At the Conference on Experimental Meson Spectroscopy (EMS) in April 1974, Glashow delivered his paper titled "Charm: An Invention Awaits Discovery". Glashow asserted because neutral currents were likely to exist, a fourth quark was "sorely needed" to explain the rarity of the decays of certain kaons. He also made several predictions on the properties of charm quarks. He wagered that, by the next EMS conference in 1976:
Applying an argument of naturalness to the kaon mass splitting between the K0L and K0S states, the mass of the charm quark was estimated by Mary K. Gaillard and Benjamin W. Lee in 1974 to be less than 5 GeV/c2.
Theorists immediately began to analyze the new particle. It was shown to have a lifetime on the scale of 10−20 seconds, suggesting special characteristics. Thomas Appelquist and David Politzer suggested that the particle was composed of a charm quark and a charm antiquark whose spins were aligned in parallel. The two called this configuration "charmonium". Charmonium would have two forms: "orthocharmonium", where the spins of the two quarks are parallel, and "paracharmonium", where the spins align oppositely. Murray Gell-Mann also believed in the idea of charmonium. Some other theorists, such as Richard Feynman, initially thought the new particle consisted of an up quark with a charm antiquark.
On 15 November 1974, Ting and Richter issued a press release about their discovery. On 21 November at the SLAC, SPEAR found a resonance of the J/psi particle at 3.7 GeV/c2 as Martin Breidenbach and Terence Goldman had predicted. This particle was called ψ′ ("psi-prime"). In late November, Appelquist and Politzer published their paper theorizing charmonium. Glashow and Alvaro De Rujula also published a paper called "Is Bound Charm Found?", in which they used the charm quark and asymptotic freedom to explain the properties of the J/psi meson.
In April 1975, E. G. Cazzoli et al., including Palmer and Samios, published their earlier ambiguous evidence for the charmed baryon. By the time of the Lepton–Photon Symposium in August 1975, eight new heavy particles had been discovered. These particles, however, have zero total charm. Starting from the fourth quarter of that year, physicists began to look for particles with a net, or "naked", charm.
Charm quarks can exist in either "open charm particles", which contain one or several charm quarks, or as charmonium states, which are bound states of a charm quark and a charm antiquark. There are several charmed mesons, including D± and D0. Charmed baryons include Λc, Σc, Ξc, Ωc, with various charges and resonances.
Particles containing charm quarks can be produced via electron–positron collisions or in hadron collisions. Using different energies, electron–positron colliders can produce psi or upsilon mesons. Hadron colliders produce particles that contain charm quarks at a higher cross section. The W boson can also decay into hadrons containing the charm quark or the charm antiquark. The Z boson can decay into charmonium through charm quark fragmentation. The Higgs boson can also decay to J/ψ or ηc through the same mechanism. The decay rate of the Higgs boson into charmonium is "governed by the charm-quark Yukawa coupling".
The charm quark can decay into other quarks via weak decays. The charm quark also annihilates with the charm antiquark during the decays of ground-state charmonium mesons.
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According to Riordan, the word "outlanders" means "other kinds of physicists who did neutrino scattering or measured electron–positron collisions in storage rings."[23]
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Riordan 1987, p. 306, "It was encouraging, but not convincing, evidence [...] this one was ambiguous". - Riordan, Michael (1987). The Hunting of the Quark: A True Story of Modern Physics. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-50466-3. https://archive.org/details/huntingofquarktr00mich/
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Riordan 1987, p. 300, "Murray ... thinks that the charm–anticharm vector meson is more likely". - Riordan, Michael (1987). The Hunting of the Quark: A True Story of Modern Physics. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-50466-3. https://archive.org/details/huntingofquarktr00mich/
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The Particle Physics Review uses the unit GeV instead of GeV/c2.[10] This is because particle physics uses natural units, in which the speed of light is set to be one.[72] The Review also notes this mass corresponds to the "running" mass in the minimal subtraction scheme (MS scheme).[10]
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According to Mark Thomson, a cross section in particle physics is a measure of quantum mechanical probability for the interaction.[79] It is the ratio between the interaction rate per target particle and the incident particle flux.[80] /wiki/Mark_Thomson_(physicist)
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