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Shweshwe
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<h2 id="name">Name</h2> <p>The local name <i>shweshwe</i> is derived from the fabric's association with <a href="/facts/Lesotho/gYSatY8p">Lesotho</a>'s King <a href="/facts/Moshoeshoe_I/u7S5VWxE">Moshoeshoe I</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> also spelled "Moshweshwe". Moshoeshoe I was gifted with the fabric by French missionaries in the 1840s and subsequently popularised it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>It is also known as <i>sejeremane</i> or <i>seshoeshoe</i> in <a href="/facts/Sotho_language/v4nqXojT">Sotho</a> as well as <i>terantala</i> (derived from Afrikaans <a href="/facts/Helmeted_guineafowl/9D8dRBaf">tarentaal</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and <i>ujamani</i> in <a href="/facts/Xhosa_language/5D8WmHT0">Xhosa</a>, after 19th century German and Swiss settlers who imported the <i>blaudruck</i> ("blue print") fabric for their clothing and helped entrench it in South African and Basotho culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Botswana/dGw6g94p">Botswana</a>, this traditional fabric is known as "leteisi," 'jeremani," or "German print."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>Shweshwe is traditionally used to make dresses, skirts, aprons and wraparound clothing. Shweshwe clothing is traditionally worn by newly married <a href="/facts/Xhosa_people/QzUmjyyV">Xhosa</a> women, known as <i>makoti</i>, and married <a href="/facts/Sotho_people/FCvL4bJ0">Sotho</a> women.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Xhosa women have also incorporated the fabric into their traditional <a href="/facts/Ochre/5ehfU8lA">ochre</a>-coloured blanket clothing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>In Botswana, the fabric is also traditionally associated with brides and married women, but has recently moved into much wider popularity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>Aside from traditional wear, shweshwe is used in contemporary South African <a href="/facts/Fashion_design/7M4s70H5">fashion design</a> for women and men from all ethnic groups,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> as well as for making accessories and upholstery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> It is also used in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> as a <a href="/facts/Quilting/gyhPr0Hx">quilting</a> fabric.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="production">Production</h2> <p>Shweshwe is manufactured with an acid discharge and <a href="/facts/Roller_printing_on_textiles/yDdD1Sgv">roller printing</a> technique on pure <a href="/facts/Calico_(textile)/kaPyU0d6">cotton calico</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> It is printed in widths of 90 cm, in all-over patterns and A-shaped skirt panels printed side by side. The fabric is manufactured in various colours including the original indigo, chocolate brown and red, in a large variety of designs including florals, stripes, and diamond, square and circular geometric patterns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> The intricate designs are made using picotage, a <a href="/facts/Pin/gD2qFvc3">pinning</a> fabric printing technique rarely used by contemporary fabric manufacturers due to its complexity and expense, although the design effects have been replicated using modern fabric printing techniques.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>Previously imported to Southern Africa from Europe, the <a href="/facts/Trademark/B23H8IS0">trademarked</a> fabric has been manufactured by Da Gama Textiles in the <a href="/facts/Zwelitsha/g5CNcwRY">Zwelitsha</a> <a href="/facts/Township_(South_Africa)/Moouvupy">township</a> outside <a href="/facts/King_William%2527s_Town/pKmBmkF1">King William's Town</a> in the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Cape/E998K71Y">Eastern Cape</a> since 1982.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> In 1992, Da Gama Textiles bought the sole rights to Three Cats, the most popular brand of the fabric made by Spruce Manufacturing Co. Ltd in <a href="/facts/Manchester/2Do01QHs">Manchester</a>, and the original engraved copper rollers were shipped to South Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Da Gama Textiles has made shweshwe from cotton imported from <a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a> and grown locally in the Eastern Cape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p><p>The local <a href="/facts/Textile_industry/KYCR1hcR">textile industry</a>, including shweshwe production by Da Gama Textiles, has been threatened by competition from cheaper inferior quality <a href="/facts/Counterfeit_consumer_goods/TzYjWdAU">imitations</a> made locally and imported from <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> and <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The genuine product can be recognised by feel, smell, taste, sound, a solid colour from dyeing and trademark logos on the reverse side of the fabric, a smaller than average 90 cm fabric width and stiffness of the new fabric from traditional <a href="/facts/Starch/gHAqGfJb">starching</a> which washes out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> As at November 2013, shweshwe production by Da Gama Textiles had reduced to five million metres per annum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-popular-culture">In popular culture</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jill_Scott_(singer)/vQBkWjdV">Jill Scott</a>, who portrayed the main character Mma Precious Ramotswe in <i><a href="/facts/The_No._1_Ladies%2527_Detective_Agency_(TV_series)/kSKk76f6">The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency</a></i> TV series, wore outfits made from shweshwe for the production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/African_waxprints/ECXRH9AL">African wax prints</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Ralfe, Liz (2004). "Love Affair with my Isishweshwe". In Weber, Sandra; Mitchell, Claudia (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=03oHPgPXWngC"><i>Not Just Any Dress: Narratives of Memory, Body, and Identity</i></a>. New York: Peter Lang. pp. 211–218. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8204-6118-2.</li> <li>Pheto-Moeti, Mabokang Baatshwana (2005). <a href="https://archive.today/20140122120233/http://etd.uovs.ac.za/cgi-bin/ETD-browse/view_etd?URN=etd-09012006-074550"><i>An Assessment of Seshoeshoe Dress as a Cultural Identity for Basotho Women of Lesotho</i></a> (M.Sc. thesis). University of the Free State. Archived from <a href="http://etd.uovs.ac.za/cgi-bin/ETD-browse/view_etd?URN=etd-09012006-074550">the original</a> on 22 January 2014.</li> <li>Maphangwa, Shonisani (2010). <a href="https://archive.today/20140122115150/https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za/handle/10210/4516"><i>From Colonial to Post-Colonial: Shifts in Cultural Meanings in Dutch Lace and Shweshwe Fabric</i></a> (M.A. thesis). University of Johannesburg. Archived from <a href="https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za/handle/10210/4516">the original</a> on 22 January 2014.</li> <li>Moletsane, Relebohile; Mitchell, Claudia; Smith, Ann, eds. (2012). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/3025642"><i>Was it Something I Wore?: Dress, Identity, Materiality</i></a>. Cape Town: HSRC Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7969-2362-2. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)</li> <li>Rossouw, Mandy (23 September 2006). <a href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2006/09/23/B1/3/mrmode.html">"Londen oorrompel deur SA se modes"</a> [London taken over by SA's fashions]. <i>Beeld</i> (in Afrikaans). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140122144516/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2006/09/23/B1/3/mrmode.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.</li> <li>Lamprecht, Bettie (5 March 2013). <a href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2013/03/05/B1/10/lapstorie-142.html">"Ikoniese materiaal wat geen grense ken"</a> [Iconic material without borders]. <i>Beeld</i> (in Afrikaans). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140122102357/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2013/03/05/B1/10/lapstorie-142.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.</li> <li>Leeb-Du Toit, Juliette (2017). <i>isiShweshwe: A History of the Indigenisation of Blueprint in South Africa</i>. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781869143145.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shweshwe. Look up <i>shweshwe</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <ul><li><a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?searchText=shweshwe">Shweshwe in the British Museum collection</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"shwe-shwe or shweshwe". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 30 January 2014. <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shwe-shwe" target="_blank">https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shwe-shwe</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Rochlin, Margy (5 June 2009). "Jo Katsaras: 'No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency'". New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. But Ms. Katsaras always keeps the series's central character, the private investigator Precious Ramotswe (Jill Scott, above), the focus of attention with colorful dresses and head scarves made of shweshwe, the traditional South African fabric known for its pulsating motifs. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/arts/television/07kats.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/arts/television/07kats.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Grange, Helen (4 May 2011). "Stylish isishweshwe? Check". The Star. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014. <a href="http://www.thepost.co.za/stylish-isishweshwe-check-1.1064242#.UuKQ2NL8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.thepost.co.za/stylish-isishweshwe-check-1.1064242#.UuKQ2NL8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>deVillemarette, Cynthia (July–August 2010). "Shweshwe: A True Blue Passion". The Country Register of Tennessee & Kentucky. The designs are created using a discharge process, unlike modern printed fabrics where color is added to the surface. With Shweshwe, the cotton cloth is first entirely dyed, thoroughly penetrating the fiber. Then, the cloth is passed through copper design rollers, which emit a mild acid solution, removing color with pinpoint accuracy. One of the characteristics of Shweshwe is the intense use of picotage, tiny pin dots that create not only the designs, but also texture and depth. It is because of the difficulty and expense in creating these designs that they fell out of favor with American and European manufacturers, who chose instead to move to printing processes. Da Gama Textiles of South Africa is the only known manufacturer of fabrics still using the discharge process ... The reverse side of the fabric will be a solid color because it was dyed. Da Gama also prints its seal on the back to help you identify it. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Rovine, Victoria L. (2012). "Handmade textiles: global markets and authenticity". In Dudley, Sandra H. (ed.). Museum Objects: Experiencing the Properties of Things. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 276–277. ISBN 9781135721473. <a href="9781135721473" target="_blank">9781135721473</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Davie, Lucille (18 November 2013). "Shweshwe, the denim of South Africa". Media Club South Africa. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa" target="_blank">http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Davie, Lucille (18 November 2013). "Shweshwe, the denim of South Africa". Media Club South Africa. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa" target="_blank">http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"A stylish ode to Mama Afrika". The Star. 27 September 2011. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/a-stylish-ode-to-mama-afrika-1.1145657#.Ut6SjdL8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/a-stylish-ode-to-mama-afrika-1.1145657#.Ut6SjdL8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Kuper, Jeremy (19 April 2013). "London shows material interest in Africa's old clothes". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes" target="_blank">http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Holmes, Thalia (22 November 2013). "The fabric of society needs underpinning". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning" target="_blank">http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Kuper, Jeremy (19 April 2013). "London shows material interest in Africa's old clothes". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes" target="_blank">http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Futhwa, Fezekile (2012). Setho: Afrikan Thought and Belief System. Nalane ka Fezekile Futhwa. pp. 107–115. ISBN 9780620503952. <a href="9780620503952" target="_blank">9780620503952</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Joyce, Liam (14 October 2013). "Swish shweshwe!". Daily News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Futhwa, Fezekile (2012). Setho: Afrikan Thought and Belief System. Nalane ka Fezekile Futhwa. pp. 107–115. ISBN 9780620503952. <a href="9780620503952" target="_blank">9780620503952</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Davie, Lucille (18 November 2013). "Shweshwe, the denim of South Africa". Media Club South Africa. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa" target="_blank">http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Kuper, Jeremy (19 April 2013). "London shows material interest in Africa's old clothes". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes" target="_blank">http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Joyce, Liam (14 October 2013). "Swish shweshwe!". Daily News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"The Isishweshwe Story: Material Women?". Iziko Museums. 23 February 2013. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iziko.org.za/news/entry/the-isishweshwe-story-material-women" target="_blank">http://www.iziko.org.za/news/entry/the-isishweshwe-story-material-women</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Pheto-Moeti, B; Riekert, D.M.; Pelser, A.J. (2017). "Perceptions of Seshoeshoe fabric, naming and meanings of motifs on fabric". Journal of Consumer Sciences. 2 (2017): 24–39 – via African Journals Online. <a href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jfecs/article/view/156131" target="_blank">https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jfecs/article/view/156131</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Botswana: Leteisi is Back With a Bang". AllAfrica. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2025. Ask any Motswana what the traditional attire is, the answer will be none other than leteisi. Knowing very much that saying jeremani is the Setswana version for the German print fabric, they would prefer to run away from the obvious question: If it is the traditional attire why then is it called the German print? <a href="https://allafrica.com/stories/200911231920.html" target="_blank">https://allafrica.com/stories/200911231920.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Seshoeshoe or shweshwe, otherwise locally known as Leteisi is woven tightly into the fabric of southern African life". Mmegi (Botswana). 10 January 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2025. Used for everyday wear, but also for weddings and other traditional ceremonies, shweshwe used to be manufactured only in chocolate brown, blue and red, but now new colours have been introduced. <a href="https://www.mmegi.bw/arts-culture/wow-look-at-shweshwe-now/news" target="_blank">https://www.mmegi.bw/arts-culture/wow-look-at-shweshwe-now/news</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Holmes, Thalia (22 November 2013). "The fabric of society needs underpinning". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning" target="_blank">http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Futhwa, Fezekile (2012). Setho: Afrikan Thought and Belief System. Nalane ka Fezekile Futhwa. pp. 107–115. ISBN 9780620503952. <a href="9780620503952" target="_blank">9780620503952</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Miti, Siya (11 May 2013). "Textile sector threat to fabric of society". Daily Dispatch. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/" target="_blank">http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Event – Material women? The shweshwe story". Iziko Museums. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iziko.org.za/calendar/event/material-women-the-shweshwe-story" target="_blank">http://www.iziko.org.za/calendar/event/material-women-the-shweshwe-story</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"A stylish ode to Mama Afrika". The Star. 27 September 2011. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/a-stylish-ode-to-mama-afrika-1.1145657#.Ut6SjdL8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/a-stylish-ode-to-mama-afrika-1.1145657#.Ut6SjdL8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Bryant, Judy (June 2012). "Transplanted Culture Through Trade" (PDF). Cape Crafts & Design Institute: 21–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.ccdi.org.za/media-room/newsletter/june-2012-ccdi-newsletter-files/history.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ccdi.org.za/media-room/newsletter/june-2012-ccdi-newsletter-files/history.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"Leteisi - German Print Fabric". Know Botswana. Retrieved 19 February 2025. In Botswana, the fabric was originally used during traditional functions commonly marriage rituals...Unlike in the past when it was used mainly by the Tswana ethnic groups (especially Bakgatla and Bakwena tribes), it is now worn by all Botswana ethnic groups. <a href="https://www.knowbotswana.com/botswana-attire-leteisi.html?" target="_blank">https://www.knowbotswana.com/botswana-attire-leteisi.html?</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Fashion galore at Leteisi On Fleek". Mmegi (Botswana). 15 November 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2025. Traditionally, the fabric is used for events like Kgotla meetings or weddings. But overtime it has become prominent in the fashion industry as more and more Batswana embrace our tradition. <a href="https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/fashion-galore-at-leteisi-on-fleek/news" target="_blank">https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/fashion-galore-at-leteisi-on-fleek/news</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Rovine, Victoria L. (2012). "Handmade textiles: global markets and authenticity". In Dudley, Sandra H. (ed.). Museum Objects: Experiencing the Properties of Things. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 276–277. ISBN 9781135721473. <a href="9781135721473" target="_blank">9781135721473</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Holmes, Thalia (22 November 2013). "The fabric of society needs underpinning". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning" target="_blank">http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"The Isishweshwe Story: Material Women?". Iziko Museums. 23 February 2013. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iziko.org.za/news/entry/the-isishweshwe-story-material-women" target="_blank">http://www.iziko.org.za/news/entry/the-isishweshwe-story-material-women</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Lewis, Esther (28 March 2013). "IsiShweshwe: cut from a different cloth". Cape Argus. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/isishweshwe-cut-from-a-different-cloth-1.1493251#.Ut-5AdL8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/isishweshwe-cut-from-a-different-cloth-1.1493251#.Ut-5AdL8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>deVillemarette, Cynthia (July–August 2010). "Shweshwe: A True Blue Passion". The Country Register of Tennessee & Kentucky. The designs are created using a discharge process, unlike modern printed fabrics where color is added to the surface. With Shweshwe, the cotton cloth is first entirely dyed, thoroughly penetrating the fiber. Then, the cloth is passed through copper design rollers, which emit a mild acid solution, removing color with pinpoint accuracy. One of the characteristics of Shweshwe is the intense use of picotage, tiny pin dots that create not only the designs, but also texture and depth. It is because of the difficulty and expense in creating these designs that they fell out of favor with American and European manufacturers, who chose instead to move to printing processes. Da Gama Textiles of South Africa is the only known manufacturer of fabrics still using the discharge process ... The reverse side of the fabric will be a solid color because it was dyed. Da Gama also prints its seal on the back to help you identify it. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Fulton, Claire (23 November 2006). "Cottoning on to Shweshwe chic". South Africa.info. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2014. <a href="http://www.southafrica.info/business/trends/newbusiness/shweshwe.htm#.UuCn89L8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.southafrica.info/business/trends/newbusiness/shweshwe.htm#.UuCn89L8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>deVillemarette, Cynthia (July–August 2010). "Shweshwe: A True Blue Passion". The Country Register of Tennessee & Kentucky. The designs are created using a discharge process, unlike modern printed fabrics where color is added to the surface. With Shweshwe, the cotton cloth is first entirely dyed, thoroughly penetrating the fiber. Then, the cloth is passed through copper design rollers, which emit a mild acid solution, removing color with pinpoint accuracy. One of the characteristics of Shweshwe is the intense use of picotage, tiny pin dots that create not only the designs, but also texture and depth. It is because of the difficulty and expense in creating these designs that they fell out of favor with American and European manufacturers, who chose instead to move to printing processes. Da Gama Textiles of South Africa is the only known manufacturer of fabrics still using the discharge process ... The reverse side of the fabric will be a solid color because it was dyed. Da Gama also prints its seal on the back to help you identify it. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Rovine, Victoria L. (2012). "Handmade textiles: global markets and authenticity". In Dudley, Sandra H. (ed.). Museum Objects: Experiencing the Properties of Things. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 276–277. ISBN 9781135721473. <a href="9781135721473" target="_blank">9781135721473</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Holmes, Thalia (22 November 2013). "The fabric of society needs underpinning". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning" target="_blank">http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>"Home Sewing". Da Gama Textiles. Retrieved 22 January 2014. Some of our recognised brands include ... The Original Shweshwe ethnic printed 3 CATS, 3 LEOPARDS, TOTO and FANCY PRINTS, which are acid discharge prints on cotton calico. <a href="http://www.dagama.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103%3Ahome-sewing&catid=42%3Adagama-general&Itemid=199" target="_blank">http://www.dagama.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103%3Ahome-sewing&catid=42%3Adagama-general&Itemid=199</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"A stylish ode to Mama Afrika". The Star. 27 September 2011. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/a-stylish-ode-to-mama-afrika-1.1145657#.Ut6SjdL8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/a-stylish-ode-to-mama-afrika-1.1145657#.Ut6SjdL8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Joyce, Liam (14 October 2013). "Swish shweshwe!". Daily News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>deVillemarette, Cynthia (July–August 2010). "Shweshwe: A True Blue Passion". The Country Register of Tennessee & Kentucky. The designs are created using a discharge process, unlike modern printed fabrics where color is added to the surface. With Shweshwe, the cotton cloth is first entirely dyed, thoroughly penetrating the fiber. Then, the cloth is passed through copper design rollers, which emit a mild acid solution, removing color with pinpoint accuracy. One of the characteristics of Shweshwe is the intense use of picotage, tiny pin dots that create not only the designs, but also texture and depth. It is because of the difficulty and expense in creating these designs that they fell out of favor with American and European manufacturers, who chose instead to move to printing processes. Da Gama Textiles of South Africa is the only known manufacturer of fabrics still using the discharge process ... The reverse side of the fabric will be a solid color because it was dyed. Da Gama also prints its seal on the back to help you identify it. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Kuper, Jeremy (19 April 2013). "London shows material interest in Africa's old clothes". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes" target="_blank">http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Holmes, Thalia (22 November 2013). "The fabric of society needs underpinning". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning" target="_blank">http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Futhwa, Fezekile (2012). Setho: Afrikan Thought and Belief System. Nalane ka Fezekile Futhwa. pp. 107–115. ISBN 9780620503952. <a href="9780620503952" target="_blank">9780620503952</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Joyce, Liam (14 October 2013). "Swish shweshwe!". Daily News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Bryant, Judy (June 2012). "Transplanted Culture Through Trade" (PDF). Cape Crafts & Design Institute: 21–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.ccdi.org.za/media-room/newsletter/june-2012-ccdi-newsletter-files/history.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ccdi.org.za/media-room/newsletter/june-2012-ccdi-newsletter-files/history.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>"History of Shweshwe". Da Gama Textiles. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014. <a href="http://www.dagama.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102&Itemid=164" target="_blank">http://www.dagama.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102&Itemid=164</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Miti, Siya (11 May 2013). "Textile sector threat to fabric of society". Daily Dispatch. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/" target="_blank">http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Fulton, Claire (23 November 2006). "Cottoning on to Shweshwe chic". South Africa.info. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2014. <a href="http://www.southafrica.info/business/trends/newbusiness/shweshwe.htm#.UuCn89L8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.southafrica.info/business/trends/newbusiness/shweshwe.htm#.UuCn89L8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Holmes, Thalia (22 November 2013). "The fabric of society needs underpinning". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning" target="_blank">http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Joyce, Liam (14 October 2013). "Swish shweshwe!". Daily News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Miti, Siya (11 May 2013). "Textile sector threat to fabric of society". Daily Dispatch. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/" target="_blank">http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Sparg, Linda (15 January 2012). "Fabric firm wins with a focus on local flair". Business Report. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iol.co.za/business/news/fabric-firm-wins-with-a-focus-on-local-flair-1.1212960#.Ut4Wu9L8Ls0" target="_blank">http://www.iol.co.za/business/news/fabric-firm-wins-with-a-focus-on-local-flair-1.1212960#.Ut4Wu9L8Ls0</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>deVillemarette, Cynthia (July–August 2010). "Shweshwe: A True Blue Passion". The Country Register of Tennessee & Kentucky. The designs are created using a discharge process, unlike modern printed fabrics where color is added to the surface. With Shweshwe, the cotton cloth is first entirely dyed, thoroughly penetrating the fiber. Then, the cloth is passed through copper design rollers, which emit a mild acid solution, removing color with pinpoint accuracy. One of the characteristics of Shweshwe is the intense use of picotage, tiny pin dots that create not only the designs, but also texture and depth. It is because of the difficulty and expense in creating these designs that they fell out of favor with American and European manufacturers, who chose instead to move to printing processes. Da Gama Textiles of South Africa is the only known manufacturer of fabrics still using the discharge process ... The reverse side of the fabric will be a solid color because it was dyed. Da Gama also prints its seal on the back to help you identify it. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Rovine, Victoria L. (2012). "Handmade textiles: global markets and authenticity". In Dudley, Sandra H. (ed.). Museum Objects: Experiencing the Properties of Things. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 276–277. ISBN 9781135721473. <a href="9781135721473" target="_blank">9781135721473</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Davie, Lucille (18 November 2013). "Shweshwe, the denim of South Africa". Media Club South Africa. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa" target="_blank">http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>"The Isishweshwe Story: Material Women?". Iziko Museums. 23 February 2013. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014. <a href="http://www.iziko.org.za/news/entry/the-isishweshwe-story-material-women" target="_blank">http://www.iziko.org.za/news/entry/the-isishweshwe-story-material-women</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Davie, Lucille (18 November 2013). "Shweshwe, the denim of South Africa". Media Club South Africa. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. <a href="http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa" target="_blank">http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Rochlin, Margy (5 June 2009). "Jo Katsaras: 'No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency'". New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. But Ms. Katsaras always keeps the series's central character, the private investigator Precious Ramotswe (Jill Scott, above), the focus of attention with colorful dresses and head scarves made of shweshwe, the traditional South African fabric known for its pulsating motifs. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/arts/television/07kats.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/arts/television/07kats.html</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Barbieri, Annalisa (3 April 2008). "All shapes and sizes". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2014. <a href="http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2008/04/high-street-designers-film" target="_blank">http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2008/04/high-street-designers-film</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>