Private Use Areas

<h2 id="definition">Definition</h2>
Under the Unicode definition, code points in the Private Use Areas are not noncharacters, reserved, or unassigned. Their <a href="/facts/Unicode_character_property/bIHntH9z">category</a> is "Other, private use (Co)", and no character names are specified. No representative glyphs are provided, and character semantics are left to private agreement. <blockquote>Private-use characters are assigned Unicode code points whose interpretation is not specified by this standard and whose use may be determined by private agreement among cooperating users. These characters are designated for private use and do not have defined, interpretable semantics except by private agreement.
... No charts are provided for private-use characters, as any such characters are, by their very nature, defined only outside the context of this standard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a></blockquote>
<h2 id="blocks">Blocks</h2>
There are three PUA blocks in Unicode.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
In the Basic Multilingual Plane (plane 0), the block titled Private Use Area (PUA) has 6400 code points.
Planes 15 and 16 are almost<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> entirely assigned to two further Private Use Areas: Supplementary Private Use Area-A (SPUA-A) and Supplementary Private Use Area-B (SPUA-B). In <a href="/facts/UTF-16/ofSmbCem">UTF-16</a> a subset of the high surrogates (U+DB80..U+DBFF) is used for these and only these planes, and are called <a href="/facts/High_Private_Use_Surrogates/yCoMRHqx">High Private Use Surrogates</a>.

<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>History</h3>
In Unicode 1.0.0, the Private Use Area extended from U+E800 to U+FDFF<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> (i.e. did not include U+E000..E7FF, but additionally included the U+F900..FDFF range now occupied by <a href="/facts/CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs/smCWGX0T">CJK Compatibility Ideographs</a>, <a href="/facts/Alphabetic_Presentation_Forms/bkHVlo36">Alphabetic Presentation Forms</a> and <a href="/facts/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-A/tX19UXeo">Arabic Presentation Forms-A</a>). This was changed to U+E000..F8FF in Unicode 1.0.1,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> and remained so in Unicode 1.1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> The range U+D800..DFFF, used for <a href="/facts/UTF-16/ofSmbCem">UTF-16</a> surrogates since Unicode 2.0, was unassigned and not part of the Private Use Area in any Unicode 1.x version.
Planes E0 (224) through FF (255), and groups 60 (96) though 7F (127) of the <a href="/facts/Universal_Coded_Character_Set/7Tn6LPLw">Universal Coded Character Set</a> (i.e. U+E00000 through U+FFFFFF and U+60000000 through U+7FFFFFFF) were also designated as private use. These ranges were removed when UCS was restricted to the seventeen planes reachable in UTF-16.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<h2 id="usage">Usage</h2>
<h3>Standardization initiative uses</h3>
Many people and institutions have created character collections for the PUA. Some of these private use agreements are published, so other PUA implementers can aim for unused or less-used code points to prevent overlaps. Several characters and scripts previously encoded in private use agreements have actually been fully encoded in Unicode, necessitating mappings from the PUA to other Unicode code points.
One of the more well-known and broadly implemented PUA agreements is maintained by the <a href="/facts/ConScript_Unicode_Registry/TtnH3LjL">ConScript Unicode Registry</a> (CSUR). The CSUR, which is not officially endorsed or associated with the Unicode Consortium, provides a mapping for constructed scripts, such as <a href="/facts/Klingon_pIqaD/CE8a8BuM">Klingon pIqaD</a> and Ferengi script (Star Trek), <a href="/facts/Tengwar/cYR4N79C">Tengwar</a> and <a href="/facts/Cirth/3CPGMJNj">Cirth</a> (J.R.R. Tolkien's cursive and runic scripts), Alexander Melville Bell's <a href="/facts/Visible_Speech/mSEMVvjM">Visible Speech</a>, and Dr. Seuss's alphabet from <a href="/facts/On_Beyond_Zebra/YYzW7010">On Beyond Zebra</a>. The CSUR previously encoded the undeciphered <a href="/facts/Phaistos_Disc/2lVsFqg7">Phaistos</a> characters, as well as the <a href="/facts/Shavian_alphabet/GrraE6ug">Shavian</a> and <a href="/facts/Deseret_alphabet/bnEYE4g1">Deseret</a> alphabets, which have all been accepted for official encoding in Unicode.
Another common PUA agreement is maintained by the <a href="/facts/Medieval_Unicode_Font_Initiative/yttDF4dE">Medieval Unicode Font Initiative</a> (MUFI). This project is attempting to support all of the scribal abbreviations, ligatures, <a href="/facts/Precomposed_character/LhKrFQ4Y">precomposed characters</a>, symbols, and alternate <a href="/facts/Letterforms/tgzRQkMD">letterforms</a> found in medieval texts written in the Latin alphabet. The express purpose of MUFI is to experimentally determine which characters are necessary to represent these texts, and to have those characters officially encoded in Unicode. As of Unicode version 5.1, 152 MUFI characters have been incorporated into the official Unicode encoding.[needs update]
Some agreed-upon PUA character collections exist in part or whole because the Unicode Consortium is in no hurry to encode them. Some, such as unrepresented languages, are likely to end up encoded in the future. Some unusual cases such as fictional languages are outside the usual scope of Unicode but not explicitly ruled out by the principles of Unicode, and may show up eventually (such as the Star Trek and Tolkien writing systems). In other cases, the proposed encoding violates one or more Unicode principles and hence is unlikely to ever be officially recognized by Unicode—mostly where users want to directly encode alternate forms, ligatures, or base-character-plus-diacritic combinations (such as the TUNE scheme).

<table><tbody><tr><th>Publishing organization</th><th>Topic</th><th>PUA area used</th><th>Font</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ConScript_Unicode_Registry/TtnH3LjL">CSUR</a></td><td>Artificial and some ancient/medieval scripts</td><td>PUA (BMP) and Plane 15</td><td><a href="/facts/Code2000/9IzlDoI2">Code2000</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Medieval_Unicode_Font_Initiative/yttDF4dE">MUFI</a></td><td>Medieval scripts</td><td>PUA (BMP)</td><td>several</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/SIL_International/roscIUKb">SIL</a></td><td>Phonetics and languages</td><td>PUA (BMP)</td><td><a href="/facts/Charis_SIL/8qAf428K">Charis SIL</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/TITUS_(project)/xL4BA8CE">TITUS</a></td><td>Ancient and medieval scripts</td><td>PUA (BMP)</td><td><a href="/facts/TITUS_Cyberbit_Basic/P8VhoFIm">TITUS Cyberbit Basic</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Emoji/Qkp7gwBH">Emoji</a> were originally defined in unused spaces in <a href="/facts/Shift_JIS/9j7nb3fr">Shift JIS</a> mobile encodings, with different carriers supporting different emoji characters. Before <a href="/facts/Emoji/Qkp7gwBH">emoji</a> were added to the Unicode Standard in Unicode 6.0, Google and major Japanese phone carriers each defined their own Private Use Area mappings for emoji. The Japanese carriers defined their encoding schemes in the Basic Multilingual Plane's Private Use Area, whereas Google defined theirs in Supplementary Private Use Area-A.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a></li>
<li>GB/T 20542-2006 ("Tibetan Coded Character Set Extension A") and GB/T 22238-2008 ("Tibetan Coded Character Set Extension B") are <a href="/facts/GB_2312/5bhsAQE5">Chinese national standards</a> that use the PUA to encode precomposed Tibetan <a href="/facts/Typographic_ligature/urMIGfmN">ligatures</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/GBK_(character_encoding)/Pq0qUQzf">GBK</a> and earlier versions of <a href="/facts/GB_18030/axxAXC8d">GB 18030</a> used the PUA to provisionally encode characters not found in Unicode standards at the time of publication. In the 2022 version of the standard (GB 18030-2022), characters are instead mapped to their standard Unicode codepoints.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Institute_of_the_Estonian_Language/lPnhDe0H">Institute of the Estonian Language</a> uses the PUA to encode Latin and Cyrillic precomposed characters<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> that have no Unicode encoding.</li>
<li>The <a href="http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/">Free Tengwar Font Project</a> uses a different mapping from the <a href="/facts/ConScript_Unicode_Registry/TtnH3LjL">ConScript Unicode Registry</a> that largely follows Michael Everson's 2001-03-07 Tengwar discussion paper, but diverges in some details.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/MARC21/vUlQ072s">MARC 21 standard</a> uses the PUA to encode East Asian characters present in MARC-8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> that have no Unicode encoding.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/SIL_International/roscIUKb">SIL</a> Corporate PUA uses the PUA to encode characters used in minority languages that have not yet been accepted into Unicode.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/STIX_Fonts_project/49sjvxGT">STIX Fonts project</a> uses the PUA to provide a comprehensive font set of mathematical symbols and alphabets, many of which are also available in the SMP now, e.g. in the <a href="/facts/Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols/e4IqlNvC">Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols</a> block.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/SMuFL/d1weIA81">SMuFL</a> uses the PUA to encode new music notation symbols, extending the <a href="/facts/Musical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)/H6ULwzdA">Musical Symbols</a> Unicode block.</li>
<li>The Tamil Unicode New Encoding (TUNE)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> is a proposed scheme for encoding <a href="/facts/Tamil_script/QAEV8dJ5">Tamil</a> that overcomes perceived deficiencies in the current Unicode encoding.</li></ul>
<h3>Vendor use</h3>
"U+F8FF" redirects here. For the company, see <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Inc.</a> and <a href="/facts/Apple_logo/oTJYta3k">Apple logo</a>.
Informally, the range U+F000 through U+F8FF is known as the Corporate Use Area. This originates from early versions of Unicode, which defined an "End User Zone" extending from U+E000 upward and a "Corporate Use Zone" extending from U+F8FF downward, with the boundary between the two left undefined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Adobe_Glyph_List/3G77VIw5">Adobe Glyph List</a> used to use the PUA for some of its glyphs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple</a> lists a range of 1,280 characters in its developer documentation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> from U+F400–U+F8FF within the PUA for Apple's use. Of those, only 311 are used, in the range U+F700–U+F8FF (<a href="/facts/NeXT/71CK18lB">NeXT</a> (<a href="/facts/NeXTSTEP/BtVf9f5t">NeXTSTEP</a> and <a href="/facts/OPENSTEP/RTKQxPR1">OPENSTEP</a>) and <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple</a> (<a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a> <a href="/facts/AppKit/zSnfGfyt">AppKit</a>)).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
<ul><li> One of these is U+F8FF, the <a href="/facts/Fonts_on_Macintosh/9Mz2PSmM">Apple logo</a>, generally supported by Apple's 8-bit sets.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/WGL4/qcjmtlWt">WGL4</a> uses the PUA (U+F001 and U+F002) to encode duplicates of the ligatures ﬁ (U+FB01) ﬂ (U+FB02).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>'s defunct Services For Macintosh feature used U+F001 through U+F029 as replacements for special characters allowed in <a href="/facts/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)/FVv6r1pe">HFS</a> but forbidden in <a href="/facts/NTFS/dryNM3BK">NTFS</a>, and U+F02A for the Apple logo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a></li>
<li>In old versions of its <a href="/facts/RichEdit/NLpqhjPz">RichEdit</a> component, Microsoft mapped U+F020–U+F0FF within the PUA to symbol fonts. For any character in this range, RichEdit would show a character from a symbol font instead of the end-user-defined character (EUDC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/AutoCAD/c83IAlgP">AutoCAD</a> uses U+F8FC–U+F8FE for ⌀ (diameter sign), ± (<a href="/facts/Plus%25E2%2580%2593minus_sign/cAP8AgPH">plus–minus sign</a>) and ° (degree sign) respectively.</li>
<li>Some fonts place the Windows logo at U+F000.</li>
<li>The code point U+F000 is a numeral succession starting at 13 or 18 in some video games like <a href="/facts/Agar.io/eslhSI1U">Agar.io</a>.</li>
<li>On <a href="/facts/Ubuntu/0WDd7hkb">Ubuntu</a>, U+E0FF is displayed as the "Circle Of Friends" logo<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> and U+F200 is "ubuntu" in the <a href="/facts/Ubuntu_(typeface)/UFb3Duqc">Ubuntu typeface</a> with a superscripted "Circle Of Friends" (this itself is U+F0FF).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a></li>
<li>The <a href="https://github.com/rbanffy/3270font">3270</a> font includes the <a href="/facts/Debian/cBd93qfJ">Debian</a> logo at U+F100.</li>
<li>In the <a href="/facts/Linux_Libertine/GnBdPz9w">Linux Libertine</a> font, U+E000 displays <a href="/facts/Tux_(mascot)/ySD276oH">Tux</a>, the mascot of <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Font_Awesome/vm3qYgGz">Font Awesome</a> icon font uses the PUA to display various glyphs.</li>
<li>Powerline, a status line plugin for <a href="/facts/Vim_(text_editor)/JXAYMDgt">Vim</a>, uses U+E0A0–U+E0A2 and U+E0B0–U+E0B3 for extra <a href="/facts/Box-drawing_character/jKI4QHeG">box-drawing characters</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a></li>
<li>In the <a href="/facts/Fira_Sans/aamJEJRu">Fira Sans</a> typeface used in <a href="/facts/Firefox_OS/pBLG4suy">Firefox OS</a>, U+E003 is displayed as the <a href="/facts/Mozilla/FevL9Itn">Mozilla</a> logo (the dinosaur head).</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lotus_Multi-Byte_Character_Set/WVwSe7Yx">Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set</a> (LMBCS), the encoding and character set internally used by <a href="/facts/Lotus_Software/8k8vj9x2">Lotus</a>/<a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a> <a href="/facts/Lotus_1-2-3/tnkvSG3M">Lotus 1-2-3</a>, <a href="/facts/Lotus_Symphony_(DOS)/mzQ0mh3u">Symphony</a>, <a href="/facts/Lotus_SmartSuite/tzdJml39">SmartSuite</a>, <a href="/facts/Lotus_Notes/X3KHrPQj">Notes</a>, <a href="/facts/Lotus_Domino/X3KHrPQj">Domino</a> as well as a number of third-party products such as <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Works/W6kLhBk3">Microsoft Works</a>, uses some characters (U+F862-U+F89F and U+F8FB-U+F8FE) in the Private Use Area for symbols not defined in Unicode. Of these, U+F8FB is known to be reserved for a <a href="/facts/Crown_(currency)/esGkY6cM">crown currency</a> symbol ("Kr"), and U+F8FC and U+F8FD were later mapped to U+FB02 (<a href="/facts/Fi_(ligature)/urMIGfmN">ﬂ</a>) and U+FB01 (<a href="/facts/Fi_(ligature)/urMIGfmN">ﬁ</a>) respectively. Additionally, when UTF-16 codes are embedded in LMBCS, the UTF-16 codes corresponding to U+F601 through U+F6FF are substituted for UTF-16 codes which would contain <a href="/facts/Null_byte/IMYNHNxR">null bytes</a>, since LMBCS is designed to not contain embedded null bytes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a></li>
<li>IBM reserved several <a href="/facts/Code_page_ID/tgcBrILG">code page IDs</a> for PUA code pages: code page 1446 for the generic plane 15, code page 1447 for the generic plane 16, code page 1448 for the generic BMP PUA, code page 1445 (IBM AFP PUA No. 1) for plane 15 with IBM allocations in U+FFF00–U+FFFFD,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> and code page 1449 (IBM default PUA) for the BMP PUA with IBM allocations in U+F83D–U+F8FF.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></li>
<li>The file system found in Windows uses the U+F000 to U+F0FF block to escape <a href="/facts/Special_characters/2RM5p7kg">special characters</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/NetApp/tmNFS1pG">NetApp</a> translates characters in filenames that are allowed on Unix but invalid for <a href="/facts/Server_Message_Block/pWM35pl8">SMB</a> clients to PUA characters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Twitter/VWwDNGUm">Twitter</a>'s Chirp font provides some additional icons, like U+E000 which corresponds to a left down arrow, U+EA00 which corresponds to the Twitter bird, and U+F8FF which corresponds to an Apple logo, possibly for compatibility with Apple fonts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="private-use-characters-in-other-character-sets">Private-use characters in other character sets</h2>
The concept of reserving specific code points for private use is based on similar earlier usage in other character sets. In particular, many otherwise obsolete characters in East Asian scripts continue to be used in specific names or other situations, and so some character sets for those scripts made allowance for private-use characters (such as the user-defined planes of <a href="/facts/CNS_11643/YQnNe9hy">CNS 11643</a>, or <a href="/facts/Kanji/E1IN7hVL">gaiji</a> in certain Japanese encodings). The Unicode standard references these uses under the name "End User Character Definition" (EUCD).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
Additionally, the <a href="/facts/C0_and_C1_control_codes/bBp1dGVl">C1 control block</a> contains two codes intended for private use "control functions" by <a href="/facts/ECMA-48/29l9Yalv">ECMA-48</a>: 0x91 private use one (PU1) and 0x92 private use two (PU2).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> Unicode includes these at U+0091 <control-0091> and U+0092 <control-0092> but defines them as control characters (category Cc), not private-use characters (category Co).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
Encodings that do not have private use areas but have more or less unused areas, such as <a href="/facts/ISO%2fIEC_8859/KFAUkAQ9">ISO/IEC 8859</a> and <a href="/facts/Shift_JIS/9j7nb3fr">Shift JIS</a>, have seen uncontrolled variants of these encodings evolve.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> For Unicode, software companies can use the Private Use Areas for their desired additions.

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Glossary of Unicode Terms: "Private Use Area (PUA)"". Unicode Consortium. <a href="https://unicode.org/glossary/#private_use_area" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/glossary/#private_use_area</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policy". Unicode Consortium. 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2022-03-03. <a href="https://unicode.org/policies/stability_policy.html" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/policies/stability_policy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Chapter 23 Special Areas and Format Characters" (PDF). The Unicode Standard Version 14.0 - Core Specification. Unicode Consortium. September 2021. Private Use characters. ISBN 978-1-936213-29-0. <a href="978-1-936213-29-0" target="_blank">978-1-936213-29-0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Chapter 23 Special Areas and Format Characters" (PDF). The Unicode Standard Version 14.0 - Core Specification. Unicode Consortium. September 2021. Private Use characters. ISBN 978-1-936213-29-0. <a href="978-1-936213-29-0" target="_blank">978-1-936213-29-0</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Unicode Character Database". The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2023-07-26. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/ucd/" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/ucd/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/enumeratedversions.html" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/versions/enumeratedversions.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">The last two characters of every plane are defined to be noncharacters. The remaining 65,534 characters of each of planes 15 and 16 are assigned as private-use characters. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters#Noncharacters" target="_blank">/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters#Noncharacters</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"3.5: Private Use Area" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 1.0, Volume 1. Unicode Consortium. 1991. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0-201-56788-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-11. <a href="0-201-56788-1" target="_blank">0-201-56788-1</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Unicode 1.0.1 (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. 1992-11-03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2016-07-09. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.0.0/Notice.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.0.0/Notice.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"2.0: Changes in Unicode 1.0" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1. Unicode Consortium. pp. 3–4. UTR #4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2021-10-11. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.1.0/ch02.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.1.0/ch02.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Whistler, Ken (2000). "Necessary changes for ISO/IEC 10646 regarding the PUA". Unicode. UTC/00-015. Archived from the original on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2021-01-30. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000-UTC/u2000-015.txt" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000-UTC/u2000-015.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Scherer, Markus; Davis, Mark; Momoi, Kat; Tong, Darick; Kida, Yasuo; Edberg, Peter (27 April 2010). "Emoji Symbols: Background Data" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. L2/10-132. Retrieved 24 April 2025. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10132-emojidata.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10132-emojidata.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Lunde, Ken (4 August 2022). "The GB 18030-2022 Standard". Medium. Retrieved 7 August 2022. <a href="https://ken-lunde.medium.com/the-gb-18030-2022-standard-3d0ebaeb4132" target="_blank">https://ken-lunde.medium.com/the-gb-18030-2022-standard-3d0ebaeb4132</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Letter Database". Eki.ee. Archived from the original on 2018-05-21. Retrieved 2013-04-11. <a href="http://www.eki.ee/letter/chardata.cgi?ucode=e000-f8ff" target="_blank">http://www.eki.ee/letter/chardata.cgi?ucode=e000-f8ff</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Character Sets: East Asian Characters: Alternative Unicode Mappings for MARC 21 Characters Assigned to the Private Use Area (PUA): MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure, Character Sets, and Exchange Media". Library of Congress. 2004-09-02. Archived from the original on 2013-08-19. Retrieved 2013-04-11. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/specchar.pua.html" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/specchar.pua.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"tunerfc.tn.nic.in". tunerfc.tn.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2010-07-29. Retrieved 2013-04-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100729194712/http://www.tunerfc.tn.nic.in/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100729194712/http://www.tunerfc.tn.nic.in/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"2.0: Changes in Unicode 1.0" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1. Unicode Consortium. pp. 3–4. UTR #4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2021-10-11. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.1.0/ch02.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.1.0/ch02.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Unicode Corporate Use Subarea as used by Adobe Systems". October 22, 1998. Archived from the original on October 9, 2002. Retrieved May 12, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021009225850/http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/type/corporateuse.txt" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20021009225850/http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/type/corporateuse.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"NSOpenStepUnicodeReservedBase - Apple Developer Documentation". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-10-16. <a href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsopenstepunicodereservedbase" target="_blank">https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsopenstepunicodereservedbase</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Apple Computer, Inc. (2005) [1994]. "CORPCHAR.TXT - Registry (external version) of Apple use of Unicode corporate-zone characters". c03. Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2020-10-16. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/CORPCHAR.TXT" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/CORPCHAR.TXT</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"WGL4 Unicode Range U+2013 through U+FB02". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2014-07-17. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717022830/http://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/wgl4e.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140717022830/http://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/wgl4e.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"SFM Converts Macintosh HFS Filenames to NTFS Unicode". Microsoft Support. February 24, 2014. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527200113/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/117258" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160527200113/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/117258</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"ntfs.util.c". 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2018-08-07. Invalid NTFS filename characters are encodeded [sic] using the SFM (Services for Macintosh) private use Unicode characters. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807190401/https://opensource.apple.com/source/ntfs/ntfs-91.50.2/util/ntfs.util.c.auto.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180807190401/https://opensource.apple.com/source/ntfs/ntfs-91.50.2/util/ntfs.util.c.auto.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"The range of characters between U+F020 and U+F0FF in the Private Use Area of Unicode is mapped to symbol fonts in Richedit 4.1". Microsoft Knowledge Base. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022095705/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/897872" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121022095705/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/897872</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Handling of PUA Characters in Microsoft Software". SIL International. 2003-04-25. Archived from the original on 2015-05-11. Retrieved 2014-03-04. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511005915/http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site%5Fid=nrsi&item%5Fid=PUACharsInMSSotware" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150511005915/http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site%5Fid=nrsi&item%5Fid=PUACharsInMSSotware</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Comment #8 : Bug #651606 (circle-of-friends) : Bugs : Ubuntu Font Family". Launchpad. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 2020-10-17. Retrieved 2020-10-17. <a href="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-font-family/+bug/651606/comments/8/+index" target="_blank">https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-font-family/+bug/651606/comments/8/+index</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Comment #2 : Bug #853855 : Bugs : Ubuntu Font Family". Launchpad. 26 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-10-17. Retrieved 2020-10-17. <a href="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-font-family/+bug/853855/comments/2/+index" target="_blank">https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-font-family/+bug/853855/comments/2/+index</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Li, Renzhi (2019-08-23). "Proposal to add additional characters into the Graphics for Legacy Computing block of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode. Retrieved 2023-07-31. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19068r2-powerline-syms.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19068r2-powerline-syms.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"Installation". Powerline beta documentation. Powerline. Fonts installation. Retrieved 21 April 2025. The used application (e.g. terminal emulator) must also either be configured to use patched fonts (in some cases even support it because custom glyphs live in private use area which some applications reserve for themselves) or support fontconfig for powerline to work properly with powerline-specific glyphs. <a href="https://powerline.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html#fonts-installation" target="_blank">https://powerline.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html#fonts-installation</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"lmb-excp.ucm". GitHub. Unicode, Inc. 2000-02-10. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2020-04-23. <a href="https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/icu4c/source/data/mappings/lmb-excp.ucm" target="_blank">https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/icu4c/source/data/mappings/lmb-excp.ucm</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Anhang 2. Der Lotus Multibyte Zeichensatz (LMBCS)" [Appendix 2. The Lotus Multibyte Character Set (LMBCS)]. Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Referenzhandbuch [Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Reference Manual] (in German) (1 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: Lotus Development Corporation. 1989. pp. A2–1 – A2–13. 302168. <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Development_Corporation" target="_blank">/wiki/Lotus_Development_Corporation</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"CPGID 01445 (chart)" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages. 2012 [2011]. C-H 3-3220-050. The area shown in the chart above represents only 254 bytes of row FF in plane 0F. <a href="https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01445.pdf" target="_blank">https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01445.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"CPGID 01445: IBM AFP PUA No. 1". REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages. 2012 [2011]. C-H 3-3220-050. The area shown in the chart above represents only 254 bytes of row FF in plane 0F. <a href="https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01445.txt" target="_blank">https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01445.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"CPGID 01449: IBM default PUA". IBM Globalization: Code page identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. IBM has designated 195 positions from U+F83D to U+F8FF for use as IBM Corporate-zone and intends to use them consistently within IBM whenever there is a need to maintain the round-trip integrity of IBM characters. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916190822/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01449.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150916190822/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01449.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">IBM (1997). unicode.nam: Allow the Unicode characters to be specified using either the IBM or PostScript like names. (Included with Borgendale, Ken, OS/2 Codepage and Keyboard Display Tools) <a href="/wiki/IBM" target="_blank">/wiki/IBM</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"Configure character mapping for SMB file name translation on volumes". 9 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-10-14. <a href="https://docs.netapp.com/us-en/ontap/smb-admin/configure-character-mappings-file-name-translation-task.html" target="_blank">https://docs.netapp.com/us-en/ontap/smb-admin/configure-character-mappings-file-name-translation-task.html</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Twitter Chirp Font". Copy Paste Dump. Retrieved 2022-02-08. <a href="https://c.r74n.com/twitter/chirp" target="_blank">https://c.r74n.com/twitter/chirp</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Chapter 23 Special Areas and Format Characters" (PDF). The Unicode Standard Version 14.0 - Core Specification. Unicode Consortium. September 2021. Private Use characters. ISBN 978-1-936213-29-0. <a href="978-1-936213-29-0" target="_blank">978-1-936213-29-0</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Standard ECMA-48, Fifth Edition - June 1991" (PDF). §8.2.14 Miscellaneous control functions, §8.3.100, §8.3.101. <a href="https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-48_5th_edition_june_1991.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-48_5th_edition_june_1991.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">ISO/TC97/SC2 (1983-10-01). C1 Control Character Set of ISO 6429 (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-77. <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_2#History" target="_blank">/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_2#History</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"Unicode Character Database". The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2023-07-26. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/ucd/" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/ucd/</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"Chapter 4 Character Properties" (PDF). The Unicode Standard Version 14.0 - Core Specification. Unicode Consortium. September 2021. Table 4-4. ISBN 978-1-936213-29-0. <a href="978-1-936213-29-0" target="_blank">978-1-936213-29-0</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"Map (external version) from Mac OS Japanese encoding to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2021-10-08. <a href="http://ftp.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/JAPANESE.TXT" target="_blank">http://ftp.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/JAPANESE.TXT</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Private Use Areas open-in-new

Private Use Areas