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List of semiconductor materials
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<h2 id="types-of-semiconductor-materials">Types of semiconductor materials</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Boron_group/RXnvqnNk">Group III</a> elemental semiconductors, (B)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carbon_group/PkWCV3Vx">Group IV</a> elemental semiconductors, (C, Si, and Ge)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carbon_group/PkWCV3Vx">Group IV</a> compound semiconductors</li> <li><a href="/facts/Oxygen_group/nXLGmnqL">Group VI</a> elemental semiconductors, (Se and Te)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Boron_group/RXnvqnNk">III</a>–<a href="/facts/Nitrogen_group/jX4hvCkK">V</a> semiconductors: Crystallizing with high degree of stoichiometry, most can be obtained as both <a href="/facts/N-type_semiconductor/d9GPL5tV">n-type</a> and <a href="/facts/P-type_semiconductor/d9GPL5tV">p-type</a>. Many have high carrier mobilities and direct energy gaps, making them useful for optoelectronics. <i>(See also: Template:III-V compounds.)</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Group_12_element/z8aB00Ih">II</a>–<a href="/facts/Chalcogen/nXLGmnqL">VI</a> semiconductors: usually p-type, except ZnTe and ZnO which are n-type</li> <li><a href="/facts/Group_11_element/phumzNJU">I</a>–<a href="/facts/Halogen/YeFgWHeA">VII</a> semiconductors</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carbon_group/PkWCV3Vx">IV</a>–<a href="/facts/Chalcogen/nXLGmnqL">VI</a> semiconductors</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nitrogen_group/jX4hvCkK">V</a>–<a href="/facts/Chalcogen/nXLGmnqL">VI</a> semiconductors</li> <li><a href="/facts/Group_12_element/z8aB00Ih">II</a>–<a href="/facts/Nitrogen_group/jX4hvCkK">V</a> semiconductors</li> <li><a href="/facts/I-III-VI_semiconductors/7LbE3boM">I–III–VI2 semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oxide/DXtoVe1C">Oxides</a></li> <li>Layered semiconductors</li> <li><a href="/facts/Magnetic_semiconductor/fTxchWPj">Magnetic semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Organic_semiconductor/WjP1RhKW">Organic semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Charge-transfer_complex/hbIyNJlo">Charge-transfer complexes</a></li> <li>Some of <a href="/facts/Metal-organic_framework/gwE4bkCa">MOFs</a>.</li> <li>Others</li></ul> <h2 id="compound-semiconductors">Compound semiconductors</h2> <p>A <i>compound semiconductor</i> is a semiconductor <a href="/facts/Chemical_compound/37FXqqtv">compound</a> composed of <a href="/facts/Chemical_element/0jducgWD">chemical elements</a> of at least two different species. These semiconductors form for example in <a href="/facts/Group_(periodic_table)/YGBcUabv">periodic table groups</a> 13–15 (old groups III–V), for example of elements from the <a href="/facts/Boron_group/RXnvqnNk">Boron group</a> (old group III, <a href="/facts/Boron/Pmwgd7Mf">boron</a>, <a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">aluminium</a>, <a href="/facts/Gallium/EucevDs9">gallium</a>, <a href="/facts/Indium/zRq3stVb">indium</a>) and from <a href="/facts/Nitrogen_group/jX4hvCkK">group 15</a> (old group V, <a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">arsenic</a>, <a href="/facts/Antimony/YsA7lVgT">antimony</a>, <a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">bismuth</a>). The range of possible formulae is quite broad because these elements can form binary (two elements, e.g. <a href="/facts/Gallium(III)_arsenide/BakLFjpp">gallium(III) arsenide</a> (GaAs)), ternary (three elements, e.g. <a href="/facts/Indium_gallium_arsenide/DAHNSFPr">indium gallium arsenide</a> (InGaAs)) and quaternary alloys (four elements) such as <a href="/facts/Aluminium_gallium_indium_phosphide/oSLRtLt3">aluminium gallium indium phosphide</a> (AlInGaP)) alloy and <a href="/facts/Indium_arsenide_antimonide_phosphide/B8Qe2uBB">Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide</a> (InAsSbP). The properties of III-V compound semiconductors are similar to their group IV counterparts. The higher ionicity in these compounds, and especially in the II-VI compound, tends to increase the fundamental bandgap with respect to the less ionic compounds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h3>Fabrication</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Metalorganic_vapour-phase_epitaxy/Ldg0BICo">Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy</a> (MOVPE) is the most popular deposition technology for the formation of compound semiconducting thin films for devices. It uses ultrapure <a href="/facts/Metalorganics/WFv2Ypum">metalorganics</a> and/or <a href="/facts/Hydride/v2rlBGMg">hydrides</a> as <a href="/facts/Precursor_(chemistry)/dUw8Mx2Y">precursor</a> source materials in an ambient gas such as <a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">hydrogen</a>. </p><p>Other techniques of choice include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Molecular-beam_epitaxy/zIhe0lMv">Molecular-beam epitaxy</a> (MBE)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hydride_vapour_phase_epitaxy/sYg0mXRr">Hydride vapor-phase epitaxy</a> (HVPE)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Liquid_phase_epitaxy/etjSn1D3">Liquid phase epitaxy</a> (LPE)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Metal-organic_molecular_beam_epitaxy/MtGXs2r1">Metal-organic molecular-beam epitaxy</a> (MOMBE)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Atomic_layer_deposition/NWFrQIHC">Atomic layer deposition</a> (ALD)</li></ul> <h2 id="table-of-semiconductor-materials">Table of semiconductor materials</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Group</th><th>Elem.</th><th>Material</th><th>Formula</th><th><a href="/facts/Band_gap/IjIeh95l">Band gap</a> (<a href="/facts/Electronvolt/YMT1fqX9">eV</a>)</th><th>Gap type</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">Silicon</a></td><td>Si</td><td>1.12<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Indirect_bandgap/9T1kkc6y">indirect</a></td><td>Used in conventional <a href="/facts/Crystalline_silicon/nvx05hmr">crystalline silicon</a> (c-Si) <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cells</a>, and in its amorphous form as <a href="/facts/Amorphous_silicon/lVNN0bv7">amorphous silicon</a> (a-Si) in <a href="/facts/Thin-film_solar_cell/54UK9nKn">thin-film solar cells</a>. Most common semiconductor material in <a href="/facts/Photovoltaics/5Xefaayl">photovoltaics</a>; dominates worldwide PV market; easy to fabricate; good electrical and mechanical properties. Forms high quality <a href="/facts/Thermal_oxide/FNPWW95h">thermal oxide</a> for insulation purposes. Most common material used in the fabrication of <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuits</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Germanium/wtoALHGs">Germanium</a></td><td>Ge</td><td>0.67<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td>Used in early radar detection diodes and first transistors, with lesser purity required than silicon. A substrate for high-efficiency <a href="/facts/Multijunction_photovoltaic_cell/hw0qSrCr">multijunction photovoltaic cells</a>. Very similar lattice constant to <a href="/facts/Gallium_arsenide/BakLFjpp">gallium arsenide</a>. High-purity crystals used for <a href="/facts/Gamma_spectroscopy/sSsWI23T">gamma spectroscopy</a>. May grow <a href="/facts/Whisker_(metallurgy)/KyGH3rSQ">whiskers</a>, which impair reliability of some devices.</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Material_properties_of_diamond/VDM5cAA4">Diamond</a></td><td>C</td><td>5.47<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td>Excellent thermal conductivity. Superior mechanical and optical properties.<p>High carrier mobilities<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and high electric breakdown field<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> at room temperature as excellent electronics characteristics.Extremely high <a href="/facts/Nanomechanical_resonator/3wa5b1sJ">nanomechanical resonator</a> quality factor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">Gray tin</a>, <i>α</i>-Sn</td><td>Sn</td><td>0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Semimetal/ELtXVlI5">semimetal</a></td><td>Low temperature allotrope (diamond cubic lattice).</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_carbide/kQLVAYbr">Silicon carbide</a>, <a href="/facts/3C-SiC/BeHlMgDe">3C-SiC</a></td><td>SiC</td><td>2.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td>Used for early yellow LEDs</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_carbide/kQLVAYbr">Silicon carbide</a>, <a href="/facts/4H-SiC/BeHlMgDe">4H-SiC</a></td><td>SiC</td><td>3.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td>Used for high-voltage and high-temperature applications</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_carbide/kQLVAYbr">Silicon carbide</a>, <a href="/facts/6H-SiC/BeHlMgDe">6H-SiC</a></td><td>SiC</td><td>3.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td>Used for early blue LEDs</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">Sulfur</a>, <a href="/facts/Allotropes_of_sulfur/b1TUYVFQ"><i>α</i>-S</a></td><td>S8</td><td>2.6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">Gray (trigonal) selenium</a></td><td>Se</td><td>1.83–2.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td>Used in <a href="/facts/Selenium_rectifier/rBdXN0zq">selenium rectifiers</a> and <a href="/facts/Solar_cells/3L814UCC">solar cells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Band gap depends on fabrication conditions.</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">Red selenium</a></td><td>Se</td><td>2.05</td><td>indirect</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Tellurium/v7QvfIvS">Tellurium</a></td><td>Te</td><td>0.33<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Boron_nitride/kumlPQRg">Boron nitride</a>, cubic</td><td>BN</td><td>6.36<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td>Potentially useful for ultraviolet LEDs</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Boron_nitride/kumlPQRg">Boron nitride</a>, hexagonal</td><td>BN</td><td>5.96<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>quasi-direct</td><td>Potentially useful for ultraviolet LEDs</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Boron_nitride/kumlPQRg">Boron nitride nanotube</a></td><td>BN</td><td>5.5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Boron_phosphide/GqADzg9z">Boron phosphide</a></td><td>BP</td><td>2.1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Boron_arsenide/lFqmh098">Boron arsenide</a></td><td>BAs</td><td>1.82</td><td>direct</td><td>Ultrahigh thermal conductivity for thermal management; Resistant to <a href="/facts/Radiation_damage/xTPC6Xg3">radiation damage</a>, possible applications in <a href="/facts/Betavoltaics/pw124Glk">betavoltaics</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Boron_arsenide/lFqmh098">Boron arsenide</a></td><td>B12As2</td><td>3.47</td><td>indirect</td><td>Resistant to <a href="/facts/Radiation_damage/xTPC6Xg3">radiation damage</a>, possible applications in <a href="/facts/Betavoltaics/pw124Glk">betavoltaics</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_nitride/CkEzMbrM">Aluminium nitride</a></td><td>AlN</td><td>6.28<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Piezoelectric. Not used on its own as a semiconductor; AlN-close GaAlN possibly usable for ultraviolet LEDs. Inefficient emission at 210 nm was achieved on AlN.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_phosphide/9MvAsh3S">Aluminium phosphide</a></td><td>AlP</td><td>2.45<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_arsenide/Ke8qJeGc">Aluminium arsenide</a></td><td>AlAs</td><td>2.16<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_antimonide/HYqmGA72">Aluminium antimonide</a></td><td>AlSb</td><td>1.6/2.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td>indirect/direct</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium_nitride/lmwUt4nk">Gallium nitride</a></td><td>GaN</td><td>3.44<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Problematic to be doped to p-type, p-doping with Mg and annealing allowed first high-efficiency blue LEDs<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Blue_laser/AuaFTKUF">blue lasers</a>. Very sensitive to ESD. Insensitive to ionizing radiation. GaN transistors can operate at higher voltages and higher temperatures than GaAs, used in microwave power amplifiers. When doped with e.g. manganese, becomes a <a href="/facts/Magnetic_semiconductor/fTxchWPj">magnetic semiconductor</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium_phosphide/DAFg8pfj">Gallium phosphide</a></td><td>GaP</td><td>2.26<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td>Used in early low to medium brightness cheap red/orange/green LEDs. Used standalone or with GaAsP. Transparent for yellow and red light, used as substrate for GaAsP red/yellow LEDs. Doped with S or Te for n-type, with Zn for p-type. Pure GaP emits green, nitrogen-doped GaP emits yellow-green, ZnO-doped GaP emits red.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium_arsenide/BakLFjpp">Gallium arsenide</a></td><td>GaAs</td><td>1.42<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Second most common in use after silicon, commonly used as substrate for other III-V semiconductors, e.g. InGaAs and GaInNAs. Brittle. Lower hole mobility than Si, P-type CMOS transistors unfeasible. High impurity density, difficult to fabricate small structures. Used for near-IR LEDs, fast electronics, and high-efficiency <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cells</a>. Very similar lattice constant to <a href="/facts/Germanium/wtoALHGs">germanium</a>, can be grown on germanium substrates.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium_antimonide/Aj8NgVKa">Gallium antimonide</a></td><td>GaSb</td><td>0.73<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Used for infrared detectors and LEDs and <a href="/facts/Thermophotovoltaics/kVRzI39d">thermophotovoltaics</a>. Doped n with Te, p with Zn.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_nitride/wfP2ggMU">Indium nitride</a></td><td>InN</td><td>0.7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Possible use in solar cells, but p-type doping difficult. Used frequently as alloys.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_phosphide/IEW8ApM2">Indium phosphide</a></td><td>InP</td><td>1.35<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Commonly used as substrate for epitaxial InGaAs. Superior electron velocity, used in high-power and high-frequency applications. Used in optoelectronics.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_arsenide/GMhtPVbU">Indium arsenide</a></td><td>InAs</td><td>0.36<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Used for infrared detectors for 1–3.8 μm, cooled or uncooled. High electron mobility. InAs dots in InGaAs matrix can serve as quantum dots. Quantum dots may be formed from a monolayer of InAs on InP or GaAs. Strong <a href="/facts/Photo-Dember/3tdGnEww">photo-Dember</a> emitter, used as a <a href="/facts/Terahertz_radiation/729QecPK">terahertz radiation</a> source.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_antimonide/76EPwVLC">Indium antimonide</a></td><td>InSb</td><td>0.17<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Used in infrared detectors and thermal imaging sensors, high quantum efficiency, low stability, require cooling, used in military long-range thermal imager systems. AlInSb-InSb-AlInSb structure used as <a href="/facts/Quantum_well/q5fc9ACR">quantum well</a>. Very high <a href="/facts/Electron_mobility/aN3bco00">electron mobility</a>, <a href="/facts/Electron_velocity/uuxPWGMm">electron velocity</a> and <a href="/facts/Ballistic_transport/XbMoBML1">ballistic length</a>. Transistors can operate below 0.5V and above 200 GHz. Terahertz frequencies maybe achievable.</td></tr><tr><td>II-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium_selenide/A7Xyr215">Cadmium selenide</a></td><td>CdSe</td><td>1.74<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td><a href="/facts/Nanoparticle/k8kNxX4E">Nanoparticles</a> used as <a href="/facts/Quantum_dot/K5Ytv8Yw">quantum dots</a>. Intrinsic n-type, difficult to dope p-type, but can be p-type doped with nitrogen. Possible use in optoelectronics. Tested for high-efficiency solar cells.</td></tr><tr><td>II-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium_sulfide/lsYV3Gum">Cadmium sulfide</a></td><td>CdS</td><td>2.42<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Used in <a href="/facts/Photoresistor/HBzHNaas">photoresistors</a> and solar cells; CdS/Cu2S was the first efficient solar cell. Used in solar cells with CdTe. Common as <a href="/facts/Quantum_dot/K5Ytv8Yw">quantum dots</a>. Crystals can act as solid-state lasers. Electroluminescent. When doped, can act as a <a href="/facts/Phosphor/vTLjrGDE">phosphor</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>II-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium_telluride/eyfWTv6Q">Cadmium telluride</a></td><td>CdTe</td><td>1.49<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Used in solar cells with CdS. Used in <a href="/facts/Thin_film_solar_cell/54UK9nKn">thin film solar cells</a> and other <a href="/facts/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics/fntm90oN">cadmium telluride photovoltaics</a>; less efficient than <a href="/facts/Crystalline_silicon/nvx05hmr">crystalline silicon</a> but cheaper. High <a href="/facts/Electro-optic_effect/FNXrlPS2">electro-optic effect</a>, used in <a href="/facts/Electro-optic_modulator/0qFT00Lf">electro-optic modulators</a>. Fluorescent at 790 nm. Nanoparticles usable as quantum dots.</td></tr><tr><td>II-VI, oxide</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc_oxide/P7sTyDez">Zinc oxide</a></td><td>ZnO</td><td>3.37<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Photocatalytic. Band gap is tunable from 3 to 4 eV by alloying with <a href="/facts/Magnesium_oxide/0GfLn47t">magnesium oxide</a> and <a href="/facts/Cadmium_oxide/44Kovzwf">cadmium oxide</a>. Intrinsic n-type, p-type doping is difficult. Heavy aluminium, indium, or gallium doping yields transparent conductive coatings; ZnO:Al is used as window coatings transparent in visible and reflective in infrared region and as conductive films in LCD displays and solar panels as a replacement of <a href="/facts/Indium_tin_oxide/NJVPJhjx">indium tin oxide</a>. Resistant to radiation damage. Possible use in LEDs and laser diodes. Possible use in <a href="/facts/Random_laser/JGAqnPm5">random lasers</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>II-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc_selenide/FTF76u67">Zinc selenide</a></td><td>ZnSe</td><td>2.7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Used for blue lasers and LEDs. Easy to n-type doping, p-type doping is difficult but can be done with e.g. nitrogen. Common optical material in infrared optics.</td></tr><tr><td>II-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc_sulfide/K8l5AF3K">Zinc sulfide</a></td><td>ZnS</td><td>3.54/3.91<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Band gap 3.54 eV (cubic), 3.91 (hexagonal). Can be doped both n-type and p-type. Common scintillator/phosphor when suitably doped.</td></tr><tr><td>II-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc_telluride/09dzJv8U">Zinc telluride</a></td><td>ZnTe</td><td>2.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Can be grown on AlSb, GaSb, InAs, and PbSe. Used in solar cells, components of microwave generators, blue LEDs and lasers. Used in electrooptics. Together with <a href="/facts/Lithium_niobate/d98DlGny">lithium niobate</a> used to generate <a href="/facts/Terahertz_radiation/729QecPK">terahertz radiation</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>I-VII</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Cuprous_chloride/L8RgsAhF">Cuprous chloride</a></td><td>CuCl</td><td>3.4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>I-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper(I)_sulfide/SRvlDxGJ">Copper(I) sulfide</a></td><td>Cu2S</td><td>1.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td>p-type, Cu2S/CdS was the first efficient thin film solar cell</td></tr><tr><td>IV-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead_selenide/66h19tQ2">Lead selenide</a></td><td>PbSe</td><td>0.26<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Used in infrared detectors for thermal imaging. Nanocrystals usable as quantum dots. <a href="/facts/Thermoelectric_materials/p8FKD76U">Good</a> high temperature thermoelectric material.</td></tr><tr><td>IV-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead(II)_sulfide/IXauvWYq">Lead(II) sulfide</a></td><td>PbS</td><td>0.37<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Mineral <a href="/facts/Galena/eSaK62FA">galena</a>, first semiconductor in practical use, used in <a href="/facts/Cat%2527s_whisker_detector/qzpsgTuh">cat's whisker detectors</a>; the detectors are slow due to high dielectric constant of PbS. Oldest material used in infrared detectors. At room temperature can detect <a href="/facts/Infrared/44XdJNcc">SWIR</a>, longer wavelengths require cooling.</td></tr><tr><td>IV-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead_telluride/xTQCNgRu">Lead telluride</a></td><td>PbTe</td><td>0.32<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Low thermal conductivity, good thermoelectric material at elevated temperature for thermoelectric generators.</td></tr><tr><td>IV-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin(II)_sulfide/bWpDCBBQ">Tin(II) sulfide</a></td><td>SnS</td><td>1.3/1.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td>direct/indirect</td><td>Tin sulfide (SnS) is a semiconductor with direct optical band gap of 1.3 eV and absorption coefficient above 104 cm−1 for photon energies above 1.3 eV. It is a p-type semiconductor whose electrical properties can be tailored by doping and structural modification and has emerged as one of the simple, non-toxic and affordable material for thin film solar cells since a decade.</td></tr><tr><td>IV-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin(IV)_sulfide/408cob4c">Tin(IV) sulfide</a></td><td>SnS2</td><td>2.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td></td><td>SnS2 is widely used in gas sensing applications.</td></tr><tr><td>IV-VI</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin_telluride/uyosL94f">Tin telluride</a></td><td>SnTe</td><td>0.18</td><td>direct</td><td>Complex band structure.</td></tr><tr><td>V-VI, layered</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Bismuth_telluride/8395lR2v">Bismuth telluride</a></td><td>Bi2Te3</td><td>0.13<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Efficient thermoelectric material near room temperature when alloyed with selenium or antimony. Narrow-gap layered semiconductor. High electrical conductivity, low thermal conductivity. Topological insulator.</td></tr><tr><td>II-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium_phosphide/U74drJpk">Cadmium phosphide</a></td><td>Cd3P2</td><td>0.5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>II-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium_arsenide/eLrWjQbQ">Cadmium arsenide</a></td><td>Cd3As2</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>N-type intrinsic semiconductor. Very high electron mobility. Used in infrared detectors, photodetectors, dynamic thin-film pressure sensors, and <a href="/facts/Magnetoresistor/nlDGnyrw">magnetoresistors</a>. Recent measurements suggest that 3D Cd3As2 is actually a zero band-gap Dirac semimetal in which electrons behave relativistically as in <a href="/facts/Graphene/QDGUBaPt">graphene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>II-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc_phosphide/oCdxCVal">Zinc phosphide</a></td><td>Zn3P2</td><td>1.5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Usually p-type.</td></tr><tr><td>II-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc_diphosphide/SXe67hAx">Zinc diphosphide</a></td><td>ZnP2</td><td>2.1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>II-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc_arsenide/BYwzXy0v">Zinc arsenide</a></td><td>Zn3As2</td><td>1.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td></td><td>The lowest direct and indirect bandgaps are within 30 meV or each other.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>II-V</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc_antimonide/02etrQAU">Zinc antimonide</a></td><td>Zn3Sb2</td><td></td><td></td><td>Used in infrared detectors and thermal imagers, transistors, and magnetoresistors.</td></tr><tr><td>Oxide</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Titanium_dioxide/T0KWmKcz">Titanium dioxide</a>, <a href="/facts/Anatase/wD932gCW">anatase</a></td><td>TiO2</td><td>3.20<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td>Photocatalytic, n-type</td></tr><tr><td>Oxide</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Titanium_dioxide/T0KWmKcz">Titanium dioxide</a>, <a href="/facts/Rutile/qwJH5ElN">rutile</a></td><td>TiO2</td><td>3.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Photocatalytic, n-type</td></tr><tr><td>Oxide</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Titanium_dioxide/T0KWmKcz">Titanium dioxide</a>, <a href="/facts/Brookite/RAHb2XFS">brookite</a></td><td>TiO2</td><td>3.26<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Oxide</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper(I)_oxide/lVQAEWXx">Copper(I) oxide</a></td><td>Cu2O</td><td>2.17<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td></td><td>One of the most studied semiconductors. Many applications and effects first demonstrated with it. Formerly used in rectifier diodes, before silicon.</td></tr><tr><td>Oxide</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper(II)_oxide/62mUJlpm">Copper(II) oxide</a></td><td>CuO</td><td>1.2</td><td></td><td>N-type semiconductor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Oxide</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Uranium_dioxide/BqI7GJDq">Uranium dioxide</a></td><td>UO2</td><td>1.3</td><td></td><td>High <a href="/facts/Seebeck_coefficient/UCMAJLku">Seebeck coefficient</a>, resistant to high temperatures, promising thermoelectric and <a href="/facts/Thermophotovoltaic/kVRzI39d">thermophotovoltaic</a> applications. Formerly used in URDOX resistors, conducting at high temperature. Resistant to <a href="/facts/Radiation_damage/xTPC6Xg3">radiation damage</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Oxide</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin_dioxide/tLGukNFB">Tin dioxide</a></td><td>SnO2</td><td>3.7</td><td></td><td>Oxygen-deficient n-type semiconductor. Used in gas sensors.</td></tr><tr><td>Oxide</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Barium_titanate/v0v8cEfC">Barium titanate</a></td><td>BaTiO3</td><td>3</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ferroelectric/DLVYFNQT">Ferroelectric</a>, <a href="/facts/Piezoelectric/65k6BDqx">piezoelectric</a>. Used in some uncooled thermal imagers. Used in <a href="/facts/Nonlinear_optics/maerngXd">nonlinear optics</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Oxide</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Strontium_titanate/fQ4lC197">Strontium titanate</a></td><td>SrTiO3</td><td>3.3</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ferroelectric/DLVYFNQT">Ferroelectric</a>, <a href="/facts/Piezoelectric/65k6BDqx">piezoelectric</a>. Used in <a href="/facts/Varistor/UwUQT2Dk">varistors</a>. Conductive when <a href="/facts/Niobium/3zNI8AKp">niobium</a>-doped.</td></tr><tr><td>Oxide</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Lithium_niobate/d98DlGny">Lithium niobate</a></td><td>LiNbO3</td><td>4</td><td></td><td>Ferroelectric, piezoelectric, shows <a href="/facts/Pockels_effect/NynlAo5J">Pockels effect</a>. Wide uses in electrooptics and photonics.</td></tr><tr><td>Oxide, V-VI</td><td>2</td><td>monoclinic <a href="/facts/Vanadium(IV)_oxide/8rluh0VT">Vanadium(IV) oxide</a></td><td>VO2</td><td>0.7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Optical_band_gap/IjIeh95l">optical</a></td><td>Stable below 67 °C</td></tr><tr><td>Layered</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead(II)_iodide/qslw7A3z">Lead(II) iodide</a></td><td>PbI2</td><td>2.4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td></td><td>PbI2 is a layered direct bandgap semiconductor with bandgap of 2.4 eV in its bulk form, whereas its 2D monolayer has an indirect bandgap of ~2.5 eV, with possibilities to tune the bandgap between 1–3 eV</td></tr><tr><td>Layered</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Molybdenum_disulfide/4TRft6Ua">Molybdenum disulfide</a></td><td>MoS2</td><td>1.23 eV (2H)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td>indirect</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Layered</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium(II)_selenide/kLduRrNY">Gallium selenide</a></td><td>GaSe</td><td>2.1</td><td>indirect</td><td>Photoconductor. Uses in nonlinear optics. Used as 2D-material. Air sensitive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Layered</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium(III)_selenide/w7XCgU2d">Indium selenide</a></td><td>InSe</td><td>1.26–2.35 eV<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td>direct (indirect in 2D)</td><td>Air sensitive. High electrical mobility in few- and mono-layer form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Layered</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin(II)_sulfide/bWpDCBBQ">Tin sulfide</a></td><td>SnS</td><td>>1.5 eV</td><td>direct</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Layered</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Bismuth_sulfide/42cMKTE5">Bismuth sulfide</a></td><td>Bi2S3</td><td>1.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic, diluted (DMS)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium_manganese_arsenide/r8LE1eI2">Gallium manganese arsenide</a></td><td>GaMnAs</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic, diluted (DMS)</td><td>3</td><td>Lead manganese telluride</td><td>PbMnTe</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic</td><td>4</td><td>Lanthanum calcium manganate</td><td>La0.7Ca0.3MnO3</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Colossal_magnetoresistance/y4lj5mBA">Colossal magnetoresistance</a></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Iron(II)_oxide/H9V7S3MG">Iron(II) oxide</a></td><td>FeO</td><td>2.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Antiferromagnetic/aQ124Kh7">Antiferromagnetic</a>. Band gap for iron oxide nanoparticles was found to be 2.2 eV and on doping the band gap found to be increased up to 2.5 eV</td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Nickel(II)_oxide/r3qlMkJB">Nickel(II) oxide</a></td><td>NiO</td><td>3.6–4.0</td><td>direct<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td><td>Antiferromagnetic</td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Europium(II)_oxide/geBHrbN2">Europium(II) oxide</a></td><td>EuO</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ferromagnetic/fH3HFnSl">Ferromagnetic</a></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Europium(II)_sulfide/EjXSb8q4">Europium(II) sulfide</a></td><td>EuS</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ferromagnetic</td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Chromium(III)_bromide/uc2ux61Q">Chromium(III) bromide</a></td><td>CrBr3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper_indium_selenide/eCN2WsuD">Copper indium selenide</a>, CIS</td><td>CuInSe2</td><td>1</td><td>direct</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>3</td><td>Silver gallium sulfide</td><td>AgGaS2</td><td></td><td></td><td>Nonlinear optical properties</td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>3</td><td>Zinc silicon phosphide</td><td>ZnSiP2</td><td>2.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Arsenic_trisulfide/Tns91XN9">Arsenic trisulfide</a> <a href="/facts/Orpiment/RKzNkAYl">Orpiment</a></td><td>As2S3</td><td>2.7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Semiconductive in both crystalline and glassy state</td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Arsenic_sulfide/mxk2tB9U">Arsenic sulfide</a> <a href="/facts/Realgar/k0YS1f6G">Realgar</a></td><td>As4S4</td><td></td><td></td><td>Semiconductive in both crystalline and glassy state</td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Platinum_silicide/glxXpvjR">Platinum silicide</a></td><td>PtSi</td><td></td><td></td><td>Used in infrared detectors for 1–5 μm. Used in infrared astronomy. High stability, low drift, used for measurements. Low quantum efficiency.</td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Bismuth(III)_iodide/qap1BoQB">Bismuth(III) iodide</a></td><td>BiI3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Mercury(II)_iodide/3T73Agxs">Mercury(II) iodide</a></td><td>HgI2</td><td></td><td></td><td>Used in some gamma-ray and x-ray detectors and imaging systems operating at room temperature.</td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Thallium(I)_bromide/Ruaz8ekF">Thallium(I) bromide</a></td><td>TlBr</td><td>2.68<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Used in some gamma-ray and x-ray detectors and imaging systems operating at room temperature. Used as a real-time x-ray image sensor.</td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Silver_sulfide/muzsPR6v">Silver sulfide</a></td><td>Ag2S</td><td>0.9<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Iron_disulfide/EJQPNLFT">Iron disulfide</a></td><td>FeS2</td><td>0.95<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Mineral <a href="/facts/Pyrite/41CYREyr">pyrite</a>. Used in later <a href="/facts/Cat%2527s_whisker_detector/qzpsgTuh">cat's whisker detectors</a>, investigated for <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cells</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper_zinc_tin_sulfide/ExNnIMLU">Copper zinc tin sulfide</a>, CZTS</td><td>Cu2ZnSnS4</td><td>1.49</td><td>direct</td><td>Cu2ZnSnS4 is derived from CIGS, replacing the Indium/Gallium with earth abundant Zinc/Tin.</td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper_zinc_antimony_sulfide/4rIE0tDl">Copper zinc antimony sulfide</a>, CZAS</td><td>Cu1.18Zn0.40Sb1.90S7.2</td><td>2.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Copper zinc antimony sulfide is derived from copper antimony sulfide (CAS), a famatinite class of compound.</td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>3</td><td>Copper tin sulfide, CTS</td><td>Cu2SnS3</td><td>0.91<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Cu2SnS3 is p-type semiconductor and it can be used in thin film solar cell application.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="table-of-semiconductor-alloy-systems">Table of semiconductor alloy systems</h2> <p>The following semiconducting systems can be tuned to some extent, and represent not a single material but a class of materials. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Group</th><th rowspan="2">Elem.</th><th rowspan="2">Material class</th><th rowspan="2">Formula</th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Band_gap/IjIeh95l">Band gap</a> (<a href="/facts/Electronvolt/YMT1fqX9">eV</a>)</th><th rowspan="2">Gap type</th><th rowspan="2">Description</th></tr><tr><th>Lower</th><th>Upper</th></tr><tr><td>IV-VI</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead_tin_telluride/WAxevCSa">Lead tin telluride</a></td><td>Pb1−xSnxTe</td><td>0</td><td>0.29</td><td></td><td>Used in infrared detectors and for thermal imaging</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon-germanium/eKH6o6Uz">Silicon-germanium</a></td><td>Si1−<i>x</i>Ge<i>x</i></td><td>0.67</td><td>1.11<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td><td>direct/indirect</td><td>Adjustable band gap, allows construction of <a href="/facts/Heterojunction/mvnxnIU7">heterojunction</a> structures. Certain thicknesses of <a href="/facts/Superlattice/nguy8U7X">superlattices</a> have direct band gap.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon-tin/oGlMfNWA">Silicon-tin</a></td><td>Si1−<i>x</i>Sn<i>x</i></td><td>1.0</td><td>1.11</td><td>indirect</td><td>Adjustable band gap.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_gallium_arsenide/mX3tGQB4">Aluminium gallium arsenide</a></td><td>Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As</td><td>1.42</td><td>2.16<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td>direct/indirect</td><td>Direct band gap for x<0.4 (corresponding to 1.42–1.95 eV); can be lattice-matched to GaAs substrate over entire composition range; tends to oxidize; n-doping with Si, Se, Te; p-doping with Zn, C, Be, Mg.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> Can be used for infrared laser diodes. Used as a barrier layer in GaAs devices to confine electrons to GaAs (see e.g. <a href="/facts/QWIP/hMpdDDKj">QWIP</a>). AlGaAs with composition close to AlAs is almost transparent to sunlight. Used in GaAs/AlGaAs solar cells.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_gallium_arsenide/DAHNSFPr">Indium gallium arsenide</a></td><td>In<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.43</td><td>direct</td><td>Well-developed material. Can be lattice matched to InP substrates. Use in infrared technology and <a href="/facts/Thermophotovoltaics/kVRzI39d">thermophotovoltaics</a>. Indium content determines charge carrier density. For <i>x</i>=0.015, InGaAs perfectly lattice-matches germanium; can be used in multijunction photovoltaic cells. Used in infrared sensors, avalanche photodiodes, laser diodes, optical fiber communication detectors, and short-wavelength infrared cameras.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_gallium_phosphide/b2CSPAgP">Indium gallium phosphide</a></td><td>In<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>P</td><td>1.35</td><td>2.26</td><td>direct/indirect</td><td>Used for <a href="/facts/HEMT/CqUYlfxY">HEMT</a> and <a href="/facts/Heterojunction_bipolar_transistor/u8X6ffGF">HBT</a> structures and high-efficiency multijunction <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cells</a> for e.g. satellites. Ga0.5In0.5P is almost lattice-matched to GaAs, with AlGaIn used for quantum wells for red lasers.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_indium_arsenide/dUcEVoR3">Aluminium indium arsenide</a></td><td>Al<i>x</i>In1−<i>x</i>As</td><td>0.36</td><td>2.16</td><td>direct/indirect</td><td>Buffer layer in metamorphic <a href="/facts/HEMT/CqUYlfxY">HEMT</a> transistors, adjusting lattice constant between GaAs substrate and GaInAs channel. Can form layered heterostructures acting as quantum wells, in e.g. <a href="/facts/Quantum_cascade_laser/b9CYWVWV">quantum cascade lasers</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_gallium_antimonide/uAs7nuzq">Aluminium gallium antimonide</a></td><td>Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>Sb</td><td>0.7</td><td>1.61</td><td>direct/indirect</td><td>Used in <a href="/facts/Heterojunction_bipolar_transistor/u8X6ffGF">HBTs</a>, <a href="/facts/HEMT/CqUYlfxY">HEMTs</a>, <a href="/facts/Resonant-tunneling_diode/Fl58cmhJ">resonant-tunneling diodes</a> and some niche optoelectronics. Also used as a buffer layer for <a href="/facts/InAs/GMhtPVbU">InAs</a> quantum wells.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_indium_antimonide/n7TQRCRE">Aluminium indium antimonide</a></td><td>Al<i>x</i>In1−<i>x</i>Sb</td><td>0.17</td><td>1.61</td><td>direct/indirect</td><td>Used as a buffer layer in InSb-based quantum wells and other devices grown on GaAs and GaSb substrates. Also used as the active layer in some mid-infrared LEDs and photodiodes.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td>Gallium arsenide nitride</td><td>GaAsN</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium_arsenide_phosphide/5f56N3jF">Gallium arsenide phosphide</a></td><td>GaAsP</td><td>1.43</td><td>2.26</td><td>direct/indirect</td><td>Used in red, orange and yellow LEDs. Often grown on GaP. Can be doped with nitrogen.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_arsenide_antimonide/XdLoJvSH">Aluminium arsenide antimonide</a></td><td>AlAsSb</td><td>1.61</td><td>2.16</td><td>indirect</td><td>Used as a barrier layer in infrared photodetectors. Can be lattice matched to GaSb, InAs and InP.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium_arsenide_antimonide/2kgawQvj">Gallium arsenide antimonide</a></td><td>GaAsSb</td><td>0.7</td><td>1.42<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td>direct</td><td>Used in <a href="/facts/Heterojunction_bipolar_transistor/u8X6ffGF">HBTs</a> and in <a href="/facts/Tunnel_junction/BK3CvrpP">tunnel junctions</a> in <a href="/facts/Multi-junction_solar_cells/hw0qSrCr">multi-junction solar cells</a>. GaAs0.51Sb0.49 is lattice matched to InP.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_gallium_nitride/kEEFEql9">Aluminium gallium nitride</a></td><td>AlGaN</td><td>3.44</td><td>6.28</td><td>direct</td><td>Used in <a href="/facts/Blue_laser/AuaFTKUF">blue laser</a> <a href="/facts/Laser_diode/TjHzJteV">diodes</a>, ultraviolet LEDs (down to 250 nm), and AlGaN/GaN <a href="/facts/HEMT/CqUYlfxY">HEMTs</a>. Can be grown on sapphire. Used in <a href="/facts/Heterojunction/mvnxnIU7">heterojunctions</a> with AlN and GaN.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_gallium_phosphide/uHgqQ0hJ">Aluminium gallium phosphide</a></td><td>AlGaP</td><td>2.26</td><td>2.45</td><td>indirect</td><td>Used in some green LEDs.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_gallium_nitride/a3MYdQrt">Indium gallium nitride</a></td><td>InGaN</td><td>2</td><td>3.4</td><td>direct</td><td>InxGa1–xN, x usually between 0.02 and 0.3 (0.02 for near-UV, 0.1 for 390 nm, 0.2 for 420 nm, 0.3 for 440 nm). Can be grown epitaxially on sapphire, SiC wafers or silicon. Used in modern blue and green LEDs, InGaN quantum wells are effective emitters from green to ultraviolet. Insensitive to radiation damage, possible use in satellite solar cells. Insensitive to defects, tolerant to lattice mismatch damage. High heat capacity.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_arsenide_antimonide/Uc1rEpMq">Indium arsenide antimonide</a></td><td>InAsSb</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.36</td><td>direct</td><td>Primarily used in <a href="/facts/Infrared/44XdJNcc">mid- and long-wave infrared</a> <a href="/facts/Photodetector/7cSkXS6s">photodetectors</a> due to its small bandgap, which reaches a minimum of around 0.08 eV in InAs0.4Sb0.6 at room temperature.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_gallium_antimonide/epoMQdjV">Indium gallium antimonide</a></td><td>InGaSb</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.7</td><td>direct</td><td>Used in some transistors and infrared photodetectors.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_gallium_indium_phosphide/oSLRtLt3">Aluminium gallium indium phosphide</a></td><td>AlGaInP</td><td></td><td></td><td>direct/indirect</td><td>Also InAlGaP, InGaAlP, AlInGaP; for lattice matching to GaAs substrates the In mole fraction is fixed at about 0.48, the Al/Ga ratio is adjusted to achieve band gaps between about 1.9 and 2.35 eV; direct or indirect band gaps depending on the Al/Ga/In ratios; used for wavelengths between 560 and 650 nm; tends to form ordered phases during deposition, which has to be prevented<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>4</td><td>Aluminium gallium arsenide phosphide</td><td>AlGaAsP</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_gallium_arsenide_phosphide/VbWMvvyh">Indium gallium arsenide phosphide</a></td><td>InGaAsP</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_gallium_arsenide_antimonide/kVRzI39d">Indium gallium arsenide antimonide</a></td><td>InGaAsSb</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Use in <a href="/facts/Thermophotovoltaics/kVRzI39d">thermophotovoltaics</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium_arsenide_antimonide_phosphide/B8Qe2uBB">Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide</a></td><td>InAsSbP</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Use in <a href="/facts/Thermophotovoltaics/kVRzI39d">thermophotovoltaics</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>4</td><td>Aluminium indium arsenide phosphide</td><td>AlInAsP</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>4</td><td>Aluminium gallium arsenide nitride</td><td>AlGaAsN</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>4</td><td>Indium gallium arsenide nitride</td><td>InGaAsN</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>4</td><td>Indium aluminium arsenide nitride</td><td>InAlAsN</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>4</td><td>Gallium arsenide antimonide nitride</td><td>GaAsSbN</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>5</td><td>Gallium indium nitride arsenide antimonide</td><td>GaInNAsSb</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>III-V</td><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium_indium_arsenide_antimonide_phosphide/3yahvnsC">Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide</a></td><td>GaInAsSbP</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Can be grown on InAs, GaSb, and other substrates. Can be lattice matched by varying composition. Possibly usable for mid-infrared LEDs.</td></tr><tr><td>II-VI</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium_zinc_telluride/yqG0NEUa">Cadmium zinc telluride</a>, CZT</td><td>CdZnTe</td><td>1.4</td><td>2.2</td><td>direct</td><td>Efficient solid-state x-ray and gamma-ray detector, can operate at room temperature. High <a href="/facts/Electro-optic_coefficient/NQrjpjLX">electro-optic coefficient</a>. Used in solar cells. Can be used to generate and detect terahertz radiation. Can be used as a substrate for epitaxial growth of HgCdTe.</td></tr><tr><td>II-VI</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Mercury_cadmium_telluride/kzgN6aJn">Mercury cadmium telluride</a></td><td>HgCdTe</td><td>0</td><td>1.5</td><td></td><td>Known as "MerCad". Extensive use in sensitive cooled <a href="/facts/Infrared_imaging/dplJK39u">infrared imaging</a> sensors, <a href="/facts/Infrared_astronomy/WEmAadyf">infrared astronomy</a>, and infrared detectors. Alloy of <a href="/facts/Mercury_telluride/dv6H5QYU">mercury telluride</a> (a <a href="/facts/Semimetal/ELtXVlI5">semimetal</a>, zero band gap) and CdTe. High electron mobility. The only common material capable of operating in both 3–5 μm and 12–15 μm <a href="/facts/Infrared_window/xKeM4VfJ">atmospheric windows</a>. Can be grown on CdZnTe.</td></tr><tr><td>II-VI</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Mercury_zinc_telluride/52CLbhPp">Mercury zinc telluride</a></td><td>HgZnTe</td><td>0</td><td>2.25</td><td></td><td>Used in infrared detectors, infrared imaging sensors, and infrared astronomy. Better mechanical and thermal properties than HgCdTe but more difficult to control the composition. More difficult to form complex heterostructures.</td></tr><tr><td>II-VI</td><td>3</td><td>Mercury zinc selenide</td><td>HgZnSe</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>II-V</td><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc_cadmium_phosphide_arsenide/2kVqh0Wv">Zinc cadmium phosphide arsenide</a></td><td>(Zn1−xCdx)3(P1−yAsy)2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td>0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></td><td>1.5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Various applications in optoelectronics (incl. photovoltaics), electronics and <a href="/facts/Thermoelectric_effect/GbRYmwIG">thermoelectrics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>other</td><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide/eCN2WsuD">Copper indium gallium selenide</a>, CIGS</td><td>Cu(In,Ga)Se2</td><td>1</td><td>1.7</td><td>direct</td><td>CuInxGa1–xSe2. Polycrystalline. Used in <a href="/facts/Thin_film_solar_cells/54UK9nKn">thin film solar cells</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Heterojunction/mvnxnIU7">Heterojunction</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Organic_semiconductor/WjP1RhKW">Organic semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Semiconductor_characterization_techniques/Q28PqCFj">Semiconductor characterization techniques</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Jones, E.D. (1991). "Control of Semiconductor Conductivity by Doping". In Miller, L. S.; Mullin, J. B. (eds.). Electronic Materials. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 155–171. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3818-9_12. ISBN 978-1-4613-6703-1. <a href="978-1-4613-6703-1" target="_blank">978-1-4613-6703-1</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Milton Ohring Reliability and failure of electronic materials and devices Academic Press, 1998, ISBN 0-12-524985-3, p. 310. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxSyMjosCwcC&dq=semiconductor+failure+microphotograph&pg=PA310" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=gxSyMjosCwcC&dq=semiconductor+failure+microphotograph&pg=PA310</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>John Dakin, Robert G. W. Brown Handbook of optoelectronics, Volume 1, CRC Press, 2006 ISBN 0-7503-0646-7 p. 57 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GmcgL7Z-6YC&dq=gas+discharge+properties+mercury+neon+hydrogen+deuterium&pg=PA57" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=3GmcgL7Z-6YC&dq=gas+discharge+properties+mercury+neon+hydrogen+deuterium&pg=PA57</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Yu, Peter; Cardona, Manuel (2010). Fundamentals of Semiconductors (4 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 2. Bibcode:2010fuse.book.....Y. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00710-1. ISBN 978-3-642-00709-5. <a href="978-3-642-00709-5" target="_blank">978-3-642-00709-5</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"NSM Archive - Physical Properties of Semiconductors". www.ioffe.ru. Archived from the original on 2015-09-28. 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