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Data localization
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<h2 id="motivations-and-concerns">Motivations and concerns</h2> <p>One of the first moves towards data localization occurred in 2005 when the Government of <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a> passed a law for all ".kz" domains to be run domestically (with later exceptions for <a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> However, the push for data localization greatly increased after revelations by <a href="/facts/Edward_Snowden/yRDLtpH9">Edward Snowden</a> regarding United States <a href="/facts/Counter-terrorism/XSzTcfND">counter-terrorism</a> surveillance programs in 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Since then, various governments in Europe and around the world have expressed the desire to be able to control the flow of residents' data through technology. Some governments are accused of and some openly admit to using data localization laws as a way to <a href="/facts/Surveillance/hJhvWdSJ">surveil</a> their own populaces or to boost local economic activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Technology companies and multinational organizations often oppose data localization laws because they impact efficiencies gained by regional aggregation of data centers and unification of services across national boundaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Some vendors, such as <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>, have used data storage locale controls as a differentiating feature in their <a href="/facts/Cloud_computing/guhg0FGV">cloud</a> services.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="international-treaties-and-laws">International treaties and laws</h2> <p>After Germany and France either passed or nearly passed data localization laws, the European Union was considering restrictions on data localization laws being passed by member states in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Data localization laws are often seen as <a href="/facts/Protectionism/jSa6HEAg">protectionist</a>. Consistent with the philosophy whereby trade barriers should be abolished within the EU but erected between the EU and other countries, the EU believes that data localization should be left to the EU to regulate at a pan-EU level, and member states' domestic data localization laws would violate <a href="/facts/European_Union_competition_law/FnyVnm3v">European Union competition law</a>. The EU's <a href="/facts/General_Data_Protection_Regulation/RMLY6ohr">General Data Protection Regulation</a> contains extensive regulation of data flow and storage, including restrictions on exporting personal data outside of the EU. </p><p>To counter the protectionist impulses of the EU and other countries, a number of regional free trade agreements prohibit data localization requirements and restrictions on cross-border flow. An example is the <a href="/facts/Trans-Pacific_Partnership/GPI3m7xb">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>, which included language that prohibited data localization restrictions among participants,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> which was carried over to the <a href="/facts/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership/Yvz64406">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>. Another example is the <a href="/facts/United_States%25E2%2580%2593Mexico%25E2%2580%2593Canada_Agreement/qEPH1gYJ">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a>. </p><p>While both Europe and the US believe that data should flow freely, China has taken an opposing stance and has adopted data localization, but with stricter regulations. This is not a strategy widely used by other countries. Other countries and stakeholders have protested against this Chinese strategy of restricting the free flow of data.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="data-localization-laws-and-scope">Data localization laws and scope</h2> <h3>National laws</h3> National Laws and Scope<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Scope</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></td><td>health records<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a> (in <a href="/facts/Province/wev3AtEQ">provinces</a> – <a href="/facts/Nova_Scotia/RcmIvd1A">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a>)</td><td>public service providers: all personal data<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td><td>personal, business, and financial data<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a></td><td>telecommunications metadata<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a></td><td>Payment System Data<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a></td><td>public services companies must maintain data centers in country<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a></td><td>servers running on the country domain (.kz)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a></td><td>all government data<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td>all personal data<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rwanda/UKR5UdKy">Rwanda</a></td><td>all personal data, unless authorized by the supervisory authority<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a></td><td>geospatial and map data<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a></td><td>electoral roll, municipal census, fiscal data and data from the National Health System must be processed within the European Union<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a></td><td>service providers usage data<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>National security</h3> <p>Most nations <a href="/facts/Classified_information/og7wn3tD">restrict foreign transfer of information that they consider related to national security</a>, such as military technology. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Data_governance/nt0J5rgc">Data governance</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_sovereignty/sG7BYbfo">Data sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Information_privacy/fb6DMpdN">Information privacy</a> (data protection)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Legal_aspects_of_computing/HlNh56Kl">Legal aspects of computing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Privacy/C269YalS">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Privacy_law/MqQ3j0UU">Privacy law</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Data Localization Laws: an Emerging Global Trend". Jurist. January 6, 2017. <a href="http://www.jurist.org/hotline/2017/01/Courtney-Bowman-data-localization.php" target="_blank">http://www.jurist.org/hotline/2017/01/Courtney-Bowman-data-localization.php</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Data Localization Laws: an Emerging Global Trend". Jurist. January 6, 2017. <a href="http://www.jurist.org/hotline/2017/01/Courtney-Bowman-data-localization.php" target="_blank">http://www.jurist.org/hotline/2017/01/Courtney-Bowman-data-localization.php</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Castro, Daniel; McQuinn, Alan (February 24, 2015). Cross-Border Data Flows Enable Growth in All Industries (Report). Information Technology & Innovation Foundation. <a href="https://itif.org/publications/2015/02/24/cross-border-data-flows-enable-growth-all-industries" target="_blank">https://itif.org/publications/2015/02/24/cross-border-data-flows-enable-growth-all-industries</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Chander, Anupam (2015). "Data Nationalism". Emory Law Journal. 64 (3). Emory Law: 677. <a href="http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html" target="_blank">http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"A Primer on Russia's New Data Localization Law". Proskauer. August 27, 2015. <a href="http://privacylaw.proskauer.com/2015/08/articles/international/a-primer-on-russias-new-data-localization-law/" target="_blank">http://privacylaw.proskauer.com/2015/08/articles/international/a-primer-on-russias-new-data-localization-law/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Chander, Anupam (2015). "Data Nationalism". Emory Law Journal. 64 (3). Emory Law: 677. <a href="http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html" target="_blank">http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Risky Business: Data Localization". Forbes. 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Emory Law: 677. <a href="http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html" target="_blank">http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Google Pushes Back Against Data Localization". The New York Times. January 24, 2014. <a href="https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/google-pushes-back-against-data-localization/?_r=0" target="_blank">https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/google-pushes-back-against-data-localization/?_r=0</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Will Data Localization Kill the Internet?". eCommerce Times. 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Emory Law Journal. 64 (3). Emory Law: 677. <a href="http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html" target="_blank">http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"A Primer on Russia's New Data Localization Law". Proskauer. August 27, 2015. <a href="http://privacylaw.proskauer.com/2015/08/articles/international/a-primer-on-russias-new-data-localization-law/" target="_blank">http://privacylaw.proskauer.com/2015/08/articles/international/a-primer-on-russias-new-data-localization-law/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Chander, Anupam (2015). "Data Nationalism". Emory Law Journal. 64 (3). 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April 11, 2016. <a href="https://www.bna.com/data-residency-requirements-n57982069680/" target="_blank">https://www.bna.com/data-residency-requirements-n57982069680/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"German data storage laws 'threaten free trade'". DW. December 1, 2017. <a href="http://www.dw.com/en/german-data-storage-laws-threaten-free-trade/a-37110699" target="_blank">http://www.dw.com/en/german-data-storage-laws-threaten-free-trade/a-37110699</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Reserve Bank of India - Notifications". April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=11244" target="_blank">https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=11244</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"A Primer on Russia's New Data Localization Law". Proskauer. 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Emory Law: 677. <a href="http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html" target="_blank">http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"A Primer on Russia's New Data Localization Law". Proskauer. August 27, 2015. <a href="http://privacylaw.proskauer.com/2015/08/articles/international/a-primer-on-russias-new-data-localization-law/" target="_blank">http://privacylaw.proskauer.com/2015/08/articles/international/a-primer-on-russias-new-data-localization-law/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Chander, Anupam (2015). "Data Nationalism". Emory Law Journal. 64 (3). Emory Law: 677. <a href="http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html" target="_blank">http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"A Primer on Russia's New Data Localization Law". Proskauer. August 27, 2015. <a href="http://privacylaw.proskauer.com/2015/08/articles/international/a-primer-on-russias-new-data-localization-law/" target="_blank">http://privacylaw.proskauer.com/2015/08/articles/international/a-primer-on-russias-new-data-localization-law/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"Russia – New data localisation law: Current state of play". December 8, 2014. <a href="http://www.linklaters.com/Insights/Publication1403Newsletter/TMT-News-8-December-2014/Pages/Russia-New-data-localisation-law.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.linklaters.com/Insights/Publication1403Newsletter/TMT-News-8-December-2014/Pages/Russia-New-data-localisation-law.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>RISA. "LAW Nº 058/2021 OF 13/10/2021 RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA AND PRIVACY" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309010702/https://www.risa.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Others%20documents/Law_relating_to_the_protection_of_personal_data_and_privacy.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220309010702/https://www.risa.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Others%20documents/Law_relating_to_the_protection_of_personal_data_and_privacy.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Chander, Anupam (2015). "Data Nationalism". Emory Law Journal. 64 (3). Emory Law: 677. <a href="http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html" target="_blank">http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"A Primer on Russia's New Data Localization Law". Proskauer. 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Emory Law: 677. <a href="http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html" target="_blank">http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-64/issue-3/articles/data-nationalism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"A Primer on Russia's New Data Localization Law". Proskauer. August 27, 2015. <a href="http://privacylaw.proskauer.com/2015/08/articles/international/a-primer-on-russias-new-data-localization-law/" target="_blank">http://privacylaw.proskauer.com/2015/08/articles/international/a-primer-on-russias-new-data-localization-law/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>