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Local Group
Group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way

The Local Group is a galaxy group that includes the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy, separated by about 800 kiloparsecs and moving toward each other. It spans roughly 3 megaparsecs and contains at least 80 galaxies, mostly dwarf galaxies. The two largest, Andromeda and the Milky Way, are spiral galaxies with their own satellite systems, including the Andromeda satellites like Messier 32 and the Milky Way's satellites such as the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Triangulum Galaxy is the third-largest member and may be a companion to Andromeda. The Local Group is part of the larger Virgo Supercluster and possibly the Laniakea Supercluster. Some distant galaxies, like those in the Antlia-Sextans Group, may lie outside its gravitational bounds.

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History

The term "The Local Group" was introduced by Edwin Hubble in Chapter VI of his 1936 book The Realm of the Nebulae.12 There, he described it as "a typical small group of nebulae which is isolated in the general field" and delineated, by decreasing luminosity, its members to be M31, Milky Way, M33, Large Magellanic Cloud, Small Magellanic Cloud, M32, NGC 205, NGC 6822, NGC 185, IC 1613 and NGC 147. He also identified IC 10 as a possible part of the Local Group.

Component galaxies

Clickable map

List

Properties of galactic bodies in and around the Local Group13
NameTypeConstellationNotes
Spiral galaxies
Andromeda Galaxy (M31, NGC 224)SAbAndromedaLargest galaxy in the group14Diameter (D25 isophote): 152,000 light-yearsMass: (1.5±0.5)×1012 M☉Number of stars: ca. 1012.
Milky Way GalaxySBbcSagittarius (centre)Second largest galaxy in the group, which may or may not be the most massive galaxy of the group.15Diameter (D25 isophote): 87,400 light-yearsMass: (1.54±0.1)×1012 M☉Number of stars: (2.5±1.5)×1011.
Triangulum Galaxy (M33, NGC 598)SAcdTriangulumThird largest, only unbarred spiral galaxy and possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy.Diameter (D25 isophote): 60,000 light-yearsMass: 5×1010 M☉Number of stars: 4×1010.
Magellanic spiral galaxies
Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC, Dorado Dwarf)Irr/SB(s)mDoradoFourth largest member of the group, satellite of Milky Way and only Magellanic Spiral Galaxy in the local groupMass: 1×1010 M☉Diameter (D25 isophote): 32,200 light-years
NGC 3109 (Antlia Sextans galaxy l)SB(s)mHydraMember of Antlia-Sextans Group
Elliptical galaxies
M32 (NGC 221, Andromeda Dwarf)cE2AndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy, shows signs of a supermassive black hole
Irregular galaxies
Wolf–Lundmark–Melotte (WLM, DDO 221)Ir+CetusPossible size between Small Magellanic Cloud and Large Magellanic Cloud
IC 10 (Cascopea IV, PGC 4774942-40+4)KBm or Ir+CassiopeiaOnly known starbust galaxy in the Local Group
Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC, NGC 292, Tucana galaxy)SB(s)m pecTucanaSatellite of Milky Way, 6th largest galaxy in the local group

mass: 7 × 109 M☉

Pisces Dwarf (LGS3,Pisces I dwarf irregular)IrrPiscesPossible satellite of the Triangulum Galaxy
IC 1613 (UGC 668, UGCA 47954)IAB(s)m VCetus
Phoenix Dwarf (Phoenix I dwarf)IrrPhoenix
Leo A (Leo III, PCA QA JO74974)IBm VLeo
Aquarius Dwarf (DDO 210, Aquarius I, ESO 497-4054.4591 G)IB(s)mAquariusDistance 3.2 million light years. Quite isolated in space, membership to Local Group established in 1999.16
SagDIG (Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy, Sagittarius II)IB(s)m VSagittariusMost remote from barycenter member thought to be in the Local Group.17
NGC 6822 (Barnard's Galaxy, AO 4797)IB(s)m IV-VSagittarius
Pegasus Dwarf (Pegasus Dwarf Irregular, DDO 216)IrrPegasus
UGC 4879 (VV124)IAmUrsa MajorOne of the most isolated galaxies in Local Group. Situated at the edge of the Local Group.
Sextans A (UGCA 205, AO 4977)Ir+VSextansMember of Antlia-Sextans Group
Sextans B (UGC 5373, QRT 947748)Ir+IV-VSextansMember of Antlia-Sextans Group
Leo P (AGC 19470059)IrrLeoMember of Antlia-Sextans Group, extraordinarily low metallicity (Z = 0.03ZMW)
AGC 198606 (Leo VI)Irr?LeoGas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
AGC 215417(Leo VII)Irr?LeoGas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
AGC 219656Irr?LeoGas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
AGC 249525Irr?BoötesGas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy, Situated at the edge of the Local Group
AGC 268069Irr?SerpensGas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
Dwarf elliptical galaxies
M110 (NGC 205)dE6pAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy and 5th largest galaxy with the mass of 9.3 billion solar masses.
NGC 147 (DDO 3)dE5 pecCassiopeiaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Dwarf spheroidal galaxies
Boötes I (DDO 9774998.074÷×47)dSphBoötessatellite of the Milky Way
Cetus DwarfdSph/E4Cetus3.4 million light-years away

size:999 light-years

Canes Venatici I Dwarf and Canes Venatici II DwarfdSphCanes VenaticiSatellites of the Milky Way1819
Andromeda IIIdE2AndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 185dE3 pecCassiopeiaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda IdE3 pecAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Sculptor Dwarf (E351-G30)dE3SculptorSatellite of Milky Way
Andromeda V (UKS 4977-94)dSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda II (NCA 14)dE0AndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Fornax Dwarf (E356-G04)dSph/E2FornaxSatellite of Milky Way
Carina Dwarf (E206-G220)dE3CarinaSatellite of Milky Way
Leo I (DDO 74)dE3LeoSatellite of Milky Way
Sextans Dwarf(Sextans 1)dE3SextansSatellite of Milky Way
Leo II (Leo B)dE0 pecLeoSatellite of Milky Way
Ursa Minor Dwarf (NCA 47-49)dE4Ursa MinorSatellite of Milky Way
Draco Dwarf (DDO 208)dE0 pecDracoSatellite of Milky Way
SagDSG (Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy)dSph/E7SagittariusSatellite of Milky Way
Tucana DwarfdE5Tucana3.2 million ly away
Cassiopeia Dwarf (Andromeda VII, NCA 4)dSphCassiopeiaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy (Andromeda VI)dSphPegasusSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Ursa Major I DwarfdSphUrsa MajorSatellite of the Milky Way
Ursa Major II DwarfdSphUrsa MajorSatellite of the Milky Way
Ursa Major IIIdSphUrsa MajorSatellite of the Milky Way
Leo IVdSphLeoSatellite of the Milky Way
Leo VdSphLeoSatellite of the Milky Way
Leo TdSph/IrrLeoSatellite of the Milky Way
Boötes IIdSphBoötesSatellite of the Milky Way
Boötes III (NCA 4.9)dSphBoötesSatellite of the Milky Way, Bootes lll likely formed both the Bootes Ill Stream & the Monosoros Stellar stream
Boötes IVdSphBoötesSatellite of the Milky Way
Coma BerenicesdSphComa BerenicesSatellite of the Milky Way
Segue 2 (Aries Dwarf, NCA 429)dSphAriesSatellite of the Milky Way

size:220 light-yearsnumber of stars:≈1000

Hercules (NCA 4977429)dSphHerculesSatellite of the Milky Way
Pisces IIdSphPiscesSatellite of the Milky Way
Reticulum IIdSphReticulumSatellite of the Milky Way
Reticulum IIIdSphReticulumSatellite of the Milky Way
Eridanus IIdSphEridanusProbable satellite of the Milky Way
Grus IdSphGrusSatellite of the Milky Way
Grus IIdSphGrusSatellite of the Milky Way
Tucana IIdSphTucanaSatellite of the Milky Way
Hydrus I (Hydrus Dwarf spheroidal galaxy)dSphHydrusSatellite of the Milky Way
Draco IIdSphDracoSatellite of the Milky Way
Carina IIIdSphCarinaSatellite of the Milky Way
Triangulum II (Laevens 2)dSphTriangulumSatellite of the Milky Way
Carina IIdSphCarinaSatellite of the Milky Way
Pictor IIdSphPictorSatellite of the Milky Way
Horologium IIdSphHorologiumSatellite of the Milky Way
Virgo IdSphVirgoSatellite of the Milky Way
Virgo IIIdSph?VirgoSatellite of the Milky Way20
Sextans IIdSph?SextansSatellite of the Milky Way21
Aquarius IIdSphAquariusSatellite of the Milky Way
Aquarius IIIdSph?AquariusSatellite of the Milky Way22
Crater IIdSphCraterSatellite of the Milky Way
Hydra IIdSphHydraSatellite of the Milky Way
Antlia IIdSphAntliaSatellite of the Milky Way
Pegasus IIIdSphPegasusSatellite of the Milky Way
Pegasus IVdSphPegasusSatellite of the Milky Way23
Pegasus WdSphPegasusRecent star formation, could still be starforming
Cetus IIIdSphCetusSatellite of the Milky Way
Leo KdSph?LeoSatellite of the Milky Way24
Leo MdSph?LeoSatellite of the Milky Way25
Leo VIdSphLeoSatellite of the Milky Way26
Leo Minor IdSph?Leo MinorSatellite of the Milky Way27
Boötes VdSph?BoötesSatellite of the Milky Way28
Virgo IIdSph?VirgoSatellite of the Milky Way29
Tucana BdSphTucana30
DES 1dEPerseusSatellite of Milky Way
Antlia DwarfdE3/dSph/Irr?AntliaMember of Antlia-Sextans Group
Andromeda IXdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XIdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XIIdSphAndromedaPossible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XIII (Pisces III)dSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XIV (Pisces IV)dSphPiscesPossible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XVdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XVIIdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XIXdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXIdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXIIdSphPiscesPossible satellite of the Triangulum Galaxy
Andromeda XXIIIdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXIVdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXVdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXVIdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXVIIdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy, tidally disrupted31
Andromeda XXIXdSphPegasusSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXX (Cassiopeia II)dSph?CassiopeiaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXXI (Lacerta I)dSph?LacertaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXXII (Cassiopeia III)dSph?CassiopeiaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXXIV (Pegasus V)dSphPegasusSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy32
Andromeda XXXVdSphAndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy33
Andromeda XVI (Pisces V)dSphPiscesPossible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXVIIIdSph?PegasusPossible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXXIII (Perseus I)dSph?PerseusPossible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XVIIIdSphAndromeda
Centaurus IdSphCentaurusSatellite of the Milky Way34
Pisces VII (Triangulum III)dSph?PiscesCandidate, possible satellite of the Triangulum Galaxy35
Identification unclear
Virgo Stellar StreamdSph (remnant)?VirgoIn the process of merging with the Milky Way
Canis Major DwarfIrr?Canis MajorPossibly a dwarf galaxy in the process of merging with the Milky Way
Hydra 1HydraPossibly a dwarf galaxy in the process of merging with the Milky Way
Tucana IIIdSph or cluster?TucanaSatellite of the Milky Way, tidally disrupting
Tucana IVdSph or cluster?TucanaSatellite of the Milky Way
Tucana VdSph or cluster?TucanaPossibly non-existent
Columba IdSph or cluster?ColumbaSatellite of the Milky Way
Segue 1dSph or Globular ClusterLeoSatellite of the Milky Way
Cetus IICetusLikely part of Sagittarius tidal stream
Willman 1dSph or Globular ClusterUrsa Major147,000 light-years away
Horologium IdSph or Globular ClusterHorologiumSatellite of the Milky Way. Not to be confused with the Horologium Supercluster.
PictorisdSph or Globular ClusterPictorSatellite of the Milky Way
Phoenix IIdSph or Globular ClusterPhoenixSatellite of the Milky Way
Indus I (Kim 2, Indus Dwarf)dSph or Globular ClusterIndusSatellite of the Milky Way
Eridanus IIIdSph or Globular ClusterEridanusSatellite of the Milky Way or SMC36
Sagittarius IIdSph or Globular ClusterSagittariusSatellite of the Milky Way
Andromeda VIII (Adsant-40-7 quote serp galaxy)dSph?AndromedaSatellite of the Andromeda Galaxy, tidally disrupting
Antlia BAntliaMember of Antlia-Sextans Group
Probable non-members
Andromeda IVIrrAndromedaOnce considered to be associated with M31. Its distance is now known to be 22 to 24 million light years (not close to the Andromeda Galaxy at all).37
GR 8 (DDO 155)Im VVirgoDistance 7.9 million light years38
IC 5152 (Indus III)IAB(s)m IVIndusDistance 5.8 million light years, possibly an outlying member of the local group39
NGC 300SA(s)dSculptorDistance 6.07 million light years
NGC 55SB(s)mSculptorDistance 6.5 million light years40
NGC 404E0 or SA(s)0−AndromedaDistance 10 million light years41
NGC 1569 (IC 49447)Irp+ III-IVCamelopardalisIn IC 342 group of galaxies. Distance 11 million light years42
NGC 1560 (IC 2062)SdCamelopardalisDistance 8-12 million light years
Camelopardalis AIrrCamelopardalisDistance 12 million light years43
Argo DwarfIrrCarina7.1 million light-years away
ESO 347-8 (2318–42, PGC 475744)IrrGrus9 million light-years away fairly isolated until million light years. away from the galaxy
UKS 2323-326 (ESO 407-18)IrrSculptorDistance 7.2 million light-years44
UGC 9128 (DDO 187)Irp+Boötes7 million light-years away
KKs 3 (Hydrus II)dSphHydrusDistance 5.2 million light-years
Objects in the Local Group no longer recognised as galaxies
Palomar 12 (Capricornus Dwarf)dSphrCapricornusGlobular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Palomar 4 (Ursa Major Dwarf)d SphrUrsa MajorGlobular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Palomar 5 (Serpens Dwarf)SerpensGlobular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Palomar 3 (Sextans C)SculptorGlobular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy45
Segue 3PegasusGlobular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy46
Laevens 1 (Crater Dwarf)CraterGlobular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy47
DES J2038-4609 (Indus II)IndusLikely a chance alignment of stars48
NameTypeConstellationNotes

Structure

Streams

  • Magellanic Stream, a stream of gas being stripped off the Magellanic Clouds due to their interaction with the Milky Way
  • Monoceros Ring, a ring of stars around the Milky Way that is proposed to consist of a stellar stream torn from the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy
  • Virgo Strem, a steam formed from a dwarf galaxy.
  • Helni Stream

Future

The galaxies of the Local Group are likely to merge together under their own mutual gravitational attractions over a timescale of tens of billions of years into a single elliptical galaxy, with the coalescence of Andromeda and the Milky Way being the predominant event in this process.49

Location

Main article: Laniakea Supercluster

This paragraph is an excerpt from Laniakea Supercluster.[edit]

The Laniakea Supercluster (/ˌlɑːni.əˈkeɪ.ə/; Hawaiian for "open skies" or "immense heaven")50 or the Local Supercluster (LSC or LS) is the galaxy supercluster that is home to the Milky Way and approximately 100,000 other nearby galaxies. A diagram of our location in the observable universe. (Alternative image.)

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Local Group.

References

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  2. The mass of the Local Group is essentially accounted for by the mass of the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. Estimates for the mass of each galaxy are compatible with 1012 M☉, and Peñarrubia et al. (2014) estimate (2.3±0.7)×1012 M☉ for the Local Group, but Karachentsev and Kashibadze (2006) estimate the somewhat lower value of (1.29±0.14)×1012 M☉. ↩

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