. "CODATA Value: neutron mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011. http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mnc2mev ↩

  13. Amsler, C.; Doser, M.; Antonelli, M.; Asner, D.; Babu, K.; Baer, H.; Band, H.; Barnett, R.; Bergren, E.; Beringer, J.; Bernardi, G.; Bertl, W.; Bichsel, H.; Biebel, O.; Bloch, P.; Blucher, E.; Blusk, S.; Cahn, R. N.; Carena, M.; Caso, C.; Ceccucci, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chen, M. -C.; Chivukula, R. S.; Cowan, G.; Dahl, O.; d'Ambrosio, G.; Damour, T.; De Gouvêa, A.; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎". Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. https://archive.today/20120712165412/http://pdglive.lbl.gov/Rsummary.brl?nodein=S044&fsizein=1 ↩

  14. K. Nakamura; Particle Data Group (2011). "PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b', t', Free)'" (PDF). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 8 August 2011. /wiki/Particle_Data_Group ↩

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  18. From attograms to Daltons: Cornell NEMS device detects the mass of a single DNA molecule [1]. Retrieved 2010-10-14 http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/May05/DNAcount.ws.html ↩

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  25. Liu, H.; Jin, L.; Koh, S. B. S.; Atanasov, I.; Schein, S.; Wu, L.; Zhou, Z. H. (2010). "Atomic Structure of Human Adenovirus by Cryo-EM Reveals Interactions Among Protein Networks" (PDF). Science. 329 (5995): 1038–1043. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1038L. doi:10.1126/science.1187433. PMC 3412078. PMID 20798312. http://virology.cornell.edu/Liu.pdf ↩

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  27. Calculated : volume = 4/3 × π × (126e−9 m / 2)3 = 1.05e−21 m3. Assume density = 1 g/cm3 => mass = 1.05e−21 m3 × 1e3 kg/m3 = 1.05e−18 kg ↩

  28. Frederick R. Blattner; Guy Plunkett III; et al. (1997). "The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12". Science. 277 (5331): 1453–1462. doi:10.1126/science.277.5331.1453. PMID 9278503. https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1453 ↩

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  46. Mass calculated from volume assuming density of 1 g/mL ↩

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