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Southern Hemisphere
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<h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2> <p>Southern Hemisphere <a href="/facts/Climate/f57XrNFU">climates</a> tend to be slightly milder than those at similar latitudes in the <a href="/facts/Northern_Hemisphere/EFwyqL25">Northern Hemisphere</a>, except in the <a href="/facts/Antarctic/xPPVrxBE">Antarctic</a> which is colder than the <a href="/facts/Arctic/bxbuUz7Q">Arctic</a>. This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much less land; water heats up and cools down more slowly than land.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The differences are also attributed to oceanic heat transfer and differing extents of greenhouse trapping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <p>In the Southern Hemisphere, the Sun passes from east to west through the north, although north of the <a href="/facts/Tropic_of_Capricorn/9jhptsNX">Tropic of Capricorn</a> the <a href="/facts/Solar_time/aYq9JqwI">mean Sun</a> can be directly overhead or due south at midday. The Sun follows a right-to-left trajectory through the northern sky unlike the left-to-right motion of the Sun when seen from the Northern Hemisphere as it passes through the southern sky. Sun-cast shadows turn anticlockwise throughout the day and <a href="/facts/Sundial/RWM823m2">sundials</a> have the hours increasing in the <a href="/facts/Clockwise/3Npe4Swe">anticlockwise</a> direction. During <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse/2XsCFG1a">solar eclipses</a> viewed from a point to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the Moon moves from left to right on the disc of the Sun (see, for example, photos with timings of the <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_November_13%2c_2012/TLTTvgDo">solar eclipse of November 13, 2012</a>), while viewed from a point to the north of the <a href="/facts/Tropic_of_Cancer/c24BAwBj">Tropic of Cancer</a> (i.e., in the Northern Hemisphere), the Moon moves from right to left during solar eclipses. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Coriolis_effect/SqCyUY6d">Coriolis effect</a> causes cyclones and tropical storms to spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, as opposed to <a href="/facts/Anticlockwise/3Npe4Swe">anticlockwise</a> in the Northern Hemisphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>The southern <a href="/facts/Temperateness/6WPypCzC">temperate zone</a>, a subsection of the Southern Hemisphere, is nearly all oceanic. </p><p> The <a href="/facts/Sagittarius_(constellation)/ljtU4DQ2">Sagittarius</a> constellation that includes the <a href="/facts/Milky_Way/ulF6lccN">galactic centre</a> is a southern constellation as well as both <a href="/facts/Magellanic_Clouds/WEspxUJl">Magellanic Clouds</a>. This, combined with clearer skies, makes for excellent viewing of the night sky from the Southern Hemisphere with brighter and more numerous stars.</p> <p>Forests in the Southern Hemisphere have special features which set them apart from those in the Northern Hemisphere. Both <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a> and <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a> share, for example, unique <a href="/facts/Beech/9LMa0wKB">beech</a> species or <i><a href="/facts/Nothofagus/QsjDxQ9a">Nothofagus</a></i>, and <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a> has members of the closely related genera <i><a href="/facts/Lophozonia/QsjDxQ9a">Lophozonia</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Fuscospora/QsjDxQ9a">Fuscospora</a></i>. The <a href="/facts/Eucalyptus/Y0BjE3KQ">eucalyptus</a> is native to <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a> but is now also planted in <a href="/facts/Southern_Africa/Ak6C1vgf">Southern Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Latin_America/Qmx9Jx2a">Latin America</a> for pulp production, and increasingly, <a href="/facts/Biofuel/RWu7b6Y3">biofuel</a> uses. </p><p>One of the most notable animals to be found almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere is the <a href="/facts/Penguin/RPoapfVx">penguin</a>. A species is found around <a href="/facts/Isabela_Island_(Gal%25C3%25A1pagos)/Csq7vXtd">Isabela Island</a> on the <a href="/facts/Gal%25C3%25A1pagos_Islands/pQ7g2hdN">Galápagos</a> archipelago in the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a>, which straddles the equator.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> However, most of Isabela and the rest of the archipelago is located in the Southern Hemisphere, and it is deemed by the <a href="/facts/International_Hydrographic_Organization/bo6vfXHe">International Hydrographic Organization</a> as being wholly within the South Pacific Ocean, rather than the North Pacific.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="demographics-and-human-geography">Demographics and human geography</h2> <p>More than 850 million people live in the Southern Hemisphere, representing around 10–12% of the total global human population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Of those 850 million people, more than 203 million live in <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>, the largest country by land area in the Southern Hemisphere, while more than 150 million live in <a href="/facts/Java/2MNA2rLm">Java</a>, the most populous island in the world. The most populous country in the Southern Hemisphere is <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, with 275 million people (roughly 30 million of whom live north of the Equator on the northern portions of the islands of <a href="/facts/Sumatra/Fo192kJb">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/facts/Borneo/1aIGfyvV">Borneo</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sulawesi/BKg2WNej">Sulawesi</a>, as well as most of <a href="/facts/North_Maluku/eXm6auqL">North Maluku</a>, while the rest of the population lives in the Southern Hemisphere). <a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a> is the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere, with over 230 million speakers in six countries – mostly in Brazil, but also in <a href="/facts/Angola/PQrYRHMd">Angola</a>, <a href="/facts/Mozambique/mMWQ80JT">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/facts/East_Timor/IBQ69BRj">East Timor</a>, and small parts of <a href="/facts/Equatorial_Guinea/ARkq2P4f">Equatorial Guinea</a> and <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A3o_Tom%25C3%25A9_and_Pr%25C3%25ADncipe/7EbNfgsJ">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> that lie south of the <a href="/facts/Equator/CjaxbVaN">Equator</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Among the largest metropolitan areas in the Southern Hemisphere are <a href="/facts/Jakarta/HwQk9xHT">Jakarta</a> (33 million people), <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A3o_Paulo/pPqRTTR0">São Paulo</a> (22 million), <a href="/facts/Kinshasa-Brazzaville/D0Wz7QBm">Kinshasa-Brazzaville</a> (19 million), <a href="/facts/Buenos_Aires/9lUVmS7f">Buenos Aires</a> (16 million), <a href="/facts/Rio_de_Janeiro/AVPTJJ2C">Rio de Janeiro</a> (12 million), <a href="/facts/Lima/YrHEnS3R">Lima</a> (11 million), <a href="/facts/Surabaya_metropolitan_area/tqAmQJ31">Surabaya</a> (10 million), <a href="/facts/Luanda/qaGR7W7r">Luanda</a>, <a href="/facts/Bandung_metropolitan_area/P9bfsTha">Bandung</a> (9 million each), <a href="/facts/Dar_es_Salaam/yC5I74oh">Dar es Salaam</a>, <a href="/facts/Santiago/JfuaYt26">Santiago</a> (7 million each), <a href="/facts/Johannesburg/DQd9T8FY">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/facts/Semarang_metropolitan_area/HqkGSk0H">Semarang</a>, <a href="/facts/Belo_Horizonte/yMlT1wmk">Belo Horizonte</a> (6 million each), <a href="/facts/Sydney/8TegRcwB">Sydney</a>, <a href="/facts/Melbourne/EHY9YxI0">Melbourne</a> and <a href="/facts/Cape_Town/tFrIG1gz">Cape Town</a> (5 million each). Important financial and commercial centres in the Southern Hemisphere include <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A3o_Paulo/pPqRTTR0">São Paulo</a>, where the <a href="/facts/B3_(stock_exchange)/vf1WQtLP">B3 (stock exchange)</a> is headquartered, along with Sydney, home to the <a href="/facts/Australian_Securities_Exchange/ocIpjdLT">Australian Securities Exchange</a>, Jakarta, the seat of the <a href="/facts/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange/sF3wtBAr">Indonesia Stock Exchange</a>, <a href="/facts/Johannesburg/DQd9T8FY">Johannesburg</a>, home to the <a href="/facts/JSE_Limited/c0nsWMyA">Johannesburg Stock Exchange</a>, and Buenos Aires, headquarters of the <a href="/facts/Buenos_Aires_Stock_Exchange/4hdzvzf9">Buenos Aires Stock Exchange</a>, the oldest stock market in the Southern Hemisphere. </p><p>Common tourist destinations in the Southern Hemisphere include <a href="/facts/Bali/ThlIdDeC">Bali</a>, <a href="/facts/Buenos_Aires/9lUVmS7f">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/facts/Cape_Town/tFrIG1gz">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/facts/Easter_Island/JqNucnh7">Easter Island</a>, <a href="/facts/Lima/YrHEnS3R">Lima</a>, <a href="/facts/Rio_de_Janeiro/AVPTJJ2C">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/facts/Sydney/8TegRcwB">Sydney</a> and <a href="/facts/Tahiti/uymjlbIb">Tahiti</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> According to a 2017 report, the most popular Southern Hemisphere "<a href="/facts/Kick_the_bucket/8ch6cooX">bucket list</a>" destinations among Australians were <a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a>, the <a href="/facts/Gal%25C3%25A1pagos_Islands/pQ7g2hdN">Galápagos Islands</a>, <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Quito%2c_Ecuador/M6UU8dgA">Quito, Ecuador</a> is the closest major city to the <a href="/facts/Equator/CjaxbVaN">equatorial line</a> on the planet, and <a href="/facts/Ushuaia%2c_Argentina/c6IwtwS0">Ushuaia, Argentina</a> claims the title of world's southernmost city. Cape Town, <a href="/facts/Christchurch/cjzII7cq">Christchurch</a>, <a href="/facts/Hobart/rcHqwrRt">Hobart</a>, <a href="/facts/Punta_Arenas/vFmxbKp7">Punta Arenas</a> and Ushuaia are officially acknowledged as the five international <a href="/facts/Antarctic_gateway_cities/n7k6aAND">Antarctic gateway cities</a> that serve as primary entry points for travel to the Antarctic region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Among the most developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere is Australia, with a nominal GDP per capita of US$63,487 and a <a href="/facts/Human_Development_Index/hQpz064I">Human Development Index</a> (HDI) of 0.946, the tenth-highest in the world as of the 2024 report. New Zealand is also well developed, with a nominal GDP per capita of US$48,072 and an HDI of 0.939, putting it at number 16 in the world in 2024. The least developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere cluster in Africa and Oceania, with <a href="/facts/Mozambique/mMWQ80JT">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/facts/Burundi/GTNtpIra">Burundi</a> at the lowest ends of the HDI, at 0.461 (number 183 in the world) and 0.420 (number 187 in the world), respectively. The nominal GDPs per capita of these two countries do not go above US$650, a tiny fraction of the incomes enjoyed by Australians and New Zealanders. </p><p>The Southern Hemisphere has long been secondary in the global distribution of demographic, economic and political power, as it has less land than the Northern Hemisphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> In recent times, however, countries such as Australia have made greater efforts to economically engage with those from their hemisphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Before the <a href="/facts/Age_of_Discovery/Hy29CbgV">Age of Discovery</a>, the Southern Hemisphere was largely cut off from the cultural constructs of the <a href="/facts/Western_world/UQl4e7du">Western</a> and <a href="/facts/Eastern_world/at6GLs4l">Eastern worlds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Some view both the West and the East as being Northern Hemisphere-centric concepts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>The most widespread religions in the modern Southern Hemisphere are <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christianity</a>, prevalent in South America, Africa, Oceania, and <a href="/facts/East_Timor/IBQ69BRj">East Timor</a>, followed by <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a> in East Africa and <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hinduism/oxV9YvQh">Hinduism</a>, which is mostly concentrated on/around the islands of <a href="/facts/Bali/ThlIdDeC">Bali</a>, <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a>, and <a href="/facts/Fiji/JU8Hs8WH">Fiji</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>The oldest continuously inhabited city in the Southern Hemisphere is <a href="/facts/Bogor/DDks3PXr">Bogor</a>, in western <a href="/facts/Java/2MNA2rLm">Java</a>, which was founded in <a href="/facts/669/zp4RCNTa">669</a>. Ancient texts from the Hindu kingdoms prevalent in the area definitively record <a href="/facts/669/zp4RCNTa">669 CE</a> as the year when Bogor was founded. However, some evidence shows that <a href="/facts/Zanzibar_City/2aC6oMfC">Zanzibar</a>, an ancient port with around 200,000 inhabitants off the coast of <a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a>, may be older than Bogor. A Greco-Roman text written between <a href="/facts/AD_1/DSqV3Iqt">1</a> and <a href="/facts/AD_100/RsnveWSm">100 CE</a>, the <a href="/facts/Periplus_of_the_Erythrean_Sea/pPyl4hgS"><i>Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</i></a>, mentioned the island of <i>Menuthias</i> (<a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a>: Μενουθιάς) as a trading port on the east African coast, which is probably the small Tanzanian island of <a href="/facts/Unguja/EWsQkzy8">Unguja</a> on which Zanzibar is located. The oldest monumental civilizations in the Southern Hemisphere are the <a href="/facts/Norte_Chico_civilization/6eEH9NjG">Norte Chico civilization</a> and <a href="/facts/Casma%25E2%2580%2593Sechin_culture/au0nA7vG">Casma–Sechin culture</a> from the northern coast of Peru. These civilizations built cities, pyramids, and plazas in the coastal river valleys of northern Peru with some ruins dating back to <a href="/facts/36th_century_BC/bPIY3c4o">3600 BCE</a>. <a href="/facts/Easter_Island/JqNucnh7">Easter Island</a>, located about 3,500 kilometres from <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a> and <a href="/facts/French_Polynesia/cMytpeeC">French Polynesia</a>, is considered to be the most remote place on Earth to have been permanently inhabited by humans before the Age of Discovery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> It was settled by a <a href="/facts/Polynesians/9bNzIHx9">Polynesian</a> group known as the <a href="/facts/Rapa_Nui_people/S1uL0E8x">Rapa Nui</a>. Areas of the Southern Hemisphere that had no contact with humans before the Age of Discovery include <a href="/facts/Christmas_Island/K6JQ6MKf">Christmas Island</a> and <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a> (in the <a href="/facts/Indian_Ocean/Kv0crwKG">Indian Ocean</a>), the <a href="/facts/Gal%25C3%25A1pagos_Islands/pQ7g2hdN">Galápagos Islands</a>, <a href="/facts/Juan_Fern%25C3%25A1ndez_Islands/LGrDoWau">Juan Fernández Islands</a> and <a href="/facts/Lord_Howe_Island/f8Wu37Ib">Lord Howe Island</a> (in the South Pacific), the <a href="/facts/Falkland_Islands/a6FdpUEA">Falkland Islands</a> and <a href="/facts/Tristan_da_Cunha/GU6oyxTd">Tristan da Cunha</a> (in the <a href="/facts/Atlantic_Ocean/EI4uChIb">South Atlantic</a>) and the continent of <a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a>. </p> <h2 id="continents-or-submerged-continents">Continents or submerged continents</h2> <a href="/facts/Africa/XkqQUP9s">Africa</a> About one-third of the continent, from south of <a href="/facts/Mogadishu/B5DlpNob">Mogadishu</a> in <a href="/facts/Somalia/3wQYwIdS">Somalia</a> in the east to south of <a href="/facts/Libreville/X8KMs4zQ">Libreville</a> in <a href="/facts/Gabon/RKDffnwV">Gabon</a> in the west. From the <a href="/facts/Equator/CjaxbVaN">Equator</a> (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 0°) to <a href="/facts/Cape_Agulhas/2cntdufY">Cape Agulhas</a> (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 34°50′S). <a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a> The entire continent and its associated islands are within the Southern Hemisphere. From <a href="/facts/Prime_Head/88KBcW0W">Prime Head</a>, at the northern tip of the <a href="/facts/Trinity_Peninsula/Fa5s1qsr">Trinity Peninsula</a> (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 63°12′48″S) to the <a href="/facts/South_Pole/jBdpXTnh">South Pole</a> (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 90° S). <a href="/facts/Asia/4IToYrrQ">Asia</a> The entire continental mainland is within the <a href="/facts/Northern_Hemisphere/EFwyqL25">Northern Hemisphere</a>, only the southern portion of <a href="/facts/Maritime_Southeast_Asia/8Jk7HBF6">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, including <a href="/facts/East_Timor/IBQ69BRj">East Timor</a> and most of <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, plus the <a href="/facts/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory/jD0nq0Ht">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> and <a href="/facts/Atolls_of_the_Maldives/tU3omnc3">two out of 26 atolls</a> of Maldives, part of <a href="/facts/Indian_subcontinent/0XUWGXpx">Indian subcontinent</a>, in the <a href="/facts/Indian_Ocean/Kv0crwKG">Indian Ocean</a>. From the <a href="/facts/Equator/CjaxbVaN">Equator</a> (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 0°) to <a href="/facts/Pamana_Island/rJjtf2c5">Pamana Island</a>, Indonesia (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 11°00'S). <a href="/facts/Australia_(continent)/moNlN1Qk">Australia</a> The entire continent and most of its associated islands are within the Southern Hemisphere. From the <a href="/facts/Equator/CjaxbVaN">Equator</a> (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 0°) to <a href="/facts/Bishop_and_Clerk_Islets/3X0QAcSU">Bishop and Clerk Islets</a>, Tasmania, Australia (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 55°03′ S). <a href="/facts/South_America/PhrFEMk7">South America</a> Most of the continent, from south of the <a href="/facts/Amazon_River/Ha9AzJY5">Amazon River</a> mouth in <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a> in the east to north of <a href="/facts/Quito/M6UU8dgA">Quito</a> in <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a> in the west. From the <a href="/facts/Equator/CjaxbVaN">Equator</a> (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 0°) to <a href="/facts/%25C3%2581guila_Islet/e8ybIVjc">Águila Islet</a>, Diego Ramírez Islands, Chile (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 56°32′16″S), or, if the <a href="/facts/South_Sandwich_Islands/6N4RScxK">South Sandwich Islands</a> are included as part of South America, <a href="/facts/Cook_Island%2c_South_Sandwich_Islands/L8gIRpoT">Cook Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 59°29′20″S). <a href="/facts/Zealandia/sMl4zeGA">Zealandia</a> The entire <a href="/facts/Submerged_continent/kRrlTWm6">submerged continent</a>, including <a href="/facts/New_Caledonia/VI15kA61">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/facts/Norfolk_Island/p9d64LmL">Norfolk Island</a>, and other associated low-lying islands above sea level, is within the Southern Hemisphere. From <a href="/facts/Belep/wWaTuaPJ">Belep</a>, New Caledonia, France (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 19°45′00″S) to <a href="/facts/Jacquemart_Island/UH6A5sA9">Jacquemart Island</a> (<a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">Latitude</a>: 52°37′S). <h2 id="mainland-countries-or-territories">Mainland countries or territories</h2> <a href="/facts/Africa/XkqQUP9s">Africa</a> Entirely — <ul><li><a href="/facts/Angola/PQrYRHMd">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Botswana/dGw6g94p">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Burundi/GTNtpIra">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Eswatini/Mfz58p4W">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Lesotho/gYSatY8p">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Malawi/HTj5q7Wc">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Mozambique/mMWQ80JT">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Namibia/ahXuaypy">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Rwanda/UKR5UdKy">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Zambia/lCnlx5a1">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> Mostly — <ul><li><a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/E2KmHDdv">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Gabon/RKDffnwV">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Republic_of_the_Congo/kNLEWqhl">Republic of the Congo</a></li></ul> Partly — <ul><li><a href="/facts/Equatorial_Guinea/ARkq2P4f">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Somalia/3wQYwIdS">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Uganda/PabdegRm">Uganda</a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Asia/4IToYrrQ">Asia</a> The entire continental mainland is wholly within the <a href="/facts/Northern_Hemisphere/EFwyqL25">Northern Hemisphere</a>. Only the southern portion of <a href="/facts/Maritime_Southeast_Asia/8Jk7HBF6">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, plus the <a href="/facts/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory/jD0nq0Ht">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> and two out of 26 <a href="/facts/Atoll/cPyQIzVS">atolls</a> of <a href="/facts/Maldives/sC2HeXby">Maldives</a> in the <a href="/facts/Indian_Ocean/Kv0crwKG">Indian Ocean</a> are in the Southern Hemisphere. <a href="/facts/Americas/hEuUTL4K">Americas</a> Entirely — <ul><li><a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Uruguay/X6V0apCb">Uruguay</a></li></ul> Mostly — <ul><li><a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a></li></ul> Partly — <ul><li><a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a> Entirely — <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Antarctic_Treaty_System/huNS5BLE">Antarctic Treaty</a> signatories)</li></ul> <a href="/facts/Oceania/vzTEvsfV">Oceania</a> Entirely — <ul><li><a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></li></ul> <h2 id="island-countries-or-territories">Island countries or territories</h2> <h3>Atlantic Ocean</h3> <p>Entirely — </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Annob%25C3%25B3n/KKdvhRNj">Annobón</a> (Equatorial Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bouvet_Island/2Ww3Ecz6">Bouvet Island</a> (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Falkland_Islands/a6FdpUEA">Falkland Islands / <i>Islas Malvinas</i></a> (Administered by the <a href="/facts/The_Crown/ILkl7GNU">United Kingdom</a> / <i><a href="/facts/Tierra_del_Fuego_Province%2c_Argentina/HBfXPFRU">Claimed</a> by <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Saint_Helena%2c_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha/GoWKDWHk">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ascension_Island/pgbL66x9">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Saint_Helena/bRtmw20h">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tristan_da_Cunha/GU6oyxTd">Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gough_Island/JSspa8Fe">Gough Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands/6N4RScxK">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> (Administered by the <a href="/facts/The_Crown/ILkl7GNU">United Kingdom</a> / <i>Claimed by <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ilha_da_Queimada_Grande/5K0rb1zJ">Snake Island</a>, Brazil</li></ul> <p>Partly — </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A3o_Tom%25C3%25A9_and_Pr%25C3%25ADncipe/7EbNfgsJ">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> (<i>most of <a href="/facts/Ilh%25C3%25A9u_das_Rolas/dF25BEuj">Rolas Island</a></i>)</li></ul> <h3>Indian Ocean</h3> <p>Entirely — </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands/su5rPtKG">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/facts/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory/jD0nq0Ht">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (Administered by the <a href="/facts/The_Crown/ILkl7GNU">United Kingdom</a> / <i>Claimed by <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories/QLKWg44r">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a> (Australia) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Christmas_Island/K6JQ6MKf">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands/NjoIHjsP">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comoros/b6HkaTRQ">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/East_Timor/IBQ69BRj">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands/4A67SWWj">French Southern Territories</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands/c86CwnQN">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Java/2MNA2rLm">Java</a> and <a href="/facts/Lesser_Sunda_Islands/vDuK1jHb">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mayotte/pyNqs696">Mayotte</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Prince_Edward_Islands/0K0mX8PB">Prince Edward Islands</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/facts/R%25C3%25A9union/8088YvSY">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a></li></ul> <p>Partly — </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Maldives/sC2HeXby">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sumatra/Fo192kJb">Sumatra</a>, Indonesia</li></ul> <h3>Pacific Ocean</h3> <p>Entirely — </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/American_Samoa/mpcHoegY">American Samoa</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cook_Islands/kmvk0Yed">Cook Islands</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Coral_Sea_Islands/VEaaKTx9">Coral Sea Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Desventuradas_Islands/yqPgwHQw">Desventuradas Islands</a> (Insular Chile)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Easter_Island/JqNucnh7">Easter Island</a> (Insular Chile) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Isla_Salas_y_G%25C3%25B3mez/ue0RCrfA">Salas and Gómez Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fiji/JU8Hs8WH">Fiji</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Rotuma/bFXUDB44">Rotuma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/French_Polynesia/cMytpeeC">French Polynesia</a> (France) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Tahiti/uymjlbIb">Tahiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jarvis_Island/VP0Qo6T1">Jarvis Island</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Juan_Fern%25C3%25A1ndez_Islands/LGrDoWau">Juan Fernández Islands</a> (Insular Chile) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alejandro_Selkirk_Island/GvNckUmN">Alejandro Selkirk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Robinson_Crusoe_Island/rFJ8jE8U">Robinson Crusoe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Santa_Clara_Island/cV0t19Ne">Santa Clara Island</a></li></ul></li> <li>Most of the <a href="/facts/Gal%25C3%25A1pagos_Islands/pQ7g2hdN">Galápagos Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bartolom%25C3%25A9_Island/A7chQ7rW">Bartolomé Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Daphne_Major/HpBskHDY">Daphne Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Espa%25C3%25B1ola_Island/TrJCfRdB">Española Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fernandina_Island/KSCTL2Pc">Fernandina Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Floreana_Island/7z6XTUpY">Floreana Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Guy_Fawkes_Island/fdBj8ya7">Guy Fawkes Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Santiago_Island_(Gal%25C3%25A1pagos)/L4eLvsTb">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/R%25C3%25A1bida_Island/5X7aQTQf">Jervis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nameless_Island/D9IA1L4C">Nameless Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/North_Seymour_Island/zDCew45T">North Seymour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pinz%25C3%25B3n_Island/4vFNSUn0">Pinzón Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Santa_Cruz_Island_(Gal%25C3%25A1pagos)/wU0FIvbM">Santa Cruz Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Santa_Fe_Island/EJQnI4ED">Santa Fe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/San_Crist%25C3%25B3bal_Island/dQEgkk7p">San Cristóbal Island</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/South_Plaza_Island/k5ysmrQD">South Plaza Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nauru/ndT45vaC">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/New_Caledonia/VI15kA61">New Caledonia</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Niue/BV3kv4ug">Niue</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Norfolk_Island/p9d64LmL">Norfolk Island</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Papua_New_Guinea/RLaVlhFC">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pitcairn_Islands/E80BNrBB">Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Samoa/lyQ1B9YV">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Solomon_Islands/tcyQWq3Q">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tasmania/q3dubPTt">Tasmania</a>, Australia <ul><li><a href="/facts/Macquarie_Island/S6fU4py1">Macquarie Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tokelau/J0Y8gvgx">Tokelau</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tonga/oX5vwTer">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tuvalu/d8mLnsM8">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vanuatu/ta20UNlL">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wallis_and_Futuna/3b890xXA">Wallis and Futuna</a> (France)</li></ul> <p>Mostly — </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Isabela_Island_(Gal%25C3%25A1pagos)/Csq7vXtd">Isabela Island, Galápagos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kiribati/jCeCKakL">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sulawesi/BKg2WNej">Sulawesi</a> and <a href="/facts/Western_New_Guinea/CVHBVntM">Western New Guinea</a> (Indonesia)</li></ul> <p>Partly — </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Kalimantan/8yTnSh8F">Kalimantan</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/facts/Maluku_Islands/Bwucm34R">Maluku Islands</a>, Indonesia</li></ul> <h3>Southern Ocean</h3> <p>Entirely — </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands/AhVD2MX8">Antarctic islands</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Balleny_Islands/vVCe67Yr">Balleny Islands</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Antarctic_Treaty_System/huNS5BLE">Antarctic Treaty</a> signatories / <i><a href="/facts/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica/8TdQfqRB">Claimed</a> by <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Peter_I_Island/yCSNhou9">Peter I Island</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Antarctic_Treaty_System/huNS5BLE">Antarctic Treaty</a> signatories / <i><a href="/facts/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica/8TdQfqRB">Claimed</a> by <a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norway</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/South_Orkney_Islands/d8LaByIN">South Orkney Islands</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Antarctic_Treaty_System/huNS5BLE">Antarctic Treaty</a> signatories / <i><a href="/facts/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica/8TdQfqRB">Claimed</a> by <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a> and the <a href="/facts/The_Crown/ILkl7GNU">United Kingdom</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/South_Shetland_Islands/rhqBBXEj">South Shetland Islands</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Antarctic_Treaty_System/huNS5BLE">Antarctic Treaty</a> signatories / <i><a href="/facts/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica/8TdQfqRB">Claimed</a> by <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>, <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a>, and the <a href="/facts/The_Crown/ILkl7GNU">United Kingdom</a></i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Australia_(continent)/moNlN1Qk">Australia (continent)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Geographical_zone/UvJ23k4F">Geographical zone</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Global_North_and_Global_South/TtdsSbKh">Global North and Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Land_and_water_hemispheres/qD8a02no">Land and water hemispheres</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Northern_Hemisphere/EFwyqL25">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/South_Pole/jBdpXTnh">South Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Zealandia/sMl4zeGA">Zealandia</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/southern-hemisphere-countries">Southern Hemisphere Countries 2021</a></li> <li> Media related to Southern Hemisphere at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Hemisphere Map". WorldAtlas. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2014. <a href="http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/imageh.htm" target="_blank">http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/imageh.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Life on Earth: A - G.. 1. ABC-CLIO. 2002. p. 528. ISBN 9781576072868. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2016. <a href="9781576072868" target="_blank">9781576072868</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Granite specific heat = 0.79 and water = 4.18 J/g⋅K see Heat capacity#Table of specific heat capacities. <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity#Table_of_specific_heat_capacities" target="_blank">/wiki/Heat_capacity#Table_of_specific_heat_capacities</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kang, Sarah M.; Seager, Richard. "Croll Revisited: Why is the Northern Hemisphere Warmer than the Southern Hemisphere?" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2018-05-02. <a href="http://ocp.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/pub/seager/Kang_Seager_subm.pdf" target="_blank">http://ocp.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/pub/seager/Kang_Seager_subm.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Surface Ocean Currents". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Ocean Service Education. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706062957/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/currents/05currents1.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170706062957/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/currents/05currents1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Rix-Standing, Luke (2021-04-25). "World Penguin Day: 6 places you'd never have thought you could see them". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-03-05. Retrieved 2022-03-05. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/world-penguin-new-zealand-earth-antarctica-b1837078.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/world-penguin-new-zealand-earth-antarctica-b1837078.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>International Hydrographic Organization (1953). "Limits of Oceans and Seas" (PDF). Nature. 172 (4376) (3rd ed.): 484. Bibcode:1953Natur.172R.484.. doi:10.1038/172484b0. S2CID 36029611. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"90% Of People Live In The Northern Hemisphere - Business Insider". Business Insider. 4 May 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2023. <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/90-of-people-live-in-the-northern-hemisphere-2012-5" target="_blank">http://www.businessinsider.com/90-of-people-live-in-the-northern-hemisphere-2012-5</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"GIC - Article". galegroup.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. 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