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Swartzentruber Amish
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The history of the Swartzentruber is closely tied to issues of church discipline, particularly the use of Bann und Meidung when a member is <a href="/facts/Shunning/YSFmEIBg">shunned</a>, and to issues of <a href="/facts/Ordnung/3uTgxqA8">Ordnung</a>, or rules regarding what is allowed and what is required.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The group split, first from the other Old Order groups and then within the Swartzentruber group, multiple times throughout the twentieth century over these issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The group originally formed as a result of a division that occurred among the Old Order <a href="/facts/Ohio_Amish_Country/0otqLweV">Amish of Holmes County, Ohio</a>, in the years 1913–1917 over church discipline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>The division was caused when more conservative Old Order Amish districts, perceiving a "drift" toward assimilation, with some districts accepting limited use of new technology, questioned whether to shun a baptized member who had left to join one of these more progressive groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Less conservative members believed shunning was unnecessary as long as the group the former member joined was another Amish or Mennonite group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> More conservative members believed it was necessary to shun any baptized member who joined a group other than one their group diened, or fellowshipped, with.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The bishop who broke away was Sam E. Yoder. The division profoundly affected the Old Order community in Holmes County, as neighbors and even families who had formerly diened were now split.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The group run by Yoder no longer worshipped with, shared important occasions such as baptisms with, or married other Old Order Amish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>In 1922 another split occurred after a sex scandal involving Yoder's daughter; when he did not order her to be shunned, half of the families split to form the Dan Wengerd group, which reconciled with the Old Order in Holmes County.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>In 1931, another split occurred over church discipline issues, resulting in the formation of the <a href="/facts/Troyer_Amish/H0UxyuGX">Troyer Amish</a> in <a href="/facts/Wayne_County%2c_Ohio/CgHGpmjD">Wayne County, Ohio</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Yoder died in 1932, and the group became known by the name of the bishop who succeeded him, Samuel Swartzentruber.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The conservative Ordnung the group followed attracted other families, and by 1957 there were five Swartzentruber districts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>In the early 1980s, several church districts in Minnesota, Tennessee, and Ohio split from the Swartzentruber church districts elsewhere, again over church discipline issues surrounding disagreements over shunning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> This group, known as the Jeck Jeckey Leit, is now affiliated with the <a href="/facts/Nebraska_Amish/YVfuFKMD">Nebraska Amish</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>In the early 1990s, another split over application of shunning occurred in Holmes County, with two bishops, Eli Hershberger and Moses Miller, splitting from a larger group led by Joe Troyer over what Hershberger and Miller perceived as a failure to discipline two men who had misbehaved.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The split spread throughout North America as Swartzentruber church districts and members took sides, causing a major schism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>In 1998, the Hershberger and Miller group experienced another split, this time over Ordnung -- what is allowed and what is required -- with the result that there were three distinct nonfellowshipping Swarzentruber groups: the main Joe Troyer group; the Mose Miller/Isaac Keim group; and the Andy Weaver group (not to be confused with the <a href="/facts/Andy_Weaver_(Old_Order_Amish)/BrbvJ4bK">Old Order Andy Weaver</a> group). In this three-way split, the Andy Weaver group was the most conservative and the Joe Troyer group the least.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> By 2011, after Mose Miller died, the Miller/Keim group experienced another split into the Dan Yoder church and the Pete Hershberger church, and again splitting districts and families.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Both the Yoder and Hershberger groups fall in the middle of the spectrum of conservatism between the "lower" (more conservative) Andy Weavers and "higher" Troyer, leaving the Andy Weavers as the most conservative of the Swartzentruber groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>As of 2012 no Swartzentruber group fellowships with any other group, including other Swartzentrubers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="customs">Customs</h2> <h3>Technology</h3> <p>Swartzentrubers are the most restrictive concerning the use of technology among all Amish affiliations. Like some other Old Order groups, they avoid the use of <a href="/facts/Electricity/hNC8D65W">electricity</a> and indoor <a href="/facts/Plumbing/rt4WXDXw">plumbing</a>. While other Old Order Amish may use telephones in limited ways, such as installing a phone and answering machine in an outbuilding to allow business interactions with non-Amish, the Swartzentrubers avoid them except in emergency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Affiliation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></th><th>Tractor for fieldwork</th><th>Roto-tiller</th><th>Power lawn mower</th><th>Propane gas</th><th>Bulk milk tank</th><th>Mechanical milker</th><th>Mechanical refrigerator</th><th>Pickup balers</th><th>Inside flush toilet</th><th>Running water bath tub</th><th>Tractor for belt power</th><th>Pneumatic tools</th><th>Chain saw</th><th>Pressurized lamps</th><th>Motorized washing machines</th></tr><tr><td>Swartzentruber</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nebraska_Amish/YVfuFKMD">Nebraska</a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swiss_Amish/qsGIoATG">Swiss (Adams)</a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>Some</td><td>Some</td><td>Some</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Buchanan_Amish_affiliation/MEhFfVf6">Buchanan</a>/Medford</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Andy_Weaver_(Old_Order_Amish)/BrbvJ4bK">Danner</a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Geauga_County%2c_Ohio/qSW3wzEV">Geauga I</a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Holmes_Old_Order_Amish_affiliation/qclR8bES">Holmes</a></td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>Some</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Elkhart-LaGrange_Amish_affiliation/rTKVyWsT">Elkhart-LaGrange</a></td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>Some</td><td>Some</td><td>Some</td><td>Some</td><td>Some</td><td>Some</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lancaster_Amish_affiliation/wry06LBW">Lancaster</a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nappanee%2c_Indiana/qhl1Vynn">Nappanee</a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kalona%2c_Iowa/sjqUpht4">Kalona</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Percentage of use by all Amish</th><td>6</td><td>20</td><td>25</td><td>30</td><td>35</td><td>35</td><td>40</td><td>50</td><td>70</td><td>70</td><td>70</td><td>70</td><td>75</td><td>90</td><td>97</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Dress</h3> <p>Swartzentruber clothing is typically made at home by women of the household.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>The Swartzentruber style of dress tends to be heavier and plainer; only the <a href="/facts/Nebraska_Amish/YVfuFKMD">Nebraska Amish</a> dress in a more conservative style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Dresses are longer, and hat brims are wider than most other Old Order Amish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Boys' straw hats are unpainted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Men's shirts are pullover style with a standing collar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Women wear a dress and cape, typically in black or navy blue, with an apron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Married women wear white caps and unmarried women wear black.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>Many clothing fastening devices are rejected for being too worldly, including zippers, buttons,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Velcro/WGbzgeEE">Velcro</a>. </p> <h3>Homes</h3> <p>Swartzentruber farms and yards are often unkept, a reflection of discouraging interest in outward appearance, as such an interest could promote <a href="/facts/Vanity/jmvRz8rY">vanity</a> and <a href="/facts/Pride/1zyXfwUX">pride</a>. Their farms can be identified by dirt drives and surrounding roads, while most roads of the Old Order contain either <a href="/facts/Gravel/IwHG9JfI">gravel</a> or paving to keep out the mud. The roofs of the houses and outbuildings are often made of <a href="/facts/Tin/vxbbBgNz">tin</a>. </p><p>A typical Swartzentruber house will have a large living room, large kitchen with pantry, and a bedroom on the first floor with multiple bedrooms on the second floor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Swartzentruber do not use <a href="/facts/Linoleum/FwhkazoR">linoleum</a> or carpeting, and do not varnish wooden floors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> They do not use upholstered furniture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> They use oil or kerosene rather than gas lanterns for lighting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> They do not use indoor plumbing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Fabrics used for bedclothes and curtains are black or dark red, purple, or green.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>Swartzentruber do not participate in Amish directories such as the Ohio Amish Directory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h3>Transportation</h3> <p>Riding in cars is prohibited among the Swartzentruber Amish, except in emergencies, whereas most other Old Order Amish are allowed to use cars as long as they do not own them. Swartzentruber also do not use bicycles, which are used by many other orders. When Swartzentrubers travel, they typically do so by train or bus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>Swartzentruber <a href="/facts/Horse_harness/e3etPlGP">horse harnesses</a> are black leather, rather than brown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The wheels of their buggies and wagons are wooden with steel rims.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> The buggies do not have windshields, rear windows, mirrors, or lights. </p><p>Swartzentruber Amish use grey reflective tape on the back of their <a href="/facts/Amish_buggy/9tH9n7z0">buggies</a>, in place of bright triangular "slow moving" signs for road travel, which they regard as too worldly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> These buggies also use <a href="/facts/Lantern/m6auBTAq">lanterns</a>, rather than <a href="/facts/Battery_(electricity)/bqEpm4ue">battery</a>-operated lights or reflectors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Some Swartzentrubers use a single lantern; when two are used, the lanterns are staggered in height, one side slightly higher than the other, so as not to appear like the tail lights of an automobile.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> There have been several court cases across the country where the state and county challenged the local Swartzentruber group to use the regulation <a href="/facts/Slow_moving_vehicle/IUnCc546">orange triangle</a>. In 2011, nine Swartzentruber men were jailed for not paying a fine for refusing to display an orange reflective triangle on their buggies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h3>Family</h3> <p>Swartzentruber Amish typically have very large families, with as many as fifteen children not uncommon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> They normally do not allow <a href="/facts/Teenager/XUkTHFyd">teenagers</a> to leave the community during <a href="/facts/Rumspringa/K19507g0">rumspringa</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> although most of them allow teenagers to "court" in order to find a marriage partner, which includes bundling -- hugging in a bed while being fully clothed -- and rocking in a chair together.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Courting is intended to consist of finding a spouse and dating relationships are typically exclusive from the start.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> Wedding season is from the end of harvest until the beginning of spring planting, and weddings typically take place within two weeks of the announcement of the engagement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p> <h3>Fellowship</h3> <p>Swartzentruber church services tend to be longer, up to four hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p><p>Dien, or fellowship, is the acceptance of back and forth movement between or among groups of Amish, such as ministers from one group preaching at services in the other, or members leaving to join another group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> Swartzentruber dien only within their own groups, excluding even other Swartzentruber groups; a baptized member who leaves to join another group is <a href="/facts/Shunning/YSFmEIBg">shunned</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p><p>Ordnung is nearly identical among the four Swartzentruber groups; the Troyer and Yoder groups allow the use of LED bulbs in their flashlights. </p> <h2 id="population-and-church-districts">Population and Church districts</h2> <p>As with other conservative affiliations, the Swartzentruber tend to have more children than the average Old Order Amish. In one sample that <a href="/facts/Donald_Kraybill/LztLBSQ7">Kraybill</a> et al. give, the average number of children born to Swartzentruber women was 9.3. Combined with a high rate of retention concerning their youth, the Swartzentruber have one of the highest growth rates among all Old Order Amish. Between 1991 and 2010 the number of church districts grew from 38 to 103, a growth of 171 percent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>In 1936 there were three Swartzentruber church districts and in 1957, five, with approximately 200 families.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> In 1944 a settlement was founded in <a href="/facts/Ethridge%2c_Tennessee/sa9hS9Tu">Ethridge, Tennessee</a>, which had ten church districts around 2013 with a population of 1,520 people. It is the largest Amish settlement in the South.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> The settlement near <a href="/facts/Lodi%2c_Ohio/YHeJGUJH">Lodi</a> and <a href="/facts/Homerville%2c_Ohio/FbV7fayq">Homerville</a>, <a href="/facts/Ohio/YutCnTlh">Ohio</a>, which was founded in 1952 had 14 church districts around 2013 with a population of 2,148 people. In 1975 the settlement near <a href="/facts/Heuvelton%2c_New_York/QRPMEXtn">Heuvelton, New York</a>, was founded, that had 12 church districts around 2013 with a population of 1,671 people. </p><p>As of 2000, the Swartzentruber Amish had 64 districts, 3,165 members, a total population of 7,101 in 12 states with 33 districts in Ohio alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> There are nineteen districts of Swartzentruber in Holmes County and <a href="/facts/Wayne_County%2c_Ohio/CgHGpmjD">Wayne County</a>, where the subgroup originated. The Swartzentruber share of the Old Order Amish is about 7 percent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> As of 2011 there were 119 Swartzentruber Amish church districts and 43 settlements in 13 states of the US as well as in <a href="/facts/Ontario/HUkxk5Rf">Ontario</a>, Canada. </p> <h3>Etymology</h3> <p>Swartzentruber is a <a href="/facts/Mennonite/pFLcS0Pg">Mennonite</a> and Amish surname of <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Swiss</a> origin, coming from the <a href="/facts/Trub/ywTSIVV4">Trub</a> river valley, located approximately midway between <a href="/facts/Bern/weUyCRsh">Bern</a> and <a href="/facts/Lucerne_(canton)/3Nn706st">Lucerne</a>. It has been thought to mean "seller of black grapes".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> Other <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> spellings of the name include Schwartzentruber, Swartzendruber, Schwartzendruber, Schwarzentruber, and Schwarztrauber. </p> <h2 id="occupations">Occupations</h2> <p>Among Swartzentruber, farming is often a primary occupation, supplemented by at-home businesses focussing on such things as baskets, harnesses, sawmills, quilts, lawn furniture, maple syrup, eggs, and produce, often run in outbuildings on the family land.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> These side businesses allow families to work together at home and allow parents to supervise their children's interactions with outsiders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p><p>A Swartzentruber business may use diesel-powered engines to turn crankshafts to run machinery such as saws and sanders. They do not use pneumatic or hydraulic power. </p> Basket shop in an outbuilding behind a Swartzentruber home <h2 id="notable-figures">Notable figures</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Andy_Weaver_(Old_Order_Amish)/BrbvJ4bK">Andy Weaver</a> – bishop who headed the most conservative branch after the 1998 three-way split, often cited as the strictest Swartzentruber faction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>Dan Wengerd – Holmes-County bishop whose followers split from Yoder’s faction in 1922, forming a distinct “Wengerd” line before later reconciliation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></li> <li>Joe Troyer – namesake bishop of the Troyer Amish (est. 1931) and leader of the largest Swartzentruber subgroup through the late 20th-century schisms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Naomi_Swartzentruber/TD27DP1N">Naomi Swartzentruber</a> – former member turned author and influencer; her 2023 memoir and national media coverage (<i>People</i>, <i>Toronto Sun</i>, <i>Fox News</i>) made her the best-known ex-Swartzentruber figure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></li> <li>Samuel Swartzentruber – Yoder’s successor; his long leadership (1932–1957) gave the group its enduring name and <a href="/facts/Ordnung/3uTgxqA8">Ordnung</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></li> <li>Sam E. Yoder – founding bishop whose 1913–17 break with other <a href="/facts/Old_Order_Mennonite/9Wuz2o5E">Old-Order districts</a> created the nucleus of the Swartzentruber movement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="literature">Literature</h2> <ul><li>Donald B. Kraybill, Karen M. Johnson-Weiner and Steven M. Nolt: <i>The Amish</i>, <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press/Npd5lJTV">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, Baltimore MD 2013. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781421425665</li> <li>Karen Johnson-Weiner: <i>New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State</i>, <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Press/qbwTuIJC">Cornell University Press</a>, Ithaca, NY 2017. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781501707605</li> <li>Charles Hurst and David McConnell: <i>An Amish Paradox: Diversity and Change in the World's Largest Amish Community</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2010 <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780801893988</li> <li>Joe Mackall: <i>Plain Secrets: An Outsider among the Amish</i>, Boston, Mass. 2007. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780807010648 (Account of a neighbor and friend to a Swartzentruber family)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://amishamerica.com/who-are-the-swartzentruber-amish/">Who are the Swartzentruber Amish?</a> - Amish Online Encyclopedia entry on Swartzentruber Amish technology, history, and customs.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Brown, Joshua. "Wisconsin Amish". University of Wisconsin Eau Claire. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603084216/http://people.uwec.edu/brownjo/wisconsin_amish.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130603084216/http://people.uwec.edu/brownjo/wisconsin_amish.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Who are the Swartzentruber Amish?". Amish Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2010-09-13. Retrieved 2010-12-03. entry on Swartzentruber Amish technology, history, and customs <a href="http://amishamerica.com/who-are-the-swartzentruber-amish/" target="_blank">http://amishamerica.com/who-are-the-swartzentruber-amish/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"An Amish America Q-and-A with Professor Karen Johnson-Weiner: Part Two". Amishamerica.com. 2009-01-25. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-05-16. <a href="http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/" target="_blank">http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"An Amish America Q-and-A with Professor Karen Johnson-Weiner: Part Two". Amishamerica.com. 2009-01-25. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-05-16. <a href="http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/" target="_blank">http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"An Amish America Q-and-A with Professor Karen Johnson-Weiner: Part Two". Amishamerica.com. 2009-01-25. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-05-16. <a href="http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/" target="_blank">http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"An Amish America Q-and-A with Professor Karen Johnson-Weiner: Part Two". Amishamerica.com. 2009-01-25. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-05-16. <a href="http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/" target="_blank">http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"An Amish America Q-and-A with Professor Karen Johnson-Weiner: Part Two". Amishamerica.com. 2009-01-25. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-05-16. <a href="http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/" target="_blank">http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"An Amish America Q-and-A with Professor Karen Johnson-Weiner: Part Two". Amishamerica.com. 2009-01-25. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-05-16. <a href="http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/" target="_blank">http://amishamerica.com/an-amish-america-q-and-a-with-professor-karen-johnson-weiner-part-two/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). 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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Wesner, Erik (2007-04-19). "Amish Technology Use in Different Groups". Amish America. <a href="http://amishamerica.com/amish-technology-friendliness/" target="_blank">http://amishamerica.com/amish-technology-friendliness/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Who are the Swartzentruber Amish?". Amish Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2010-09-13. 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ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5886-6. <a href="978-0-8014-5886-6" target="_blank">978-0-8014-5886-6</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Johnson-Weiner, Karen (2012). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 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